Eric X. Li: A tale of two political systems

1,114,420 views ใƒป 2013-07-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Guy Sella ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Good morning.
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ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:14
My name is Eric Li, and I was born here.
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ืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืง ืœื™, ื•ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ.
00:19
But no, I wasn't born there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื, ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืฉื.
00:21
This was where I was born:
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ืฉื ื ื•ื“ืœืชื™:
00:24
Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution.
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ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™, ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:28
My grandmother tells me that she heard
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ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื”
ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ ืœืฆื“ ื–ืขืงื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:30
the sound of gunfire along with my first cries.
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00:33
When I was growing up, I was told a story
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ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™, ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:36
that explained all I ever needed to know about humanity.
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:40
It went like this.
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ื–ื” ื”ืœืš ื›ื›ื”:
00:41
All human societies develop in linear progression,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ,
00:45
beginning with primitive society, then slave society,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื -
00:48
feudalism, capitalism, socialism,
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ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื, ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื,
00:51
and finally, guess where we end up?
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ?
00:54
Communism!
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ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื!
00:57
Sooner or later, all of humanity,
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ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
01:01
regardless of culture, language, nationality,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืคื”, ืœืื•ื,
01:03
will arrive at this final stage
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ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
01:06
of political and social development.
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
01:08
The entire world's peoples will be unified
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ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืชืื—ื“ื•
01:10
in this paradise on Earth
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช
01:13
and live happily ever after.
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ื•ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื“.
01:15
But before we get there, we're engaged
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
01:18
in a struggle between good and evil,
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข,
01:20
the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism,
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ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
01:23
and the good shall triumph.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื ืฆื—.
01:25
That, of course, was the meta-narrative
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ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืœ
01:28
distilled from the theories of Karl Marx.
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ืฉื–ื•ืงืง ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืืจืœ ืžืจืงืก.
01:31
And the Chinese bought it.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืงื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
01:33
We were taught that grand story day in and day out.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื.
01:36
It became part of us, and we believed in it.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื•ื”ืืžื ื• ื‘ื•.
01:39
The story was a bestseller.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘-ืžื›ืจ.
01:41
About one third of the entire world's population
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
01:43
lived under that meta-narrative.
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ื—ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”.
01:46
Then, the world changed overnight.
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
01:49
As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืงืจืกื”,
01:52
I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie.
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™.
01:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง).
01:59
Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ื’ืจืชื™, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื”.
02:02
As if one big story wasn't enough,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง,
02:04
I was told another one.
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ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
02:07
This one was just as grand.
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ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•.
02:10
It also claims that all human societies
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
02:12
develop in a linear progression towards a singular end.
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ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืื—ื“.
02:16
This one went as follows:
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืœืš ื›ื›ื”:
02:19
All societies, regardless of culture,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:21
be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื•ืช,
02:24
must progress from traditional societies
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
02:26
in which groups are the basic units
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
02:29
to modern societies in which atomized individuals
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื
02:33
are the sovereign units,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
02:34
and all these individuals are, by definition, rational,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื
02:38
and they all want one thing:
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“:
02:40
the vote.
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ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
02:42
Because they are all rational, once given the vote,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”,
02:45
they produce good government
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ื”ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
02:46
and live happily ever after.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขื“.
02:49
Paradise on Earth, again.
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ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘.
02:52
Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be
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ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื”
02:55
the only political system for all countries and all peoples,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื,
02:59
with a free market to make them all rich.
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ืขื ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
03:01
But before we get there, we're engaged in a struggle
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง
03:05
between good and evil.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข.
03:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:08
The good belongs to those who are democracies
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ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื
03:10
and are charged with a mission of spreading it
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ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
03:12
around the globe, sometimes by force,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—,
03:16
against the evil of those who do not hold elections.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:19
(Video) George H.W. Bush: A new world order...
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืื‘: "ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ..."
03:21
(Video) George W. Bush:... ending tyranny in our world...
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืŸ: "... ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•..."
(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”: "...ืชืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ื•ืœื"
03:24
(Video) Barack Obama:... a single standard for all
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื”: "ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื—."
03:26
who would hold power.
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03:28
Eric X. Li: Now --
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ืืจื™ืง ืœื™: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -
03:30
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:38
This story also became a bestseller.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืคืš ืœืจื‘ ืžื›ืจ.
03:42
According to Freedom House,
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ืœืคื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช",
03:44
the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื— ืž-45 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970
03:47
to 115 in 2010.
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ืœ-115 ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010.
03:49
In the last 20 years, Western elites tirelessly
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ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•
03:52
trotted around the globe selling this prospectus:
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ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•:
03:56
Multiple parties fight for political power
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
03:58
and everyone voting on them
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ -
04:00
is the only path to salvation
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”
04:02
to the long-suffering developing world.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘.
04:05
Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success.
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ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• - ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
04:08
Those who do not are doomed to fail.
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื - ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ.
04:11
But this time, the Chinese didn't buy it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
04:14
Fool me once...
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ืชืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช...
04:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:21
The rest is history.
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:23
In just 30 years, China went from
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื”
04:25
one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world
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ืžืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื•.
04:28
to its second-largest economy.
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04:30
Six hundred fifty million people
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650 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:32
were lifted out of poverty.
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ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
04:33
Eighty percent of the entire world's poverty alleviation
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80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™
04:36
during that period happened in China.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• - ืงืจืชื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
04:38
In other words, all the new and old democracies
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช
04:41
put together amounted to a mere fraction
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ื”ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืœื‘ื“
04:44
of what a single, one-party state did without voting.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืœืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:49
See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps.
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ืชืจืื•, ืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”: ืชืœื•ืฉื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:53
Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams
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ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื’ืจืžื™ื
04:55
per person per month at one point.
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ืœืื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
04:57
Needless to say, I ate all my grandmother's portions.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืื›ืœืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
05:01
So I asked myself, what's wrong with this picture?
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™: ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”?
05:05
Here I am in my hometown,
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ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™,
05:07
my business growing leaps and bounds.
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ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ.
05:09
Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day.
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ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
05:11
Middle class is expanding in speed and scale
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ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
05:14
unprecedented in human history.
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ืœืœื ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:16
Yet, according to the grand story,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:19
none of this should be happening.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
05:22
So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it.
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ืื– ืงืžืชื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™: ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:25
Yes, China is a one-party state
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ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช.
05:27
run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party,
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ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื”-ืžืคืœื’ื”,
05:31
and they don't hold elections.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:33
Three assumptions are made
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช
05:35
by the dominant political theories of our time.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
05:38
Such a system is operationally rigid,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ืช,
05:41
politically closed, and morally illegitimate.
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ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
05:45
Well, the assumptions are wrong.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:48
The opposites are true.
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ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:50
Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืืžื”, ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
05:53
are the three defining characteristics
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช
05:55
of China's one-party system.
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ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
05:58
Now, most political scientists will tell us
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ื›ืขืช, ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื•
ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช, ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช,
06:00
that a one-party system is inherently incapable
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06:03
of self-correction.
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
06:05
It won't last long because it cannot adapt.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
06:07
Now here are the facts.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
06:09
In 64 years of running the largest country in the world,
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ื‘-64 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:12
the range of the Party's policies has been wider
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ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:15
than any other country in recent memory,
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ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
06:18
from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward,
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ืžืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœ"ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”",
06:22
then privatization of farmland,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื,
06:25
then the Cultural Revolution,
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ื•ืื– "ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช",
06:27
then Deng Xiaoping's market reform,
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ื•ืื– ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื ื’ ืฉื™ืื•ืคื™ื ื’,
06:30
then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step
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ื•ืื– ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื–'ื™ืื ื’ ื“ื–ื”-ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ืง
06:33
of opening up Party membership to private businesspeople,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”,
06:36
something unimaginable during Mao's rule.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืื•.
06:39
So the Party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions.
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ืื– ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื.
06:43
Institutionally, new rules get enacted
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ืžืžืกื“ื™ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืงืงื™ื
06:46
to correct previous dysfunctions.
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:48
For example, term limits.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช.
06:50
Political leaders used to retain their positions for life,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:53
and they used that to accumulate power
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ื” ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—
ื•ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื”ื.
06:55
and perpetuate their rules.
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06:56
Mao was the father of modern China,
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ืžืื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
06:59
yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes.
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ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ.
07:01
So the Party instituted term limits
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ืื– ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืงืฆื‘ื” ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช
07:04
with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70.
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ื•ืงื‘ืขื” ื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” - ื‘ื™ืŸ 68 ืœ-70.
07:07
One thing we often hear is,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื,
07:10
"Political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms,"
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"ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช",
07:13
and "China is in dire need of political reform."
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ื•-"ืกื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื•ืขืช ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช."
07:16
But this claim is a rhetorical trap
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
07:19
hidden behind a political bias.
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ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
07:22
See, some have decided a priori
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ืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช
07:24
what kinds of changes they want to see,
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ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
07:26
and only such changes can be called political reform.
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ื•ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืงืจื "ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช".
07:30
The truth is, political reforms have never stopped.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื•.
07:33
Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago,
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ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”, 20 ืฉื ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
07:36
every aspect of Chinese society,
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ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
07:38
how the country is governed,
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ืื™ืš ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
07:39
from the most local level to the highest center,
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ืžื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
07:41
are unrecognizable today.
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ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:44
Now such changes are simply not possible
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
07:47
without political reforms of the most fundamental kind.
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ืœืœื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:51
Now I would venture to suggest the Party
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ื›ืขืช ืืขื– ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžืคืœื’ื”
07:53
is the world's leading expert in political reform.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
07:57
The second assumption is that in a one-party state,
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช
08:00
power gets concentrated in the hands of the few,
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ื›ื•ื— ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ื™ื,
08:03
and bad governance and corruption follow.
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ื•ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืฉื”.
08:05
Indeed, corruption is a big problem,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
08:08
but let's first look at the larger context.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:10
Now, this may be counterintuitive to you.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
08:12
The Party happens to be one of the most meritocratic
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
08:15
political institutions in the world today.
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ื”ืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:18
China's highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25 members.
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ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื 25 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:22
In the most recent one, only five of them
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื
08:24
came from a background of privilege, so-called princelings.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื".
08:27
The other 20, including the president and the premier,
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ื™ืชืจ 20 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
08:30
came from entirely ordinary backgrounds.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจืงืข ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:33
In the larger central committee of 300 or more,
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ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื 300 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:35
the percentage of those who were born
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ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื•
08:37
into power and wealth was even smaller.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:39
The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
08:42
worked and competed their way to the top.
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ืกืœืœื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืฆืžืจืช.
08:45
Compare that with the ruling elites
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช
08:47
in both developed and developing countries,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
08:49
I think you'll find the Party being near the top
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืžืจืช
08:52
in upward mobility.
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื.
08:54
The question then is, how could that be possible
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
08:57
in a system run by one party?
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืื—ืช?
09:00
Now we come to a powerful political institution,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืชื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—,
09:03
little-known to Westerners:
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ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘:
09:04
the Party's Organization Department.
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ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”.
09:07
The department functions like a giant
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ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื›ืžื•
09:09
human resource engine that would be the envy
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ืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ืขื ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื ืงื ืืชื
09:12
of even some of the most successful corporations.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:15
It operates a rotating pyramid
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ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
09:17
made up of three components:
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื:
09:19
civil service, state-owned enterprises,
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
09:21
and social organizations like a university
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
09:23
or a community program.
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ืื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช.
09:26
They form separate yet integrated career paths
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืืš ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”
09:28
for Chinese officials.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
09:30
They recruit college grads into entry-level positions
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื•ื˜ืจื•ืช
09:33
in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืœืžื˜ื”,
09:36
called "keyuan" [clerk].
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ืžืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช "ืงื™ื•ืืŸ" (ืคืงื™ื“).
09:37
Then they could get promoted
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
09:39
through four increasingly elite ranks:
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ืœืืจื‘ืข ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื‘ื—ื•ืช:
09:44
fuke [deputy section manager], ke [section manager], fuchu [deputy division manager], and chu [division manger].
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"ืคื•ืงื”" (ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื•ืจ), "ืงื”" (ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื•ืจ), ืคื•ืฆ'ื• (ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื”) ื•ืฆ'ื• (ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื”).
09:47
Now these are not moves from "Karate Kid," okay?
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ืืœื” ืœื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืž"ืงืจืื˜ื” ืงื™ื“", ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
ื–ื”ื• ืขืกืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
09:50
It's serious business.
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09:53
The range of positions is wide,
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ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘,
09:55
from running health care in a village
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ
09:57
to foreign investment in a city district
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ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
09:59
to manager in a company.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:01
Once a year, the department reviews their performance.
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ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื”, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืกื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื.
10:04
They interview their superiors, their peers,
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ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื,
10:06
their subordinates. They vet their personal conduct.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ื. ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
10:09
They conduct public opinion surveys.
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ื”ื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ.
10:11
Then they promote the winners.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
10:13
Throughout their careers, these cadres
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื’ืœ
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
10:15
can move through and out of all three tracks.
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10:18
Over time, the good ones move beyond the four base levels
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
10:20
to the fuju [deputy bureau chief] and ju [bureau chief] levels.
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ืืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืคื•ื’'ื• (ืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืœืฉื›ื”) ื•ื’'ื• (ืจืืฉ ืœืฉื›ื”).
10:23
There, they enter high officialdom.
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ืฉื, ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
10:26
By that point, a typical assignment will be
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื˜ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื”
10:28
to manage a district with a population in the millions
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
10:31
or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue.
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื’ืœื’ืœืช ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
10:35
Just to show you how competitive the system is,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช,
10:38
in 2012, there were 900,000 fuke and ke levels,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื™ื• 900 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช "ืคื•ืงื”" ื•"ืงื”",
10:42
600,000 fuchu and chu levels,
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600 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช "ืคื•ืฆ'ื•" ื•-"ืฆ'ื•"
10:45
and only 40,000 fuju and ju levels.
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ื•ืจืง 40 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช "ืคื•ื’'ื•" ื•"ื’'ื•".
10:48
After the ju levels,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”"ื’'ื•",
10:50
the best few move further up several more ranks,
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ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื’ื•ืช,
10:53
and eventually make it to the Central Committee.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
10:56
The process takes two to three decades.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
10:59
Does patronage play a role? Yes, of course.
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“? ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
11:02
But merit remains the fundamental driver.
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ืืš ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
11:05
In essence, the Organization Department runs
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ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœืช
11:08
a modernized version of China's centuries-old
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ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
11:10
mentoring system.
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ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
11:12
China's new president, Xi Jinping,
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ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ ื’'ื™ื ืคื™ื ื’,
11:15
is the son of a former leader, which is very unusual,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™,
11:17
first of his kind to make the top job.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจื ื–ื”.
11:19
Even for him, the career took 30 years.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.
11:22
He started as a village manager,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืจืืฉ ื›ืคืจ,
11:24
and by the time he entered the Politburo,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•,
11:26
he had managed areas with a total population
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช
11:28
of 150 million people
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ืฉืœ 150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
11:30
and combined GDPs of 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars.
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ื•ื—ืœืฉ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ 1.5 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:34
Now, please don't get me wrong, okay?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื, ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
11:37
This is not a put-down of anyone. It's just a statement of fact.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื›ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
11:40
George W. Bush, remember him?
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•. ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
11:44
This is not a put-down.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื“ื›ื.
11:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:47
Before becoming governor of Texas,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกืก,
11:50
or Barack Obama before running for president,
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ืื• ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจืฅ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
11:53
could not make even a small county manager
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
11:55
in China's system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
11:57
Winston Churchill once said that democracy
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ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
11:59
is a terrible system except for all the rest.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืื™ื•ืžื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
12:02
Well, apparently he hadn't heard of the Organization Department.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
12:06
Now, Westerners always assume that
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื
12:08
multi-party election with universal suffrage
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืœ
12:11
is the only source of political legitimacy.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
12:14
I was asked once, "The Party wasn't voted in by election.
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ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืคืขื, "ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช."
12:18
Where is the source of legitimacy?"
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"ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”?"
12:20
I said, "How about competency?"
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ืืžืจืชื™ - "ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช?"
12:24
We all know the facts.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
12:25
In 1949, when the Party took power,
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ื‘-1949, ื›ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
12:27
China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression,
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื ืงืจืขื” ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื,
12:30
average life expectancy at that time, 41 years old.
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ื›ืฉืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” 41 ืฉื ื™ื.
12:35
Today, it's the second largest economy in the world,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื–ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:38
an industrial powerhouse, and its people live
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ื›ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืขื ื—ื™
12:40
in increasing prosperity.
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ื‘ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืคืชื—.
12:42
Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes,
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ "ืคื™ื•" ืกืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™,
12:45
and here are the numbers in recent years.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
12:47
Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืืœื™ื•: 85 ืื—ื•ื–.
12:52
Those who think they're better off than five years ago:
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื:
70 ืื—ื•ื–.
12:55
70 percent.
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12:56
Those who expect the future to be better:
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ืืœื” ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
12:59
a whopping 82 percent.
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82 ืื—ื•ื– - ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
13:02
Financial Times polls global youth attitudes,
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืคื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ืกืงืจ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:05
and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื—ืžื™ื ืžื”ืชื ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
13:08
Ninety-three percent of China's Generation Y
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93 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”-Y ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
13:11
are optimistic about their country's future.
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ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืืจืฆื.
13:14
Now, if this is not legitimacy, I'm not sure what is.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื–ื• ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื” ื›ืŸ.
13:20
In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world
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ืžื ื’ื“, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
13:23
are suffering from dismal performance.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
13:25
I don't need to elaborate for this audience
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
13:27
how dysfunctional it is, from Washington to European capitals.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช, ืžื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
13:32
With a few exceptions, the vast number
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
13:35
of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
13:37
are still suffering from poverty and civil strife.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
13:41
Governments get elected, and then they fall
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช
13:43
below 50 percent approval in a few months
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-50% ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
13:46
and stay there and get worse until the next election.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช - ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
13:50
Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืœื•ืœืื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช
13:52
of elect and regret.
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ืฉืœ "ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืืช" - ื•"ืชืชื—ืจื˜".
13:54
At this rate, I'm afraid it is democracy,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื–ื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
13:58
not China's one-party system, that is in danger
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ืœื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืกื›ื ื”
14:00
of losing legitimacy.
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ืœืื‘ื“ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”.
14:03
Now, I don't want to create the misimpression
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ืขื”
14:06
that China's hunky-dory, on the way
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ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืจืš
14:08
to some kind of superpowerdom.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืžืช-ืขืœ ืขืชื™ืจืช ื›ื—.
14:09
The country faces enormous challenges.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
14:12
The social and economic problems that come
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช
14:14
with wrenching change like this are mind-boggling.
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ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
14:18
Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื–ื” ืื—ื“. ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
14:22
On the political front, the worst problem is corruption.
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
14:26
Corruption is widespread and undermines the system
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ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
14:29
and its moral legitimacy.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
14:30
But most analysts misdiagnose the disease.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:33
They say that corruption is the result of the one-party system,
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช,
14:36
and therefore, in order to cure it,
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”,
14:38
you have to do away with the entire system.
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
14:40
But a more careful look would tell us otherwise.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืื—ืจืช.
14:43
Transparency International ranks China
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช" ืžื“ืจื’ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ
14:46
between 70 and 80 in recent years among 170 countries,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 70 ืœ-80 ืžืชื•ืš 170 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
14:49
and it's been moving up.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’.
14:52
India, the largest democracy in the world,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
14:54
94 and dropping.
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ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช 94 ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’.
14:56
For the hundred or so countries that are ranked below China,
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ืœืžืื” ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื™ืŸ,
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
14:59
more than half of them are electoral democracies.
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15:01
So if election is the panacea for corruption,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
15:05
how come these countries can't fix it?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?
15:08
Now, I'm a venture capitalist. I make bets.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืžื”ืžืจ.
15:11
It wouldn't be fair to end this talk without
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื‘ืœื™
15:14
putting myself on the line and making some predictions.
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ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช.
15:16
So here they are.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืŸ.
15:18
In the next 10 years, China will surpass the U.S.
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ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืกื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
15:21
and become the largest economy in the world.
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ื•ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
15:23
Income per capita will be near the top
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ืชื”ื™ื” ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืฆืžืจืช
15:25
of all developing countries.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
15:28
Corruption will be curbed, but not eliminated,
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ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืชืจื•ืกืŸ, ืืš ืœื ืชื™ืขืœื,
15:30
and China will move up 10 to 20 notches
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืชืขืœื” 10-20 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
15:32
to above 60 in T.I. ranking.
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ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช", ืœื‘ืขืจืš 60.
15:35
Economic reform will accelerate, political reform will continue,
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ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืชื•ืืฅ, ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชืžืฉื™ืš,
15:38
and the one-party system will hold firm.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“.
15:42
We live in the dusk of an era.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื.
15:45
Meta-narratives that make universal claims
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™-ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช
15:48
failed us in the 20th century
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ื”ื›ืฉื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
15:50
and are failing us in the 21st.
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ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
15:53
Meta-narrative is the cancer
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
15:55
that is killing democracy from the inside.
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ืฉืžื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
15:58
Now, I want to clarify something.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•:
16:00
I'm not here to make an indictment of democracy.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
16:02
On the contrary, I think democracy contributed
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ืžื ื’ื“, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชืจืžื”
16:05
to the rise of the West and the creation of the modern world.
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ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
16:08
It is the universal claim that many Western elites
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ืขื ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
16:11
are making about their political system, the hubris,
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ืก,
16:15
that is at the heart of the West's current ills.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื‘ ืชื—ืœื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:18
If they would spend just a little less time
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ืื ื”ื ืจืง ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ
16:20
on trying to force their way onto others,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
16:23
and a little bit more on political reform at home,
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ื•ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืฆืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
16:26
they might give their democracy a better chance.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:30
China's political model will never supplant
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืคื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•
16:32
electoral democracy, because unlike the latter,
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ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื”,
16:34
it doesn't pretend to be universal.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช.
16:36
It cannot be exported. But that is the point precisely.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืื•ืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
16:40
The significance of China's example
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
16:43
is not that it provides an alternative,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
16:45
but the demonstration that alternatives exist.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
16:49
Let us draw to a close this era of meta-narratives.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืืฃ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™-ืขืœ.
16:53
Communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals,
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ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื—
16:56
but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”.
17:00
Let us stop telling people and our children
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคืกื™ืง ืœืกืคืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
17:03
there's only one way to govern ourselves
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืœ
17:05
and a singular future towards which
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ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืœื™ื•
17:07
all societies must evolve.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
17:09
It is wrong. It is irresponsible.
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ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ืจืื™.
17:12
And worst of all, it is boring.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ - ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืžื.
17:16
Let universality make way for plurality.
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ืชื ื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื.
17:20
Perhaps a more interesting age is upon us.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
17:23
Are we brave enough to welcome it?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื•?
17:25
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:43
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:46
Bruno Giussani: Eric, stay with me for a couple of minutes,
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืืจื™ืง, ื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช,
17:49
because I want to ask you a couple of questions.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช.
17:51
I think many here, and in general in Western countries,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
17:55
would agree with your statement about analysis
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ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—
17:58
of democratic systems becoming dysfunctional,
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ืฉืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื,
18:01
but at the same time, many would kind of find
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืžืฆืื•
18:04
unsettling the thought that there is an unelected
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื”
18:08
authority that, without any form of oversight or consultation,
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ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื”, ืฉืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช,
18:13
decides what the national interest is.
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ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื”ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
18:16
What is the mechanism in the Chinese model
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™
18:19
that allows people to say, actually,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
18:21
the national interest as you defined it is wrong?
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"ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™"?
18:24
EXL: You know, Frank Fukuyama, the political scientist,
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ืืจื™ืง ืœื™: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืคืจืื ืง ืคื•ืงื•ื™ืืžื”, ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
18:28
called the Chinese system "responsive authoritarianism."
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ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช "ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช".
18:32
It's not exactly right, but I think it comes close.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
18:35
So I know the largest public opinion survey company
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช-ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:39
in China, okay?
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
18:41
Do you know who their biggest client is?
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื?
18:43
The Chinese government.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
18:45
Not just from the central government,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช,
18:48
the city government, the provincial government,
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ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช,
18:49
to the most local neighborhood districts.
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ื•ื’ื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:51
They conduct surveys all the time.
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ื”ื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืกืงืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
18:53
Are you happy with the garbage collection?
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"ืืชื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ"?
18:56
Are you happy with the general direction of the country?
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"ืืชื” ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”"?
18:58
So there is, in China, there is a different kind of mechanism
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื”
19:01
to be responsive to the demands and the thinking of the people.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœืจื—ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
19:05
My point is, I think we should get unstuck
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง
19:08
from the thinking that there's only one political system --
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช -
19:11
election, election, election --
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช -
19:12
that could make it responsive.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
19:14
I'm not sure, actually, elections produce
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
19:16
responsive government anymore in the world.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:23
BG: Many seem to agree.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ื ืจืื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
19:25
One of the features of a democratic system
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช
19:27
is a space for civil society to express itself.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
19:31
And you have shown figures about the support
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ื•ื”ืจืื™ืช ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”
19:33
that the government and the authorities have in China.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
19:36
But then you've just mentioned other elements
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
19:39
like, you know, big challenges, and there are, of course,
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ื›ืžื•, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
19:41
a lot of other data that go in a different direction:
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ:
19:44
tens of thousands of unrests and protests
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช
19:47
and environmental protests, etc.
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ื•ืžื—ืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
19:50
So you seem to suggest the Chinese model
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ืื– ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™
19:53
doesn't have a space outside of the Party
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื•ื—
19:55
for civil society to express itself.
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ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
19:57
EXL: There's a vibrant civil society in China,
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ืืจื™ืง ืœื™: ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžืœืืช ืžืจืฅ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
20:01
whether it's environment or what-have-you.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืื• ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื”.
20:03
But it's different. You wouldn't recognize it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ืœื ืชื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื”.
20:05
Because, by Western definitions, a so-called civil society
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”
20:08
has to be separate or even in opposition
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”
20:11
to the political system,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
20:13
but that concept is alien for Chinese culture.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
20:17
For thousands of years, you have civil society,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
20:20
yet they are consistent and coherent
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื
20:22
and part of a political order, and I think
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
20:25
it's a big cultural difference.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
20:29
BG: Eric, thank you for sharing this with TED. EXL: Thank you.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืืจื™ืง, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื—ืœืงืช ื–ืืช ืขื TED. ืืจื™ืง ืœื™: ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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