Why some people are more altruistic than others | Abigail Marsh

386,799 views ใƒป 2016-10-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Tal Baruch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yuri Dulkin
00:12
There's a man out there, somewhere,
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ืื™ ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ืื“ื,
00:14
who looks a little bit like the actor Idris Elba,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื™ื“ืจื™ืก ืืœื‘ื”
00:17
or at least he did 20 years ago.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื”, ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
00:20
I don't know anything else about him,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
00:22
except that he once saved my life
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™
00:24
by putting his own life in danger.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœื•.
00:26
This man ran across four lanes of freeway traffic in the middle of the night
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ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื—ืฆื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”
00:32
to bring me back to safety
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื›ืœืœ ืกื›ื ื”
00:33
after a car accident that could have killed me.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื™.
00:36
And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื–
00:39
but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need
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00:43
to understand why he did it,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
00:45
what forces within him caused him to make the choice
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ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
00:48
that I owe my life to,
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ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™,
00:50
to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger?
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ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ืจ?
00:54
In other words, what are the causes of his or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืฆืœื• ืื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ?
00:59
But first let me tell you what happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื”.
01:01
That night, I was 19 years old
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 19
01:03
and driving back to my home in Tacoma, Washington,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืขืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ืงื•ืžื”, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:05
down the Interstate 5 freeway,
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ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ื” 5,
01:07
when a little dog darted out in front of my car.
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ื›ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื™.
01:10
And I did exactly what you're not supposed to do,
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ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช -
01:12
which is swerve to avoid it.
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ืกื˜ื™ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•.
01:14
And I discovered why you're not supposed to do that.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
01:17
I hit the dog anyways,
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ืคื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
01:19
and that sent the car into a fishtail,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“
01:21
and then a spin across the freeway,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืกื—ืจื•ืจ,
01:24
until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ื”
01:27
faced backwards into oncoming traffic
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ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
01:30
and then the engine died.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื›ื‘ื”.
01:33
And I was sure in that moment that I was about to die too,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืžื•ืช,
01:37
but I didn't
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืชืชื™
01:39
because of the actions of that one brave man
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืžื™ืฅ ืื—ื“
01:41
who must have made the decision
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ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืงื— ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
01:43
within a fraction of a second of seeing my stranded car
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ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื” ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืจืื” ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืขื”,
01:46
to pull over and run across four lanes of freeway traffic
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื•ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ
01:50
in the dark
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš
01:52
to save my life.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™.
01:54
And then after he got my car working again
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื™
01:57
and got me back to safety and made sure I was going to be all right,
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื›ืœืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
02:01
he drove off again.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืกืข ืžืฉื.
02:02
He never even told me his name,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืžื•,
02:05
and I'm pretty sure I forgot to say thank you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืชื•ื“ื”.
02:08
So before I go any further,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”,
02:10
I really want to take a moment
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืจื’ืข
02:11
to stop and say thank you to that stranger.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื–ืจ.
02:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:22
I tell you all of this
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
02:24
because the events of that night changed the course of my life to some degree.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
02:28
I became a psychology researcher,
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ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช,
02:30
and I've devoted my work to understanding the human capacity to care for others.
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ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
02:34
Where does it come from, and how does it develop,
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช,
02:37
and what are the extreme forms that it can take?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช?
02:40
These questions are really important to understanding basic aspects
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
02:43
of human social nature.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:45
A lot of people, and this includes everybody
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื
02:47
from philosophers and economists to ordinary people
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:50
believe that human nature is fundamentally selfish,
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•,
02:53
that we're only ever really motivated by our own welfare.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:57
But if that's true, why do some people, like the stranger who rescued me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™,
03:02
do selfless things, like helping other people
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:04
at enormous risk and cost to themselves?
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ืชื•ืš ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืฆื•ื?
03:07
Answering this question
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
03:09
requires exploring the roots of extraordinary acts of altruism,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
03:13
and what might make people who engage in such acts
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืœื•
03:15
different than other people.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:17
But until recently, very little work on this topic had been done.
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ืื•ืœื ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.
03:21
The actions of the man who rescued me
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ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™
03:23
meet the most stringent definition of altruism,
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ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื,
03:26
which is a voluntary, costly behavior
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
03:29
motivated by the desire to help another individual.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืช.
03:32
So it's a selfless act intended to benefit only the other.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืกื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:36
What could possibly explain an action like that?
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ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื–ื”?
03:40
One answer is compassion, obviously,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืœื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื,
03:42
which is a key driver of altruism.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
03:44
But then the question becomes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
03:46
why do some people seem to have more of it than others?
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ืœืžื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืœื” ืžืœืื—ืจื™ื?
03:50
And the answer may be that the brains of highly altruistic people
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื
03:54
are different in fundamental ways.
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื.
03:57
But to figure out how,
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ืืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“,
03:59
I actually started from the opposite end,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ,
04:02
with psychopaths.
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ืขื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื.
04:04
A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature,
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
04:07
like the desire to help other people,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืช,
04:09
is to study people in whom that desire is missing,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ืกืจ ืืฆืœื,
04:13
and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
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ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ื–ื•.
04:16
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช
04:18
with strongly genetic origins,
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ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
04:20
and it results in a personality that's cold and uncaring
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืจื” ื•ืœื ืื›ืคืชื™ืช
04:23
and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior.
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ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืœื™ืžื”.
04:28
Once my colleagues and I at the National Institute of Mental Health
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
04:31
conducted some of the first ever brain imaging research
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื
04:33
of psychopathic adolescents,
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ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื.
04:36
and our findings, and the findings of other researchers now,
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืžืžืฆืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
04:39
have shown that people who are psychopathic
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ื”ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื
04:41
pretty reliably exhibit three characteristics.
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื.
[ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื—ืจ]
04:45
First, although they're not generally insensitive to other people's emotions,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:49
they are insensitive to signs that other people are in distress.
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ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
04:53
And in particular,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
04:54
they have difficulty recognizing fearful facial expressions like this one.
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
04:58
And fearful expressions convey urgent need and emotional distress,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช,
05:02
and they usually elicit compassion and a desire to help
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
05:05
in people who see them,
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ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
05:06
so it makes sense that people who tend to lack compassion
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ืžืœื”,
05:09
also tend to be insensitive to these cues.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ืืœื•.
05:12
The part of the brain
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ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ื—
05:13
that's the most important for recognizing fearful expressions
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
05:16
is called the amygdala.
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ื ืงืจื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”.
05:17
There are very rare cases of people who lack amygdalas completely,
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
05:21
and they're profoundly impaired in recognizing fearful expressions.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
[ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืคื—ื“]
05:25
And whereas healthy adults and children
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
05:27
usually show big spikes in amygdala activity
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ืžืจืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
05:30
when they look at fearful expressions,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช,
05:32
psychopaths' amygdalas are underreactive to these expressions.
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ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื ืœื ืžืจืื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื•.
05:35
Sometimes they don't react at all,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ,
05:37
which may be why they have trouble detecting these cues.
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ื•ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืืœื•.
05:41
Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas are smaller than average
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
05:44
by about 18 or 20 percent.
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ื‘-18 ืื• 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœืขืจืš.
[ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข]
05:46
So all of these findings are reliable and robust,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืชื ื™ื,
05:50
and they're very interesting.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
05:52
But remember that my main interest
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ืืš ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื™
05:53
is not understanding why people don't care about others.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
05:57
It's understanding why they do.
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ืืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืŸ ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื.
05:59
So the real question is,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
06:02
could extraordinary altruism,
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ื”ืื ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
06:04
which is the opposite of psychopathy
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื”,
06:06
in terms of compassion and the desire to help other people,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืช,
06:10
emerge from a brain that is also the opposite of psychopathy?
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื?
06:14
A sort of antipsychopathic brain,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™,
06:17
better able to recognize other people's fear,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:21
an amygdala that's more reactive to this expression
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ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ื•
06:23
and maybe larger than average as well?
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข?
06:25
As my research has now shown,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจืื”,
06:27
all three things are true.
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
06:29
And we discovered this
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ืืช
06:30
by testing a population of truly extraordinary altruists.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
06:33
These are people who have given one of their own kidneys
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืจืžื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:36
to a complete stranger.
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ืœื–ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
06:38
So these are people who have volunteered to undergo major surgery
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืจืฆื™ื ื™
06:41
so that one of their own healthy kidneys can be removed
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ืœื”ืกืจืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:44
and transplanted into a very ill stranger
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ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืชืœืชื” ื‘ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืœื”
06:46
that they've never met and may never meet.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื• ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืคื’ืฉื•.
06:49
"Why would anybody do this?" is a very common question.
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"ืœืžื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?" ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
06:52
And the answer may be
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:53
that the brains of these extraordinary altruists
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ืฉืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืืœื•
06:56
have certain special characteristics.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื.
[ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื—ื“]
06:59
They are better at recognizing other people's fear.
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ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:02
They're literally better at detecting when somebody else is in distress.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
07:05
This may be in part because their amygdala is more reactive to these expressions.
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[ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ืคืจืจื™ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช]
ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื”.
07:10
And remember, this is the same part of the brain that we found
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื•, ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื.
07:13
was underreactive in people who are psychopathic.
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[ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช]
07:15
And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
07:18
by about eight percent.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
07:19
So together, what these data suggest
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[ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช] ืื– ื™ื—ื“ ืžื” ืฉื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื
07:21
is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world
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ื–ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขืงื•ืžืช ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:25
that's anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic,
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ืฉืžืขื•ื’ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื,
07:28
and at the other by people who are very compassionate
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืžื™ื,
07:31
and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
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ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
07:34
But I should add that what makes extraordinary altruists so different
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ืืš ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืดื›
07:38
is not just that they're more compassionate than average.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื—ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
07:41
They are,
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ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:42
but what's even more unusual about them
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ื
07:44
is that they're compassionate and altruistic
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืจื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
07:46
not just towards people who are in their own innermost circle
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื
07:49
of friends and family. Right?
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:51
Because to have compassion for people that you love and identify with
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืื™ืชื
07:54
is not extraordinary.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:58
Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion extends way beyond that circle,
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ื—ืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžืขื’ืœ ื–ื”,
08:02
even beyond their wider circle of acquaintances
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืจื™ื”ื
08:04
to people who are outside their social circle altogether,
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ื•ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
08:07
total strangers,
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ื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื,
08:09
just like the man who rescued me.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™.
08:11
And I've had the opportunity now to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
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ื•ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
08:15
how it is that they manage to generate such a wide circle of compassion
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”
08:19
that they were willing to give a complete stranger their kidney.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ื™ืชื ืœื–ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
08:23
And I found it's a really difficult question for them to answer.
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœืชืช ืขืœื™ื” ืžืขื ื”.
08:26
I say, "How is it that you're willing to do this thing
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช, "ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
08:30
when so many other people don't?
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ืดื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืดื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
08:32
You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans
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ืดืืชื” ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-2,000 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
08:35
who has ever given a kidney to a stranger.
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ืดืฉืชืจืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื–ืจ.
08:37
What is it that makes you so special?"
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ืดืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืš ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืš ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?"
08:40
And what do they say?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื?
08:43
They say, "Nothing.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื, "ื›ืœื•ื.
08:46
There's nothing special about me.
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ืดืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
08:48
I'm just the same as everybody else."
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ืดืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœืืด.
08:51
And I think that's actually a really telling answer,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ืจื‘ื”,
08:54
because it suggests that the circles of these altruists don't look like this,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš,
08:59
they look more like this.
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ืืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš.
09:01
They have no center.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืจื›ื–.
09:03
These altruists literally don't think of themselves
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ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
09:05
as being at the center of anything,
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ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
09:08
as being better or more inherently important than anybody else.
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ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
09:12
When I asked one altruist why donating her kidney made sense to her,
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœืžื” ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื ืจืืชื” ืœื” ื›ืดื› ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
09:15
she said, "Because it's not about me."
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™".
09:19
Another said,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืืžืจ,
09:20
"I'm not different. I'm not unique.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
09:23
Your study here is going to find out that I'm just the same as you."
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ืดื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ืš".
09:26
I think the best description for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”
09:30
is humility,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื ื•ื”,
09:32
which is that quality that in the words of St. Augustine
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ
09:35
makes men as angels.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื.
09:38
And why is that?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข?
09:39
It's because if there's no center of your circle,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–,
09:42
there can be no inner rings or outer rings,
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ืื– ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
09:45
nobody who is more or less worthy of your care and compassion
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ืื• ืื“ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื—ืžืœื” ืฉืœื›ื
09:48
than anybody else.
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ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
09:49
And I think that this is what really distinguishes extraordinary altruists
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ
09:53
from the average person.
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ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
09:55
But I also think that this is a view of the world that's attainable by many
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื” ื‘ืจืช-ื”ืฉื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื
09:59
and maybe even most people.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:01
And I think this because at the societal level,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
10:03
expansions of altruism and compassion are already happening everywhere.
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื•ื—ืžืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
10:07
The psychologist Steven Pinker and others have shown
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
10:10
that all around the world people are becoming less and less accepting
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
10:13
of suffering in ever-widening circles of others,
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื,
10:16
which has led to declines of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
10:19
from animal abuse to domestic violence to capital punishment.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช.
10:23
And it's led to increases in all kinds of altruism.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
10:26
A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
10:29
how normal and ordinary it is
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ืฉืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื ื•ืžื— ืขืฆื ืœื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื” ื›ืดื› ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ื•ื
10:30
for people to donate their blood and bone marrow
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10:34
to complete strangers today.
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10:36
Is it possible that a hundred years from now
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื
10:38
people will think that donating a kidney to a stranger
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืชืจื•ืžืช ื›ืœื™ื” ืœื–ืจ
10:41
is just as normal and ordinary
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ
10:42
as we think donating blood and bone marrow is today?
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื“ื ื•ืžื— ืขืฆื ื›ื™ื•ื?
10:45
Maybe.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ.
10:47
So what's at the root of all these amazing changes?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
10:50
In part it seems to be
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™
10:52
increases in wealth and standards of living.
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ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:56
As societies become wealthier and better off,
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ื›ืฉื—ืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ,
10:59
people seem to turn their focus of attention outward,
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
11:02
and as a result, all kinds of altruism towards strangers increases,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื—ืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช,
11:05
from volunteering to charitable donations and even altruistic kidney donations.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื” ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
11:11
But all of these changes also yield
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื
11:14
a strange and paradoxical result,
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
11:17
which is that even as the world is becoming a better and more humane place,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืžื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:21
which it is,
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ืžื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
11:22
there's a very common perception that it's becoming worse
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:25
and more cruel, which it's not.
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ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:28
And I don't know exactly why this is,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื”,
11:29
but I think it may be that we now just know so much more
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:33
about the suffering of strangers in distant places,
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื,
11:36
and so we now care a lot more
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:39
about the suffering of those distant strangers.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื”.
11:42
But what's clear is the kinds of changes we're seeing show
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืจืื™ื
11:45
that the roots of altruism and compassion
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ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื•ื—ืžืœื”
11:48
are just as much a part of human nature as cruelty and violence,
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
11:51
maybe even more so,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:53
and while some people do seem to be inherently more sensitive
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื
11:57
to the suffering of distant others,
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ืœืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื,
11:59
I really believe that the ability to remove oneself
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื
12:02
from the center of the circle
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ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืขื’ืœ
12:04
and expand the circle of compassion outward to include even strangers
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ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืจื™ื
12:08
is within reach for almost everyone.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื.
12:12
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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