Why some people are more altruistic than others | Abigail Marsh

365,722 views ・ 2016-10-07

TED


Videoni ijro etish uchun quyidagi inglizcha subtitrlarga ikki marta bosing.

Translator: Aziza Pulatova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov
00:12
There's a man out there, somewhere,
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Qaylardadir aktyor Idris Elbaga
00:14
who looks a little bit like the actor Idris Elba,
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biroz o’xshab ketuvchi bir inson bor yoki 20 yil ilgari
00:17
or at least he did 20 years ago.
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shunday qiyofada bo'lgandir.
00:20
I don't know anything else about him,
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U o'z hayotini xatarga qo'yib,
00:22
except that he once saved my life
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hayotimni asrab qolganidan boshqa
00:24
by putting his own life in danger.
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u haqida hech narsa bilmayman.
00:26
This man ran across four lanes of freeway traffic in the middle of the night
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Mudhish avtohalokatdan so'ng bu inson
00:32
to bring me back to safety
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meni xavfsiz joyga eltish uchun
00:33
after a car accident that could have killed me.
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to’rt tirband trassa yo’l yoqasidan yugurdi.
00:36
And the whole thing left me really shaken up, obviously,
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Bularning bari meni chuqur sarosimaga soldi,
00:39
but it also left me with this kind of burning, gnawing need
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biroq o'sha daqiqada uning harakatlari
00:43
to understand why he did it,
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mazmunini anglash istagi uyg’ondi,
00:45
what forces within him caused him to make the choice
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hayotim bilan qarzdor bo’lgan, o’z hayotini xatarga
00:48
that I owe my life to,
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qo’yib o'zga kishining hayotin qutqardi
00:50
to risk his own life to save the life of a stranger?
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undagi qanday ichki kuch bu tanlovni
00:54
In other words, what are the causes of his or anybody else's capacity for altruism?
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berdi. Boshqacha aytganda, u yoki har kimning altruistik xulqni
00:59
But first let me tell you what happened.
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namoyon etishiga nima turtki bo’ladi? Ammo
01:01
That night, I was 19 years old
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undan oldin nima bo'lganini
01:03
and driving back to my home in Tacoma, Washington,
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aytib berishga ijozat bering. 19 yoshda edim,
01:05
down the Interstate 5 freeway,
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Takomadagi uyimizga mashinada
01:07
when a little dog darted out in front of my car.
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qaytayotgan edim. To’satdan mashinam qarshisidan
01:10
And I did exactly what you're not supposed to do,
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kuchukcha chiqib qoldi va men qilmasligimiz kerak
01:12
which is swerve to avoid it.
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bo’lgan bir ishni qildim
01:14
And I discovered why you're not supposed to do that.
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ya’ni undan qochish uchun rulni burdim.
01:17
I hit the dog anyways,
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Va bu noto'g'riligini angladim.
01:19
and that sent the car into a fishtail,
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Itni baribir urib yubordim. bu mashinani sirpanib,
01:21
and then a spin across the freeway,
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trassa bo’ylab aylanishiga va oqibatda
01:24
until finally it wound up in the fast lane of the freeway
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tirband mashinalar shiddat bilan qatnaydigan
01:27
faced backwards into oncoming traffic
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yo’l yoqasiga og’darib tushirdi
01:30
and then the engine died.
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va motor ishdan chiqdi.
01:33
And I was sure in that moment that I was about to die too,
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O’shanda hayotim ham yakunlanganiga
01:37
but I didn't
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amin edim, ammo
01:39
because of the actions of that one brave man
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ag’darilgan mashinamni ko’riboq undan chiqarish,
01:41
who must have made the decision
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hayotimni asrab qolish uchun
01:43
within a fraction of a second of seeing my stranded car
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zulmatda tirband trassa yo’l yoqasi bo’ylab yugurishga
01:46
to pull over and run across four lanes of freeway traffic
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bir ondayoq jasorat topgan insonning
01:50
in the dark
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sa’y-harakatlari tufayli
01:52
to save my life.
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bu voqea yuz bermadi.
01:54
And then after he got my car working again
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So’ngra mashinamni qayta ishga tushirib, o'zimni
01:57
and got me back to safety and made sure I was going to be all right,
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xavfsiz joyga eltdi va sog’ayib ketishimga ko’zi yetib
02:01
he drove off again.
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mashinasida tark etdi.
02:02
He never even told me his name,
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U menga hatto o’z ismini aytishga ulgurmadi va
02:05
and I'm pretty sure I forgot to say thank you.
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unga rahmat aytish yodimdan ko’tarilgani aniq.
02:08
So before I go any further,
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Shu bois so’zlashda davom etishdan oldin,
02:10
I really want to take a moment
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sizlardan bir daqiqa olishni
02:11
to stop and say thank you to that stranger.
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va shu notanish insonga rahmat aytishni juda istardim.
02:15
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
02:22
I tell you all of this
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Bularni so'zlab berdim
02:24
because the events of that night changed the course of my life to some degree.
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chunki o’sha tungi voqealar hayotimni
02:28
I became a psychology researcher,
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o’zgartirib yubordi. Tadqiqotchi
02:30
and I've devoted my work to understanding the human capacity to care for others.
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psixolog faoliyatimni g'amxo'rlik qilish
02:34
Where does it come from, and how does it develop,
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qobiliyatini o'rganishga bag’ishladim.
02:37
and what are the extreme forms that it can take?
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Uning negizi va hayratli jihati nimada?
02:40
These questions are really important to understanding basic aspects
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Bu savollar shaxs ijtimoiy tabiatining tub
02:43
of human social nature.
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mohiyatini anglashga
02:45
A lot of people, and this includes everybody
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ko’maklashuvchi savollardir. Ko’pchilik
02:47
from philosophers and economists to ordinary people
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bularga filosof, iqtisodchilardan to oddiy
02:50
believe that human nature is fundamentally selfish,
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aholi shaxs tabiatining egoistligiga,
02:53
that we're only ever really motivated by our own welfare.
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ya'ni o’z manfaatimizdan ortmaymiz, deydi
02:57
But if that's true, why do some people, like the stranger who rescued me,
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Agar bu rost bo’lsa, meni qutqargan inson
03:02
do selfless things, like helping other people
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o'xshash ba'zi insonlar xavfga qaramay
03:04
at enormous risk and cost to themselves?
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yordami uchun jabrlansa ham yordam beradi?
03:07
Answering this question
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Bu savolga javob berish
03:09
requires exploring the roots of extraordinary acts of altruism,
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altruizmning g’ayrioddiy xulqi ildizlarini
03:13
and what might make people who engage in such acts
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va bunday insonlarning farqli hislatlarini
03:15
different than other people.
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tahlil qilishni talab etadi.
03:17
But until recently, very little work on this topic had been done.
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Biroq bu ishlarning salmog'i yetarlimas.
03:21
The actions of the man who rescued me
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Meni qutqargan shaxsning harakatlari
03:23
meet the most stringent definition of altruism,
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altruizm tushunchasini yaxshi izohlaydi,
03:26
which is a voluntary, costly behavior
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ya’ni asosida hech qanday manfaatsiz,
03:29
motivated by the desire to help another individual.
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jabr ko'rsa ham o'zgalarga yordamga
03:32
So it's a selfless act intended to benefit only the other.
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oshiqish. O'zgalar manfaatini ko'zlovchi fidokorona harakat.
03:36
What could possibly explain an action like that?
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Bunday xulqni qanday izohlash mumkin?
03:40
One answer is compassion, obviously,
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Bulardan biri, shubhasiz, odamiylikdir.
03:42
which is a key driver of altruism.
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u altruizmning asosi.
03:44
But then the question becomes,
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Biroq shunda savol o’zgaradi,
03:46
why do some people seem to have more of it than others?
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bu xislat nega ba’zilarda ko’proq?
03:50
And the answer may be that the brains of highly altruistic people
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Sababi altruist insonning miyasi boshqalarnikidan
03:54
are different in fundamental ways.
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tubdan farqlanishida deyish mumkin.
03:57
But to figure out how,
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Bunga oydinlik kiritish maqsadida,
03:59
I actually started from the opposite end,
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aslida ishni teskari, psixopatlarni
04:02
with psychopaths.
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o'rganishdan boshladim.
04:04
A common approach to understanding basic aspects of human nature,
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Birovlarga yordam berish xislatini
04:07
like the desire to help other people,
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tushunishda qo’l keluvchi sodda yondashuv
04:09
is to study people in whom that desire is missing,
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bunday istakdan mahrum shaxslarni o'rganish
04:13
and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
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psixopatlar ayni shu toifa shaxslaridir.
04:16
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder
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Psixopatiya nasldan-naslga o’tuvchi,
04:18
with strongly genetic origins,
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rivojlanishdagi nuqson bo’lib,
04:20
and it results in a personality that's cold and uncaring
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sovuqqon va bag'ritosh shaxsiyat,
04:23
and a tendency to engage in antisocial and sometimes very violent behavior.
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ba'zida o'ta tajovuzkorlikka moyillikdir.
04:28
Once my colleagues and I at the National Institute of Mental Health
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Ruhiy salomatlik institutida hamkasblarim bilan psixopat
04:31
conducted some of the first ever brain imaging research
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o’smirlarda miya skanerlari tadqiqotini olib bordik
04:33
of psychopathic adolescents,
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va bizning xulosalarimiz
04:36
and our findings, and the findings of other researchers now,
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va bu boradagi boshqa tadqiqotlar xulosasi
04:39
have shown that people who are psychopathic
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psixopatlarda ayni uch xususiyatning
04:41
pretty reliably exhibit three characteristics.
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mavjudligiga ishora qilmoqda.
04:45
First, although they're not generally insensitive to other people's emotions,
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Ular o'zgalarning tuyg'ulariga loqaydmas,
04:49
they are insensitive to signs that other people are in distress.
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balki iztirobli holatiga sovuqqonlik bilan qarashadi
04:53
And in particular,
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Va ayniqsa, ular yuzdagi
04:54
they have difficulty recognizing fearful facial expressions like this one.
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bunday qo’rquv ifodalarini ajratishda qiynalishadi
04:58
And fearful expressions convey urgent need and emotional distress,
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qo’rquv ifodalari esa hissiy iztirobni yetkazadi
05:02
and they usually elicit compassion and a desire to help
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hamda buni ko’rgan kishilarda odamiylik va
05:05
in people who see them,
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ko'mak istagini uyg’otadi,
05:06
so it makes sense that people who tend to lack compassion
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odamiyligi zaif kishilarning bunday
05:09
also tend to be insensitive to these cues.
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alomatga beparvo bo'lish moyilligi ham bor
05:12
The part of the brain
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Yuzdagi qo’rquvni
05:13
that's the most important for recognizing fearful expressions
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tanishda muhim vazifa o'tovchi miya sohasi
05:16
is called the amygdala.
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amigdala deb ataladi.
05:17
There are very rare cases of people who lack amygdalas completely,
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Amigdaladan butkul mahrum bemorlar juda oz
05:21
and they're profoundly impaired in recognizing fearful expressions.
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ular qo'rquvni butkul aniqlay olishmaydi.
05:25
And whereas healthy adults and children
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Sog’lom bolalar va katta yoshlilar
05:27
usually show big spikes in amygdala activity
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qo’rquv aks etgan yuzga boqqanlarida
05:30
when they look at fearful expressions,
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ularning amigdalasi yuqori darajada faol
05:32
psychopaths' amygdalas are underreactive to these expressions.
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psixopatlar amigdalasining faolligi zaif
05:35
Sometimes they don't react at all,
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Ba’zida bu faoliyat umuman yo'q
05:37
which may be why they have trouble detecting these cues.
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ehtimol shu sabab bu alomatlarni ilg'amas.
05:41
Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas are smaller than average
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psixopatlarning amigdalasi 18-20 foiz
05:44
by about 18 or 20 percent.
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o’rtacha amigdaladan kichikroq.
05:46
So all of these findings are reliable and robust,
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Bu topilmalarning bari ishonchli
05:50
and they're very interesting.
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va ular juda qiziqarli.
05:52
But remember that my main interest
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Asosiy maqsadim kishilar nega
05:53
is not understanding why people don't care about others.
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boshqalar haqida qayg’urmasligini emas buning aksi
05:57
It's understanding why they do.
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qayg'urishini tushunish edi
05:59
So the real question is,
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Muhim savol esa shunday,
06:02
could extraordinary altruism,
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psixopatiyadan tubdan farq qiluvchi,
06:04
which is the opposite of psychopathy
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odamiylik va birovlarga yordam qo’lini
06:06
in terms of compassion and the desire to help other people,
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cho’zishni ko’zlovchi altruizm
06:10
emerge from a brain that is also the opposite of psychopathy?
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psixopatiyadan o'zgacha miya ta’sirida yuz berishi mumkinmi?
06:14
A sort of antipsychopathic brain,
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Psixopatiyaga qaysidir jihatdan teskari
06:17
better able to recognize other people's fear,
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miya, yuz ifodasiga ta’sirchan amigdala va
06:21
an amygdala that's more reactive to this expression
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ehtimol o’rtacha miyadan yirikroq miya o'zgalar
06:23
and maybe larger than average as well?
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qo’rquvini yaxshiroq ilg'ashi mumkinmi?
06:25
As my research has now shown,
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Tadqiqotlarim natijasi bularning barchasi
06:27
all three things are true.
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haqiqat ekanligini ko’rsatdi.
06:29
And we discovered this
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Biz bu natijaga chinakam
06:30
by testing a population of truly extraordinary altruists.
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altruist insonlarni sinovdan o'tkazib
06:33
These are people who have given one of their own kidneys
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erishdik. Ular o’z buyraklaridan birini butkul
06:36
to a complete stranger.
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notanishga berishgan.
06:38
So these are people who have volunteered to undergo major surgery
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Buyraklaridan birining jarrohlik bilan
06:41
so that one of their own healthy kidneys can be removed
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olinib, ehtimol qachon ko'rishmaydigan
06:44
and transplanted into a very ill stranger
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notanish xasta bir kishiga o’tkazilishiga
06:46
that they've never met and may never meet.
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o'z ixtiyori bilan rozilik bildirgan.
06:49
"Why would anybody do this?" is a very common question.
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“Nega bunday qilishadi?” degan savol
06:52
And the answer may be
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tabiiy. Javob g'ayritabiiy
06:53
that the brains of these extraordinary altruists
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altruistlarning tafakkurlari noodatiy
06:56
have certain special characteristics.
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xislatga egaligida bo’lishi mumkin.
06:59
They are better at recognizing other people's fear.
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O'zgalarning qo’rquvini yaxshiroq ilg'aydi
07:02
They're literally better at detecting when somebody else is in distress.
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o'zgalar iztrobini yaxshiroq ilg’ashadi.
07:05
This may be in part because their amygdala is more reactive to these expressions.
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Bu qisman bunday yuz ifodasiga amigdala ta’sirchanligi
07:10
And remember, this is the same part of the brain that we found
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bilan izohlanadi. Miyaning shu sohasi
07:13
was underreactive in people who are psychopathic.
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passivligi psixopatlarda kuzatilgan edi.
07:15
And finally, their amygdalas are larger than average as well,
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va ularning amigdalasi hajmi o’rtachadan
07:18
by about eight percent.
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sakkiz foiz yirikroq.
07:19
So together, what these data suggest
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Ushbu ma’lumotlardan ko'rinadiki,
07:21
is the existence of something like a caring continuum in the world
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dunyoda bir uchi psixopatlar va boshqasida
07:25
that's anchored at the one end by people who are highly psychopathic,
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odamiylik va altruizmga oshiqqan
07:28
and at the other by people who are very compassionate
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insonlarni o’lchovchi g’amxo’rlik shkalasi
07:31
and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
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borligiga ishora qilmoqda.
07:34
But I should add that what makes extraordinary altruists so different
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Yana shuni ham aytishim kerakki, odamiylik
07:38
is not just that they're more compassionate than average.
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fidokor altruistni boshqalardan ajratuvchi
07:41
They are,
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yakka xislat emas.
07:42
but what's even more unusual about them
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yanada hayratlanarli jihati shundaki,
07:44
is that they're compassionate and altruistic
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ulardagi odamiylik va altruistik xislat
07:46
not just towards people who are in their own innermost circle
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do’st va birodarlari doirasidagi yaqinlari
07:49
of friends and family. Right?
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bilangina cheklanmaydi. Chunki
07:51
Because to have compassion for people that you love and identify with
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siz sevgan va sizga dilbandlarga odamiylik
07:54
is not extraordinary.
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ko'rsatish noodatiy hol emas.
07:58
Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion extends way beyond that circle,
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Chin altruistning odamiylik chegarasi bu
08:02
even beyond their wider circle of acquaintances
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doiradan chetga, hatto tanishlari doirasi
08:04
to people who are outside their social circle altogether,
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qolib, ijtimoiy guruhdan chetdagi butkul
08:07
total strangers,
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notanish kishilargacha, meni
08:09
just like the man who rescued me.
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asrab qolgan inson bunga misol.
08:11
And I've had the opportunity now to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors
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Endilikda o’z buyragini bergan ko’plab
08:15
how it is that they manage to generate such a wide circle of compassion
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altruistlardan o’zgalarga shu darajadagi
08:19
that they were willing to give a complete stranger their kidney.
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odamiylik ko'rsatish sababini bila olaman.
08:23
And I found it's a really difficult question for them to answer.
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Ularning javob qaytarishi mushkulligiga
08:26
I say, "How is it that you're willing to do this thing
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amin bo'ldim." Hech kim buni xayoliga ham
08:30
when so many other people don't?
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keltirmaganda, siz qanday oshiqasiz?
08:32
You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans
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Siz notanish kishiga buyrak bergan
08:35
who has ever given a kidney to a stranger.
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2000 amerikalikdan birisiz.
08:37
What is it that makes you so special?"
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Sizni farqlovchi jihat nimada? "
08:40
And what do they say?
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Va ular nima deydilar?
08:43
They say, "Nothing.
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Ular shunday deydi “hech qanday
08:46
There's nothing special about me.
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Boshqalardan farq qilmayman.
08:48
I'm just the same as everybody else."
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Hamma qanday bo’lsa, shundayman."
08:51
And I think that's actually a really telling answer,
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O’ylashimcha, savolga javob aynan shunda,
08:54
because it suggests that the circles of these altruists don't look like this,
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chunki altruistlarning doirasi bunday emas
08:59
they look more like this.
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aksincha bundayligiga ishora qilyapti.
09:01
They have no center.
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Ularda umuman markaz yo’q.
09:03
These altruists literally don't think of themselves
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Bunday altruistlar tom ma’noda o’zlarini
09:05
as being at the center of anything,
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biror nimaning markazi, o'zgalardan
09:08
as being better or more inherently important than anybody else.
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yaxshi va ahamiyatliroq deb bilishmaydi.
09:12
When I asked one altruist why donating her kidney made sense to her,
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Bir altruistdan buyragini berish sababini
09:15
she said, "Because it's not about me."
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so'radim. U esa “Gap men haqimda emas.”
09:19
Another said,
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Boshqa biri esa,
09:20
"I'm not different. I'm not unique.
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“Boshqalardan farqim yo'q. Noyob emasman"
09:23
Your study here is going to find out that I'm just the same as you."
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Izlanishingiz siz bilan o'xshashligimizni isbotlaydi.
09:26
I think the best description for this amazing lack of self-centeredness
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O’zgalar manfaatini o’zinikidan ustun qo'yish xislatiga
09:30
is humility,
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eng yaxshi
09:32
which is that quality that in the words of St. Augustine
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ta'rif avliyo Avgustin so’zi bilan aytganda insonni farishta
09:35
makes men as angels.
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qiluvchi fazilat, bu kamtarlik.
09:38
And why is that?
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Nega deysizmi?
09:39
It's because if there's no center of your circle,
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Negaki doirada hech qanday markaz bo'lmasa
09:42
there can be no inner rings or outer rings,
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uning ichki yoki tashqi xalqasi yo’q,
09:45
nobody who is more or less worthy of your care and compassion
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boshqalardan ko’proq yo kamroq mehrga arziydigan
09:48
than anybody else.
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hech kim bo’lmaydi.
09:49
And I think that this is what really distinguishes extraordinary altruists
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Bu g’ayritabiiy altruistni oddiy
09:53
from the average person.
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insondan ajratib turadi.
09:55
But I also think that this is a view of the world that's attainable by many
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Bu ko’pchilik, balki aksariyat insonlar
09:59
and maybe even most people.
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erishsa bo'ladigan dunyo manzarasidir.
10:01
And I think this because at the societal level,
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Chunki altruizm va odamiylik xislati jamiyat
10:03
expansions of altruism and compassion are already happening everywhere.
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doirasida allaqchon har yerda yuz bermoqda.
10:07
The psychologist Steven Pinker and others have shown
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Psixolog Stiven Pinker va boshqalar fikricha
10:10
that all around the world people are becoming less and less accepting
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sayyoramiz aholisi o’zlarining hamisha kengayuvchi doirasidagi
10:13
of suffering in ever-widening circles of others,
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insonlarning aziyat chekishlga yo’l qo’ymayapti,
10:16
which has led to declines of all kinds of cruelty and violence,
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bu hayvon tahqirlanishidan tortib oilaviy tahqirlanish, o'lim
10:19
from animal abuse to domestic violence to capital punishment.
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jazosidek barcha turdagi qabohat, yovuzliklarning kamayishiga olib kelgan.
10:23
And it's led to increases in all kinds of altruism.
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Bu altruizmning o’sishiga sharoit yaratdi.
10:26
A hundred years ago, people would have thought it was ludicrous
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O'tgan asr insonlar hozirgi odamlarning
10:29
how normal and ordinary it is
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qon berishi, suyak iligi
10:30
for people to donate their blood and bone marrow
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transplantatsiyasi odatiy hol ekanligini
10:34
to complete strangers today.
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ahmoqlik deb o’ylagan bo’lardi.
10:36
Is it possible that a hundred years from now
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Insonlar bundan yuz yil keyin
10:38
people will think that donating a kidney to a stranger
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notanish kishiga buyrak berish xuddi
10:41
is just as normal and ordinary
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hozir qon berish kabi normal
10:42
as we think donating blood and bone marrow is today?
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va odatiy hol deb o’ylashlari mumkinmi?
10:45
Maybe.
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Ehtimol.
10:47
So what's at the root of all these amazing changes?
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Bu ajoyib o’zgarishlarning mohiyati nima?
10:50
In part it seems to be
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Bu qisman farovonlik
10:52
increases in wealth and standards of living.
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va yashash sharoitining yaxshilanishidan.
10:56
As societies become wealthier and better off,
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Jumhuriyatlar farovonlashib borgani sayin,
10:59
people seem to turn their focus of attention outward,
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odamlar ham voqelikka befarq emasdek.
11:02
and as a result, all kinds of altruism towards strangers increases,
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va natijada xayriya va buyrak berish kabi
11:05
from volunteering to charitable donations and even altruistic kidney donations.
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altruizmning turli ko’rinishlari ortmoqda.
11:11
But all of these changes also yield
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Biroq, bu o’zgarishlarning bari
11:14
a strange and paradoxical result,
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paradoksli xulosaga ham sabab bo'ladi.
11:17
which is that even as the world is becoming a better and more humane place,
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ya’ni dunyo yanada insonparvarlashyapti
11:21
which it is,
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va bu ayni haqiqat
11:22
there's a very common perception that it's becoming worse
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biroq u yanada qabohatlashyapti degan
11:25
and more cruel, which it's not.
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noto'gri tushuncha ham yo’q emas.
11:28
And I don't know exactly why this is,
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Buning boisini aniq bilmayman,
11:29
but I think it may be that we now just know so much more
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ammo fikrimcha, hozir biz yiroqdagilarning
11:33
about the suffering of strangers in distant places,
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aziyatlari haqida juda ko’p narsa bilamiz,
11:36
and so we now care a lot more
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va shu sababli o'zgalarning
11:39
about the suffering of those distant strangers.
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g'am-tashvishlariga chuqurroq qayg'uramiz.
11:42
But what's clear is the kinds of changes we're seeing show
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Guvohi bo’layotgan o’zgarishlardan aniqki,
11:45
that the roots of altruism and compassion
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inson tabiatida qancha yovuzlik bo'lmasin,
11:48
are just as much a part of human nature as cruelty and violence,
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ehtimol undan ham ko’proq odamiylik va
11:51
maybe even more so,
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altruizm ildizlari mujassam
11:53
and while some people do seem to be inherently more sensitive
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Ba’zilar o'zgalar iztiroblariga ko’proq
11:57
to the suffering of distant others,
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qayg'uruvchi tabiiy qobiliyati bo'lsa-da,
11:59
I really believe that the ability to remove oneself
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Markazidan o'z "men"ini chetlatish
12:02
from the center of the circle
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va hatto begonalarni kiritgan
12:04
and expand the circle of compassion outward to include even strangers
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odamiylik doirasini kengaytirishga
12:08
is within reach for almost everyone.
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hammaning qurbi yetishiga ishonaman.
12:12
Thank you.
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Rahmat.
12:13
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
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