Why some people are more altruistic than others | Abigail Marsh

381,686 views ใƒป 2016-10-07

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeongmin Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
There's a man out there, somewhere,
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์„ธ์ƒ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—๋Š”
00:14
who looks a little bit like the actor Idris Elba,
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์—˜๋ฐ”์™€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ฎ์€
00:17
or at least he did 20 years ago.
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์ ์–ด๋„ 20๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
I don't know anything else about him,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋น ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ
00:22
except that he once saved my life
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์ €์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋Š”
00:24
by putting his own life in danger.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
This man ran across four lanes of freeway traffic in the middle of the night
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์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋„ฃ์„ ๋ป”ํ•œ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ
00:32
to bring me back to safety
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์ €๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
00:33
after a car accident that could have killed me.
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ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์— ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋„ค ์ฐจ์„ ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously,
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ํŠธ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ
00:39
but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
to understand why he did it,
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00:45
what forces within him caused him to make the choice
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ œ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€
00:48
that I owe my life to,
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00:50
to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger?
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด์š”.
00:54
In other words, what are the causes of his or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:59
But first let me tell you what happened.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์„ค๋ช…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:01
That night, I was 19 years old
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๊ทธ ๋‚  ๋ฐค ์ €๋Š” ์—ด์•„ํ™‰ ์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:03
and driving back to my home in Tacoma, Washington,
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5๋ฒˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ฃผ ํƒ€์ฝ”๋งˆ์˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋˜ ์ค‘
01:05
down the Interstate 5 freeway,
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01:07
when a little dog darted out in front of my car.
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๊ฐœ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์ณ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
And I did exactly what you're not supposed to do,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋  ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
which is swerve to avoid it.
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ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
And I discovered why you're not supposed to do that.
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์™œ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋ƒ๋ฉด
01:17
I hit the dog anyways,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋„ ์น˜๊ณ 
01:19
and that sent the car into a fishtail,
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์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํœ™ ๋Œ์•„
01:21
and then a spin across the freeway,
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๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ
01:24
until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1์ฐจ์„ ์—์„œ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์„ฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:27
faced backwards into oncoming traffic
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01:30
and then the engine died.
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์‹œ๋™๋„ ๊บผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And I was sure in that moment that I was about to die too,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:37
but I didn't
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ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€
01:39
because of the actions of that one brave man
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์ œ ์ฐจ ๊ผด์„ ๋ณธ ์ง€ ์ผ ์ดˆ๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„
01:41
who must have made the decision
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์ œ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
01:43
within a fraction of a second of seeing my stranded car
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์–ด๋‘  ์†์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ์„œ
01:46
to pull over and run across four lanes of freeway traffic
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๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋„ค ์ฐจ์„ ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด์˜ค๋Š”
01:50
in the dark
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•œ ๋•๋ถ„์—
01:52
to save my life.
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์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And then after he got my car working again
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์ œ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ํ›„
01:57
and got me back to safety and made sure I was going to be all right,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„์—
02:01
he drove off again.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
He never even told me his name,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
02:05
and I'm pretty sure I forgot to say thank you.
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์ •์‹ ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
So before I go any further,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋จผ์ €
02:10
I really want to take a moment
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์ž ์‹œ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๊ป˜
02:11
to stop and say thank you to that stranger.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:22
I tell you all of this
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๊ทธ ๋ฐค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์€
02:24
because the events of that night changed the course of my life to some degree.
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์ œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
I became a psychology researcher,
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:30
and I've devoted my work to understanding the human capacity to care for others.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Where does it come from, and how does it develop,
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์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:37
and what are the extreme forms that it can take?
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์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:40
These questions are really important to understanding basic aspects
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
02:43
of human social nature.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
A lot of people, and this includes everybody
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์ฒ ํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€
02:47
from philosophers and economists to ordinary people
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์€
02:50
believe that human nature is fundamentally selfish,
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์›๋ž˜ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
02:53
that we're only ever really motivated by our own welfare.
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
But if that's true, why do some people, like the stranger who rescued me,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด ์ค€ ๋ถ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:02
do selfless things, like helping other people
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์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ
03:04
at enormous risk and cost to themselves?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋•๋Š” ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:07
Answering this question
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
03:09
requires exploring the roots of extraordinary acts of altruism,
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์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
03:13
and what might make people who engage in such acts
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
03:15
different than other people.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
But until recently, very little work on this topic had been done.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
The actions of the man who rescued me
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์ €๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€
03:23
meet the most stringent definition of altruism,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋„์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
03:26
which is a voluntary, costly behavior
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ธ
03:29
motivated by the desire to help another individual.
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์ดํƒ€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข์€ ์ •์˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
So it's a selfless act intended to benefit only the other.
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ง์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ฌ ์—†๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด์ฃ .
03:36
What could possibly explain an action like that?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:40
One answer is compassion, obviously,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹ต์€ ์ดํƒ€์„ฑ์˜ ํฐ ๋™๊ธฐ์ธ
03:42
which is a key driver of altruism.
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๋™์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
But then the question becomes,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
03:46
why do some people seem to have more of it than others?
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์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
And the answer may be that the brains of highly altruistic people
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์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:54
are different in fundamental ways.
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
But to figure out how,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€๋Š”
03:59
I actually started from the opposite end,
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์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
with psychopaths.
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์ฃ .
04:04
A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋•๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„
04:07
like the desire to help other people,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:09
is to study people in whom that desire is missing,
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๊ทธ ๋ฉด์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
04:16
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค๋Š” ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ
04:18
with strongly genetic origins,
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด
04:20
and it results in a personality that's cold and uncaring
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์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ  ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด๊ณ 
04:23
and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
Once my colleagues and I at the National Institute of Mental Health
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์ €๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ
04:31
conducted some of the first ever brain imaging research
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์˜์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
04:33
of psychopathic adolescents,
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์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:36
and our findings, and the findings of other researchers now,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
04:39
have shown that people who are psychopathic
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
pretty reliably exhibit three characteristics.
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04:45
First, although they're not generally insensitive to other people's emotions,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์— ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‘”๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
04:49
they are insensitive to signs that other people are in distress.
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹์— ๋‘”๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
And in particular,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ
04:54
they have difficulty recognizing fearful facial expressions like this one.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ž˜ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And fearful expressions convey urgent need and emotional distress,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:02
and they usually elicit compassion and a desire to help
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์ •๊ณผ ๋„์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„
05:05
in people who see them,
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์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
so it makes sense that people who tend to lack compassion
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์„œ ๋™์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์„œ์—
05:09
also tend to be insensitive to these cues.
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๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:12
The part of the brain
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๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”
05:13
that's the most important for recognizing fearful expressions
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
05:16
is called the amygdala.
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ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
There are very rare cases of people who lack amygdalas completely,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:21
and they're profoundly impaired in recognizing fearful expressions.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ‘œ์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
And whereas healthy adults and children
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ์•„๋™์€
05:27
usually show big spikes in amygdala activity
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๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ณดํ†ต ํŽธ๋„์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์ด
05:30
when they look at fearful expressions,
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๊ธ‰ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:32
psychopaths' amygdalas are underreactive to these expressions.
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Sometimes they don't react at all,
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๋•Œ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:37
which may be why they have trouble detecting these cues.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์„œ ์‹๋ณ„์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas are smaller than average
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:44
by about 18 or 20 percent.
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18์—์„œ 20% ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
So all of these findings are reliable and robust,
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์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:50
and they're very interesting.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
But remember that my main interest
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์ œ ์ฃผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์ธ์„
05:53
is not understanding why people don't care about others.
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์œ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
05:57
It's understanding why they do.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
So the real question is,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
06:02
could extraordinary altruism,
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธ
06:04
which is the opposite of psychopathy
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๊ทน๋„์˜ ์ดํƒ€์„ฑ์€
06:06
in terms of compassion and the desire to help other people,
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๋™์ •๊ณผ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋„์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:10
emerge from a brain that is also the opposite of psychopathy?
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋‡Œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
06:14
A sort of antipsychopathic brain,
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ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:17
better able to recognize other people's fear,
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๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹์— ๋” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
06:21
an amygdala that's more reactive to this expression
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ํ‰๊ท ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
06:23
and maybe larger than average as well?
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์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:25
As my research has now shown,
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
06:27
all three things are true.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
And we discovered this
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
06:30
by testing a population of truly extraordinary altruists.
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
These are people who have given one of their own kidneys
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์‹ ์žฅ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•œ
06:36
to a complete stranger.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
So these are people who have volunteered to undergo major surgery
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹ ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋นผ์„œ
06:41
so that one of their own healthy kidneys can be removed
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๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ ๋„ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ผ๋„ ์—†๋Š”
06:44
and transplanted into a very ill stranger
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์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ 
06:46
that they've never met and may never meet.
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ํฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ž์›ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
06:49
"Why would anybody do this?" is a very common question.
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"๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์š”?" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋ฒ•ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:52
And the answer may be
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€
06:53
that the brains of these extraordinary altruists
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š”
06:56
have certain special characteristics.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
They are better at recognizing other people's fear.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
They're literally better at detecting when somebody else is in distress.
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ํƒ€์ธ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
This may be in part because their amygdala is more reactive to these expressions.
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
And remember, this is the same part of the brain that we found
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
07:13
was underreactive in people who are psychopathic.
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07:15
And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๋ณด๋‹ค 8% ์ •๋„ ๋” ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
by about eight percent.
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07:19
So together, what these data suggest
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๋‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:21
is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world
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ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์ฝ”ํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€
07:25
that's anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ๊ทน๋‹จ์—๋Š” ๊ทน๋„์˜ ์ดํƒ€์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š”
07:28
and at the other by people who are very compassionate
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๋งค์šฐ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ ๊นŠ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
07:31
and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
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์ดํƒ€์„ฑ ์ฒ™๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:34
But I should add that what makes extraordinary altruists so different
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ ๋†“๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์€
07:38
is not just that they're more compassionate than average.
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ํ‰๊ท ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
They are,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”
07:42
but what's even more unusual about them
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:44
is that they're compassionate and altruistic
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
07:46
not just towards people who are in their own innermost circle
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์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
of friends and family. Right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:51
Because to have compassion for people that you love and identify with
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์‚ถ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:54
is not extraordinary.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion extends way beyond that circle,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์€ ๊ทธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋„˜์–ด
08:02
even beyond their wider circle of acquaintances
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์ง€์ธ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ
08:04
to people who are outside their social circle altogether,
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์ €๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:07
total strangers,
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
just like the man who rescued me.
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08:11
And I've had the opportunity now to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์—๊ฒŒ
08:15
how it is that they manage to generate such a wide circle of compassion
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•  ๋งŒํผ ๋„“์€ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ
08:19
that they were willing to give a complete stranger their kidney.
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๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
And I found it's a really difficult question for them to answer.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
08:26
I say, "How is it that you're willing to do this thing
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์ €๋Š” "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
08:30
when so many other people don't?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ์ฃ ?
08:32
You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ
08:35
who has ever given a kidney to a stranger.
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์ด์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
What is it that makes you so special?"
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?"
08:40
And what do they say?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ต์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:43
They say, "Nothing.
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"๊ธ€์Ž„์š”.
08:46
There's nothing special about me.
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๋”ฑํžˆ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:48
I'm just the same as everybody else."
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And I think that's actually a really telling answer,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ง์”€์„ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:54
because it suggests that the circles of these altruists don't look like this,
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์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:59
they look more like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
They have no center.
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
These altruists literally don't think of themselves
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๋Œ€๋‹ต ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:05
as being at the center of anything,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:08
as being better or more inherently important than anybody else.
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์›๋ž˜ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
When I asked one altruist why donating her kidney made sense to her,
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ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
09:15
she said, "Because it's not about me."
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"์ €๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Another said,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:20
"I'm not different. I'm not unique.
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"์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:23
Your study here is going to find out that I'm just the same as you."
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09:26
I think the best description for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํƒˆ์ž๊ธฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ฒธ์†์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
is humility,
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09:32
which is that quality that in the words of St. Augustine
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์„ฑ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ˆ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:35
makes men as angels.
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๋งํ•œ ๋•๋ชฉ์ด์ฃ .
09:38
And why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
09:39
It's because if there's no center of your circle,
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š”
09:42
there can be no inner rings or outer rings,
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์•ˆ์ชฝ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด
09:45
nobody who is more or less worthy of your care and compassion
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ๋™์ •์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด
09:48
than anybody else.
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๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:49
And I think that this is what really distinguishes extraordinary altruists
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š”
09:53
from the average person.
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๊ธฐ์ค€์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
But I also think that this is a view of the world that's attainable by many
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ด€์ ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:59
and maybe even most people.
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๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
And I think this because at the societal level,
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๋™์ •์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
10:03
expansions of altruism and compassion are already happening everywhere.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
The psychologist Steven Pinker and others have shown
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ํ•‘์ปค์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
10:10
that all around the world people are becoming less and less accepting
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ
10:13
of suffering in ever-widening circles of others,
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๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์šฉ์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ ํ•™๋Œ€๋‚˜
10:16
which has led to declines of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
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๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜• ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ์ข… ์ž”์ธํ•จ๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์˜
10:19
from animal abuse to domestic violence to capital punishment.
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๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
And it's led to increases in all kinds of altruism.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ์ข… ์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:26
A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous
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๋ฐฑ ๋…„ ์ „ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:29
how normal and ordinary it is
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
for people to donate their blood and bone marrow
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10:34
to complete strangers today.
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10:36
Is it possible that a hundred years from now
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์‹ ์žฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
10:38
people will think that donating a kidney to a stranger
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ํ˜„์žฌ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:41
is just as normal and ordinary
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๋ฐฑ ๋…„ ๋’ค์—๋Š”
10:42
as we think donating blood and bone marrow is today?
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๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:45
Maybe.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„์š”.
10:47
So what's at the root of all these amazing changes?
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์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ทผ์›์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:50
In part it seems to be
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
10:52
increases in wealth and standards of living.
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๋ถ€์™€ ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
As societies become wealthier and better off,
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋” ์ž˜ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:59
people seem to turn their focus of attention outward,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:02
and as a result, all kinds of altruism towards strangers increases,
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์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ž์„  ๊ธฐ๋ถ€, ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ฆ๊นŒ์ง€
11:05
from volunteering to charitable donations and even altruistic kidney donations.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:11
But all of these changes also yield
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€
11:14
a strange and paradoxical result,
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์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๋‚ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
which is that even as the world is becoming a better and more humane place,
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:21
which it is,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž„์—๋„
11:22
there's a very common perception that it's becoming worse
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋” ์ž”์ธํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋œ ์ธ์‹์ด
11:25
and more cruel, which it's not.
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๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:28
And I don't know exactly why this is,
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์ธ์‹์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
11:29
but I think it may be that we now just know so much more
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์•„๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„
11:33
about the suffering of strangers in distant places,
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๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ
11:36
and so we now care a lot more
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์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:39
about the suffering of those distant strangers.
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๋” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
But what's clear is the kinds of changes we're seeing show
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
11:45
that the roots of altruism and compassion
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์ดํƒ€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์ด ์ž”์ธํ•จ๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ๋งŒํผ
11:48
are just as much a part of human nature as cruelty and violence,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ๋งŒํผ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
11:51
maybe even more so,
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11:53
and while some people do seem to be inherently more sensitive
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์—
11:57
to the suffering of distant others,
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๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ
11:59
I really believe that the ability to remove oneself
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์ €๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์„œ
12:02
from the center of the circle
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๋™์ •์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ
12:04
and expand the circle of compassion outward to include even strangers
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ๋งŒํผ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€
12:08
is within reach for almost everyone.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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