Eric X. Li: A tale of two political systems

1,111,782 views ・ 2013-07-01

TED


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Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Draga Lelas
00:12
Good morning.
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Dobro jutro.
00:14
My name is Eric Li, and I was born here.
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Moje je ime Eric Li, i rođen sam ovdje.
00:19
But no, I wasn't born there.
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Ali ne, nisam rođen ondje.
00:21
This was where I was born:
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Ovo je gdje sam rođen:
00:24
Shanghai, at the height of the Cultural Revolution.
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Šangaj, na vrhuncu Kulturne revolucije.
00:28
My grandmother tells me that she heard
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Baka mi priča kako je čula
zvuke pucnjave iz oružja zajedno sa mojim prvim plačem.
00:30
the sound of gunfire along with my first cries.
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00:33
When I was growing up, I was told a story
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Tijekom odrastanja, ispričana mi je priča
00:36
that explained all I ever needed to know about humanity.
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koja je objasnila sve što sam ikad trebao znati o čovječanstvu.
00:40
It went like this.
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išla je ovako:
00:41
All human societies develop in linear progression,
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Sva se ljudska društva razvijaju u linearnom slijedu,
00:45
beginning with primitive society, then slave society,
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počevši od primitivnog društva, preko robovlasničkog društva,
00:48
feudalism, capitalism, socialism,
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feudalizma, kapitalizma, socijalizma,
00:51
and finally, guess where we end up?
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te konačno, pogodite gdje završavamo?
00:54
Communism!
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Komunizam!
00:57
Sooner or later, all of humanity,
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Prije ili kasnije, cijelo će čovječanstvo,
01:01
regardless of culture, language, nationality,
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bez obzira na kulturu, jezik, nacionalnost,
01:03
will arrive at this final stage
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doći do ove završne faze
01:06
of political and social development.
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političkog i društvenog razvoja.
01:08
The entire world's peoples will be unified
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Svi će ljudi na svijetu biti ujedinjeni
01:10
in this paradise on Earth
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u ovom raju na zemlji
01:13
and live happily ever after.
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i zauvijek će živjeti sretno.
01:15
But before we get there, we're engaged
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Ali prije nego stignemo tamo, uključeni smo
01:18
in a struggle between good and evil,
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u borbu dobra i zla,
01:20
the good of socialism against the evil of capitalism,
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dobra socijalizma protiv zla kapitalizma,
01:23
and the good shall triumph.
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a dobro će trijumfirati.
01:25
That, of course, was the meta-narrative
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to je, naravno, meta-pripovijest
01:28
distilled from the theories of Karl Marx.
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izvedena iz teorija Karla Marxa.
01:31
And the Chinese bought it.
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I Kinezi su je prihvatili.
01:33
We were taught that grand story day in and day out.
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Učili su nas tu veličanstvenu priču svaki bogovetni dan,
01:36
It became part of us, and we believed in it.
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Postala je dio nas, i mi smo u nju vjerovali.
01:39
The story was a bestseller.
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Priča je bila hit.
01:41
About one third of the entire world's population
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Oko trećina sve svjetske populacije
01:43
lived under that meta-narrative.
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je živjelo pod tom meta-pripovjesti.
01:46
Then, the world changed overnight.
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Tada se svijet promijenio preko noći.
01:49
As for me, disillusioned by the failed religion of my youth,
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Za mene, bez iluzija spram posrnule religije moje mladosti,
01:52
I went to America and became a Berkeley hippie.
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pošao sam u Ameriku i postao hipi sa Berkeleya.
01:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:59
Now, as I was coming of age, something else happened.
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Sada, kako sam postajao odrasli čovjek, nešto se drugo desilo.
02:02
As if one big story wasn't enough,
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Kao da jedna velika priča nije dovoljna,
02:04
I was told another one.
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ispričana mi je još jedna.
02:07
This one was just as grand.
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Ta je bila jednako veličanstvena.
02:10
It also claims that all human societies
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Također tvrdi da se sva ljudska društva
02:12
develop in a linear progression towards a singular end.
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razvijaju u linearnom slijedu prema jedinstvenom kraju.
02:16
This one went as follows:
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Ova je išla ovako:
02:19
All societies, regardless of culture,
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Sva društva, bez obzira na kulturu,
02:21
be it Christian, Muslim, Confucian,
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bila ona kršćanska, muslimanska, konfucijanska,
02:24
must progress from traditional societies
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se moraju razviti od tradicionalnih društava
02:26
in which groups are the basic units
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u kojima su grupe temeljne jedinice
02:29
to modern societies in which atomized individuals
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u moderna društva u kojima su atomizirani pojedinci
02:33
are the sovereign units,
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glavne jedinice,
02:34
and all these individuals are, by definition, rational,
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a ti su pojedinci, po definiciji, razumni,
02:38
and they all want one thing:
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i svi žele jednu stvar:
02:40
the vote.
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glas.
02:42
Because they are all rational, once given the vote,
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Stoga što su racionalni, jednom kad im je dan glas,
02:45
they produce good government
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stvoriti će dobru vlast
02:46
and live happily ever after.
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i zauvijek živjeti sretno.
02:49
Paradise on Earth, again.
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Raj na Zemlji, ponovo.
02:52
Sooner or later, electoral democracy will be
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Prije ili kasnije, izborna će demokracija biti
02:55
the only political system for all countries and all peoples,
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jedini politički sustav za sve zemlje i sve ljude,
02:59
with a free market to make them all rich.
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sa slobodnim tržištem da ih sve učini bogatim.
03:01
But before we get there, we're engaged in a struggle
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Ali prije nego stignemo tamo, uključeni smo u borbu
03:05
between good and evil.
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dobra i zla
03:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:08
The good belongs to those who are democracies
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Dobro pripada onima koji su demokracije
03:10
and are charged with a mission of spreading it
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i koji su dužni vršiti misiju njenog širenja
03:12
around the globe, sometimes by force,
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oko svijeta, ponekad i silom,
03:16
against the evil of those who do not hold elections.
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protiv zla onih koji ne održavaju izbore.
03:19
(Video) George H.W. Bush: A new world order...
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(Video) George H.W. Bush: Novi svjetski poredak ...
03:21
(Video) George W. Bush:... ending tyranny in our world...
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(Video) George W. Bush: ... okončati tiraniju u našem svijetu ...
(Video) Barack Obama: ... jedinstveno mjerilo za sve
03:24
(Video) Barack Obama:... a single standard for all
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koji bi posjedovali moć.
03:26
who would hold power.
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03:28
Eric X. Li: Now --
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Eric X. Li: Sad--
03:30
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh) (Aplauz)
03:38
This story also became a bestseller.
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I ova je priča postala hit.
03:42
According to Freedom House,
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Prema Freedom House-u,
03:44
the number of democracies went from 45 in 1970
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broj je demokracija otišao sa 45 u 1970
03:47
to 115 in 2010.
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na 115 u 2010.
03:49
In the last 20 years, Western elites tirelessly
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U zadnjih 20 godina, Zapadne su elite neumorno
03:52
trotted around the globe selling this prospectus:
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putovale oko svijeta prodajući ovu brošuru:
03:56
Multiple parties fight for political power
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Višestranačka borba za političku moć
03:58
and everyone voting on them
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i opće sudjelovanje u glasanju
04:00
is the only path to salvation
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je jedini put do spasenja
04:02
to the long-suffering developing world.
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dugo napaćenom svijetu zemalja u razvoju.
04:05
Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success.
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Oni koji kupe brošuru su predodređeni za uspjeh.
04:08
Those who do not are doomed to fail.
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Oni koji ne, osuđeni su na propast.
04:11
But this time, the Chinese didn't buy it.
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Ali ovaj put, Kinezi je nisu prihvatili.
04:14
Fool me once...
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Prevari me jednom ...
04:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:21
The rest is history.
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Ostatak je povijest.
04:23
In just 30 years, China went from
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U samo 30 godina, Kina je prešla put od
04:25
one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world
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jedne od najsiromašnijih poljoprivrednih zemalja na svijetu
do drugog najvećeg gospodarstva.
04:28
to its second-largest economy.
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04:30
Six hundred fifty million people
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Šest stotina i pedeset milijuna ljudi
04:32
were lifted out of poverty.
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izdignuto je iz siromaštva
04:33
Eighty percent of the entire world's poverty alleviation
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osamdeset posto svjetskog uklanjanja siromaštva
04:36
during that period happened in China.
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tijekom tog razdoblja dogodilo se u Kini.
04:38
In other words, all the new and old democracies
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Drugim riječima, sve nove i stare demokracije
04:41
put together amounted to a mere fraction
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stavljene zajedno su iznosile tek dio
04:44
of what a single, one-party state did without voting.
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onog što je jedna jednostranačka država učinila bez glasanja.
04:49
See, I grew up on this stuff: food stamps.
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Vidite, odrastao sam na ovim stvarima: bonovima za hranu.
04:53
Meat was rationed to a few hundred grams
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Mjerica mesa je bila nekoliko stotina grama
04:55
per person per month at one point.
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po osobi po mjesecu u jedno doba.
04:57
Needless to say, I ate all my grandmother's portions.
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Ne treba ni reći, pojeo sam sve bakine mjerice.
05:01
So I asked myself, what's wrong with this picture?
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Pa sam se pitao, što je krivo s tom slikom?
05:05
Here I am in my hometown,
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Eto me u mom rodnom gradu,
05:07
my business growing leaps and bounds.
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moj posao raste u neograničenim skokovima.
05:09
Entrepreneurs are starting companies every day.
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Poduzetnici osnivaju tvrtke svaki dan.
05:11
Middle class is expanding in speed and scale
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Srednji sloj se širi brzinom i razmjerom
05:14
unprecedented in human history.
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neviđenim u ljudskoj povijesti.
05:16
Yet, according to the grand story,
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Ipak, prema veličanstvenoj priči,
05:19
none of this should be happening.
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ništa se od toga ne bi smjelo događati.
05:22
So I went and did the only thing I could. I studied it.
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Pa sam krenuo učiniti jedinu stvar koju sam mogao. Proučio sam to.
05:25
Yes, China is a one-party state
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Da, Kina je jednostranačka država
05:27
run by the Chinese Communist Party, the Party,
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koju vodi Kineska komunistička stranka, Partija,
05:31
and they don't hold elections.
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i ne održavaju izbore.
05:33
Three assumptions are made
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Tri su pretpostavke postavljene
05:35
by the dominant political theories of our time.
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dominantnih političkih teorija našeg doba.
05:38
Such a system is operationally rigid,
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Takav je sustav krut za rukovanje,
05:41
politically closed, and morally illegitimate.
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politički zatvoren, i moralno neopravdan.
05:45
Well, the assumptions are wrong.
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Pa, te su pretpostavke krive.
05:48
The opposites are true.
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Točno je obrnuto.
05:50
Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy
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Prilagodljivost, vladavina zaslužnih te opravdanost
05:53
are the three defining characteristics
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su tri definitivne karakteristike
05:55
of China's one-party system.
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Kineskog jednostranačkog sustava.
05:58
Now, most political scientists will tell us
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Sad, politolozi će nam uglavnom reći
da je jednostranački sustav inherentno nesposoban
06:00
that a one-party system is inherently incapable
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06:03
of self-correction.
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ispraviti sam sebe.
06:05
It won't last long because it cannot adapt.
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Neće trajati dugo stoga što se ne može prilagoditi.
06:07
Now here are the facts.
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No tu su činjenice.
06:09
In 64 years of running the largest country in the world,
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U 64 godine vođenja najveće države na svijetu,
06:12
the range of the Party's policies has been wider
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širina Partijskih usmjerenja je bila šira
06:15
than any other country in recent memory,
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od bilo koje druge države u novijem pamćenju,
06:18
from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward,
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od korjenite kolektivizacije zemlje preko Velikog skoka naprijed,
06:22
then privatization of farmland,
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potom privatizacije obrađene zemlje,
06:25
then the Cultural Revolution,
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potom Kulturne revolucije,
06:27
then Deng Xiaoping's market reform,
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potom Deng Xiaopingove reforme tržišta,
06:30
then successor Jiang Zemin took the giant political step
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potom je Jiang Zemin nastavio i napravio ogroman politički korak
06:33
of opening up Party membership to private businesspeople,
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otvaranja Partijskog članstva privatnim poslovnim ljudima,
06:36
something unimaginable during Mao's rule.
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nešto nezamislivo tijekom Maove vladavine.
06:39
So the Party self-corrects in rather dramatic fashions.
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Tako da partija ispravlja samu sebe na poprilčno dramatične načine.
06:43
Institutionally, new rules get enacted
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Institucionalno, nova pravila bivaju donesena
06:46
to correct previous dysfunctions.
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kako bi se ispravile prijašnje disfunkcionalnosti.
06:48
For example, term limits.
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Na primjer, ograničenje roka službe.
06:50
Political leaders used to retain their positions for life,
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Politički vođe su običavali zadržavati položaje doživotno,
06:53
and they used that to accumulate power
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te su to koristili kako bi prikupili moć
i ovjekovječili svoju vladavinu.
06:55
and perpetuate their rules.
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06:56
Mao was the father of modern China,
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Mao je otac moderne Kine,
06:59
yet his prolonged rule led to disastrous mistakes.
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pa ipak je njegova duga vladavina dovela do katastrofalnih pogrešaka.
07:01
So the Party instituted term limits
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Pa je Partija uspostavila ograničenje roka službe
07:04
with mandatory retirement age of 68 to 70.
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sa obaveznim umirovljenjem u dobi od 68 do 70 godina.
07:07
One thing we often hear is,
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Stvar koju često čujemo je:
07:10
"Political reforms have lagged far behind economic reforms,"
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"političke reforme su daleko zaostale za gospodarskim reformama,"
07:13
and "China is in dire need of political reform."
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te "Kini je očajnički potrebna politička reforma."
07:16
But this claim is a rhetorical trap
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Ali ova je tvrdnja retorička zamka
07:19
hidden behind a political bias.
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sakrivena iza političke pristranosti.
07:22
See, some have decided a priori
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Vidite, netko unaprijed odluči
07:24
what kinds of changes they want to see,
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kakve vrste promjena želi vidjeti,
07:26
and only such changes can be called political reform.
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i onda se samo takve promjene mogu zvati političkom reformom.
07:30
The truth is, political reforms have never stopped.
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Istina je, političke reforme nikad nisu prestale.
07:33
Compared with 30 years ago, 20 years, even 10 years ago,
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U usporedbi sa slikom od prije 30 godina, 20 godina,čak i 10 godina
07:36
every aspect of Chinese society,
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svaki vid kineskoga društva.
07:38
how the country is governed,
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kako se zemljom upravlja,
07:39
from the most local level to the highest center,
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od najlokalnije razine do najvišeg centra,
07:41
are unrecognizable today.
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danas je neprepoznatljiv.
07:44
Now such changes are simply not possible
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Sad, takve promjene jednostavno nisu moguće
07:47
without political reforms of the most fundamental kind.
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bez političkih reformi najtemeljnije vrste.
07:51
Now I would venture to suggest the Party
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Usudio bih se sugerirati da je Partija
07:53
is the world's leading expert in political reform.
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vodeći svjetski stručnjak glede političke reforme.
07:57
The second assumption is that in a one-party state,
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Druga je pretpostavka da u jednostranačkoj državi
08:00
power gets concentrated in the hands of the few,
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moć biva koncentrirana u rukama nekolicine,
08:03
and bad governance and corruption follow.
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iz čega slijede loše upravljanje i korupcija.
08:05
Indeed, corruption is a big problem,
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Zaista, korupcija je velik problem,
08:08
but let's first look at the larger context.
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ali pogledajmo prvo širi kontekst.
08:10
Now, this may be counterintuitive to you.
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Sad, ovo bi vam moglo biti suprotno intuiciji.
08:12
The Party happens to be one of the most meritocratic
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Ispada da je Partija jedna od najmeritokratskijih
08:15
political institutions in the world today.
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političkih ustanova u današnjem svijetu.
08:18
China's highest ruling body, the Politburo, has 25 members.
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Kinesko najviše vladajuće tijelo, Politbiro, ima 25 članova.
08:22
In the most recent one, only five of them
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U posljednjem, samo ih je pet
08:24
came from a background of privilege, so-called princelings.
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koji su došli iz povlaštene sredine, takozvani prinčevići.
08:27
The other 20, including the president and the premier,
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Ostalih 20, uključujući predsjednika i premijera,
08:30
came from entirely ordinary backgrounds.
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su došli iz posve običnih sredina.
08:33
In the larger central committee of 300 or more,
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U većem centralnom komitetu od 300 ili više,
08:35
the percentage of those who were born
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postotak onih koji su rođeni
08:37
into power and wealth was even smaller.
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u moć i bogatstvo je bio još i manji.
08:39
The vast majority of senior Chinese leaders
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Velika većina viših kineskih rukovoditelja
08:42
worked and competed their way to the top.
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se samo probilo do vrha kroz rad i natjecanje.
08:45
Compare that with the ruling elites
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Usporedite to s vladajućim elitama.
08:47
in both developed and developing countries,
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i u razvijenim zemljama i zemljama u razvoju,
08:49
I think you'll find the Party being near the top
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mislim da ćete otkriti da je Partija blizu vrha
08:52
in upward mobility.
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u vertikalnoj mobilnosti.
08:54
The question then is, how could that be possible
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Onda je pitanje, kako to može biti moguće
08:57
in a system run by one party?
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u sustavu koji vodi jedna stranka?
09:00
Now we come to a powerful political institution,
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Tu dolazimo do moćne političke ustanove,
09:03
little-known to Westerners:
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slabo poznate zapadnjacima:
09:04
the Party's Organization Department.
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Partijino ministarstvo organizacije.
09:07
The department functions like a giant
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Ministarstvo djeluje kao divovski
09:09
human resource engine that would be the envy
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motor za upravljanje ljudskim resursima kojem bi zavidjele
09:12
of even some of the most successful corporations.
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čak i neke od najuspješnijih korporacija.
09:15
It operates a rotating pyramid
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Upravlja rotirajućom piramidom
09:17
made up of three components:
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sastavljenom od tri komponente:
09:19
civil service, state-owned enterprises,
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državnih službi, poduzeća u državnom vlasništvu
09:21
and social organizations like a university
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te društvenih organizacija poput sveučilišta
09:23
or a community program.
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ili javnih programa.
09:26
They form separate yet integrated career paths
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Ona čine odvojene no integrirane karijerne puteve
09:28
for Chinese officials.
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kineskih dužnosnika.
09:30
They recruit college grads into entry-level positions
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Novače diplomirane studente u pozicijena početnim razinama
09:33
in all three tracks, and they start from the bottom,
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u sve tri staze, gdje počinju od dna,
09:36
called "keyuan" [clerk].
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kao "keyuan" [službenik].
09:37
Then they could get promoted
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Potom mogu biti unaprijeđeni
09:39
through four increasingly elite ranks:
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kroz četiri sve elitnija stupnja:
09:44
fuke [deputy section manager], ke [section manager], fuchu [deputy division manager], and chu [division manger].
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fuke [zamjenik voditelja odsjeka], ke [voditelj odsjeka], fuchu [zamjenik voditelja odjela], te chu [voditelj odjela]
09:47
Now these are not moves from "Karate Kid," okay?
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Ovo nisu potezi iz "Karate Kida", ok?
To je ozbiljan posao.
09:50
It's serious business.
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09:53
The range of positions is wide,
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Ponuda položaja je široka,
09:55
from running health care in a village
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od vođenja zdravstvene zaštite na selu
09:57
to foreign investment in a city district
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preko stranih ulaganja u gradskom okrugu
09:59
to manager in a company.
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do vođenja tvrtke.
10:01
Once a year, the department reviews their performance.
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Jednom godišnje, ministarstvo radi osvrt na njihovu izvedbu.
10:04
They interview their superiors, their peers,
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Razgovaraju sa nadređenima, kolegama,
10:06
their subordinates. They vet their personal conduct.
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podređenima. Pregledavaju osobno ponašanje.
10:09
They conduct public opinion surveys.
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2008
Vrše ispitivanja javnog mnijenja.
10:11
Then they promote the winners.
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1939
Potom promoviraju pobjednike.
10:13
Throughout their careers, these cadres
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Tijekom svojih karijera, ti kadrovi
se mogu micati kroz i van iz sve tri staze.
10:15
can move through and out of all three tracks.
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10:18
Over time, the good ones move beyond the four base levels
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S vremenom, oni zbilja dobri se miču ponad četiri temeljne razine
10:20
to the fuju [deputy bureau chief] and ju [bureau chief] levels.
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do razine fuju [zamjenik šefa uprave] i ju [šefa uprave].
10:23
There, they enter high officialdom.
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Ovdje, ulaze u visoko službeništvo.
10:26
By that point, a typical assignment will be
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Do ove točke, tipični zadatak bi bio
10:28
to manage a district with a population in the millions
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upravljati okrugom s populacijom u milijunima
10:31
or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue.
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ili kompanijom sa stotinama milijuna dolara prihoda.
10:35
Just to show you how competitive the system is,
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Samo da vam prikažem kolko je sustav natjecateljski,
10:38
in 2012, there were 900,000 fuke and ke levels,
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u 2012, bilo je 900,000 razine fuke i ke,
10:42
600,000 fuchu and chu levels,
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2800
600,000 razine fuchu i chu,
10:45
and only 40,000 fuju and ju levels.
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a samo 40,000 razine fuju i ju.
10:48
After the ju levels,
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Nakon razine ju,
10:50
the best few move further up several more ranks,
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nekoliko najboljih se miče još nekoliko stupnjeva iznad,
10:53
and eventually make it to the Central Committee.
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te konačno dospijeva do Centralnog komiteta.
10:56
The process takes two to three decades.
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Proces traje dva do tri desetljeća.
10:59
Does patronage play a role? Yes, of course.
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Igra li pokroviteljstvo ulogu? Da, naravno.
11:02
But merit remains the fundamental driver.
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Ali zasluga ostaje temeljni pokretač.
11:05
In essence, the Organization Department runs
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2506
U biti, ministarstvo organizacije vrši
11:08
a modernized version of China's centuries-old
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moderniziranu verziju kineskoga stoljećima starog
11:10
mentoring system.
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sustava mentorstva.
11:12
China's new president, Xi Jinping,
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2067
Novi kineski predsjednik, Xi Jinping,
11:15
is the son of a former leader, which is very unusual,
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je sin bivšeg vođe, što je vrlo neobično,
11:17
first of his kind to make the top job.
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prvi od svoje vrste koji je došao do samog vrha.
11:19
Even for him, the career took 30 years.
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Čak i za njega, karijera je trajala 30 godina.
11:22
He started as a village manager,
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1844
Počeo je kao seoski upravitelj,
11:24
and by the time he entered the Politburo,
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a do vremena kad je ušao u Politbiro,
11:26
he had managed areas with a total population
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upravljao je sa područjima ukupne populacije
11:28
of 150 million people
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150 milijuna ljudi
11:30
and combined GDPs of 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars.
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i kombiniranim GDP-om od 1.5 trilijuna dolara.
11:34
Now, please don't get me wrong, okay?
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Sad, nemojte me shvatiti krivo, ok?
11:37
This is not a put-down of anyone. It's just a statement of fact.
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Ovo nije spuštanje nikoga. Samo je činjenična tvrdnja.
11:40
George W. Bush, remember him?
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George W. Bush, sjećate ga se?
11:44
This is not a put-down.
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2417
Ovo nije spuštanje.
11:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:47
Before becoming governor of Texas,
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3075
Prije nego što je postao guverner Teksasa,
11:50
or Barack Obama before running for president,
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710487
2595
ili Barack Obama prije nego što se kandidirao za predsjednika
11:53
could not make even a small county manager
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ne bi mogli biti upravitelji čak ni malog okruga
11:55
in China's system.
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1904
u kineskom sustavu.
11:57
Winston Churchill once said that democracy
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2000
Winston Churchill je jednom rekao da je demokracija
11:59
is a terrible system except for all the rest.
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najgori sustav osim svih ostalih.
12:02
Well, apparently he hadn't heard of the Organization Department.
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Pa, očito da nije čuo za ministarstvo organizacije.
12:06
Now, Westerners always assume that
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Sad, zapadnjaci uvijek pretpostavljaju da su
12:08
multi-party election with universal suffrage
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višestranački izbori sa općim sudjelovanjem
12:11
is the only source of political legitimacy.
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jedini izvor političke opravdanosti.
12:14
I was asked once, "The Party wasn't voted in by election.
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3338
Jednom sam bio upitan: "Partija nije izglasana na izborima.
12:18
Where is the source of legitimacy?"
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Čime je njena vlast opravdana?"
12:20
I said, "How about competency?"
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3538
Rekoh: "što je sa sposobnošću?"
12:24
We all know the facts.
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Svi znamo činjenice.
12:25
In 1949, when the Party took power,
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1917
1949, kad se Partija domogla moći,
12:27
China was mired in civil wars, dismembered by foreign aggression,
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3303
Kina je bila okaljana građanskim ratovima, rastrgana stranim napadima,
12:30
average life expectancy at that time, 41 years old.
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prosječan životni vijek u to doba, 41 godina.
12:35
Today, it's the second largest economy in the world,
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2886
Danas, ona je drugo najveće svjetsko gospodarstvo,
12:38
an industrial powerhouse, and its people live
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industrijski moćnik, a njeni ljudi žive
12:40
in increasing prosperity.
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2063
u rastućem blagostanju.
12:42
Pew Research polls Chinese public attitudes,
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Pew Research anketira stavove kineske javnosti,
12:45
and here are the numbers in recent years.
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2033
i eto brojki od posljednjih godina.
12:47
Satisfaction with the direction of the country: 85 percent.
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Zadovoljstvo upravljanjem državom: 85 posto.
12:52
Those who think they're better off than five years ago:
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2620
Oni koji misle da im je bolje nego prije pet godina:
70 posto.
12:55
70 percent.
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1907
12:56
Those who expect the future to be better:
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2360
Oni koji očekuju da će budućnost biti bolja:
12:59
a whopping 82 percent.
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ogromnih 82 posto.
13:02
Financial Times polls global youth attitudes,
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3505
Financial Times anketira stavove globalne mladeži,
13:05
and these numbers, brand new, just came from last week.
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i te su brojke, posve nove, stigle baš prošli tjedan.
13:08
Ninety-three percent of China's Generation Y
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2758
Devedeset tri posto kineske generacije Y
13:11
are optimistic about their country's future.
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je optimistično glede budućnosti njihove države.
13:14
Now, if this is not legitimacy, I'm not sure what is.
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5864
Sad, ako to nije opravdanje, nisam siguran što jest.
13:20
In contrast, most electoral democracies around the world
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Nasuprot, najveći dio izbornih demokracija oko svijeta
13:23
are suffering from dismal performance.
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pate od sumorne izvedbe.
13:25
I don't need to elaborate for this audience
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2291
Ne moram razložiti ovoj publici
13:27
how dysfunctional it is, from Washington to European capitals.
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kako je to disfunkcionalno, od Washingtona do europskih glavnih gradova.
13:32
With a few exceptions, the vast number
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Uz par iznimaka, najveći broj
13:35
of developing countries that have adopted electoral regimes
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2883
zemalja u razvoju koje su usvojile izborni režim
13:37
are still suffering from poverty and civil strife.
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3787
još uvijek pati od siromaštva i građanskih nemira.
13:41
Governments get elected, and then they fall
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2048
Vlade bivaju izabrane, potom padnu
13:43
below 50 percent approval in a few months
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2579
ispod 50 posto podrške nakon par mjeseci
13:46
and stay there and get worse until the next election.
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3524
koja ostaje takva ili još i manja sve do slijedećih izbora.
13:50
Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle
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Demokracija postaje vječni krug
13:52
of elect and regret.
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2354
biranja i kajanja.
13:54
At this rate, I'm afraid it is democracy,
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3505
Ovim tempom, bojim se da je demokracija,
13:58
not China's one-party system, that is in danger
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2596
a ne kineski jednostranački sustav, ona koja je u opasnosti
14:00
of losing legitimacy.
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2235
od gubljenja opravdanosti.
14:03
Now, I don't want to create the misimpression
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2826
Sad, ne želim stvoriti krivu sliku
14:06
that China's hunky-dory, on the way
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1984
da je Kina laganini na putu ka
14:08
to some kind of superpowerdom.
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1769
nekakvoj vrsti supersilništva.
14:09
The country faces enormous challenges.
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2935
Država je suočena s ogromnim izazovima.
14:12
The social and economic problems that come
309
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2000
Društveni i ekonomski problemi koji dolaze
14:14
with wrenching change like this are mind-boggling.
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3861
sa tako brzom i silovitom promjenom poput ove su zapanjujući.
14:18
Pollution is one. Food safety. Population issues.
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3523
Zagađenje je jedan od njih. Osiguravanje hrane. Populacijska pitanja.
14:22
On the political front, the worst problem is corruption.
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3923
Sa strane politike, najgori je problem korupcija.
14:26
Corruption is widespread and undermines the system
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2808
Korupcija je proširena i potkopava sustav
14:29
and its moral legitimacy.
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1778
i njegovu moralnu opravdanost.
14:30
But most analysts misdiagnose the disease.
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2823
Ali najveći dio analitičara toj zarazi postavlja krivu dijagnozu.
14:33
They say that corruption is the result of the one-party system,
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2885
Kažu da je korupcija rezultat jednostranačkog sustava,
14:36
and therefore, in order to cure it,
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1667
te da bi, kako bi ga izliječili,
14:38
you have to do away with the entire system.
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2048
morali maknuti cijeli sustav.
14:40
But a more careful look would tell us otherwise.
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2853
Ali pažljiviji pregled govori nam drugačije.
14:43
Transparency International ranks China
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2896
Transparency International rangira Kinu
14:46
between 70 and 80 in recent years among 170 countries,
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3742
između 70. i 80. zadnjih godina među 170 zemalja,
14:49
and it's been moving up.
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2153
i kreće se prema gore.
14:52
India, the largest democracy in the world,
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2039
Indija, najveća demokracija na svijetu,
14:54
94 and dropping.
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2123
94. i u padu.
14:56
For the hundred or so countries that are ranked below China,
325
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2858
Od stotinjak država rangiranih ispod Kine,
više od pola su izborne demokracije.
14:59
more than half of them are electoral democracies.
326
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2565
15:01
So if election is the panacea for corruption,
327
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3271
Pa ako su izbori lijek za korupciju,
15:05
how come these countries can't fix it?
328
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3219
kako to da je te države ne mogu spriječiti?
15:08
Now, I'm a venture capitalist. I make bets.
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3570
Sad, ja sam kapitalist špekulant. Kladim se.
15:11
It wouldn't be fair to end this talk without
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2308
Ne bi bilo pošteno da završim ovaj govor bez
15:14
putting myself on the line and making some predictions.
331
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2620
da se ne izvrgnem i ne napravim neka predviđanja.
15:16
So here they are.
332
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1681
Eto ih.
15:18
In the next 10 years, China will surpass the U.S.
333
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2778
U slijedećih 10 godina, Kina će prestići S.A.D.
15:21
and become the largest economy in the world.
334
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2353
i postati najveće gospodarstvo na svijetu.
15:23
Income per capita will be near the top
335
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2057
Dohodak po glavi stanovnika biti će blizu vrha
15:25
of all developing countries.
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2158
među svim zemljama u razvoju.
15:28
Corruption will be curbed, but not eliminated,
337
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2298
Korupcija će biti obuzdana, ali ne i uklonjena
15:30
and China will move up 10 to 20 notches
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2389
a Kina će se dići za 10 do 20 mjesta
15:32
to above 60 in T.I. ranking.
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2818
do iznad 60 u popisu Transparency Internationala.
15:35
Economic reform will accelerate, political reform will continue,
340
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3048
Gospodarske reforme će ubrzati, političke reforme će nastaviti,
15:38
and the one-party system will hold firm.
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3332
a jednostranački sustav će ostati postojan.
15:42
We live in the dusk of an era.
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3134
Živimo u osvit jedne ere.
15:45
Meta-narratives that make universal claims
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3261
Meta-pripovjetke koje daju opće tvrdnje
15:48
failed us in the 20th century
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1937
su nas iznevjerile u 20. stoljeću
15:50
and are failing us in the 21st.
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2760
i iznevjeruju nas u 21. stoljeću.
15:53
Meta-narrative is the cancer
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2570
Meta-pripovjetka je rak
15:55
that is killing democracy from the inside.
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2783
koji ubija demokraciju iznutra.
15:58
Now, I want to clarify something.
348
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1743
Sad, želio bih razjasniti nešto.
16:00
I'm not here to make an indictment of democracy.
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2496
Nisam ovdje da složim optužnicu protiv demokracije.
16:02
On the contrary, I think democracy contributed
350
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2569
Naprotiv, mislim da je demokracija doprinjela
16:05
to the rise of the West and the creation of the modern world.
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3172
usponu Zapada i stvaranju modernog svijeta.
16:08
It is the universal claim that many Western elites
352
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3087
Nego je univerzalna tvrdnja koju brojne zapadne elite
16:11
are making about their political system, the hubris,
353
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3465
govore o svojem političkom sustavu, oholost,
16:15
that is at the heart of the West's current ills.
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3215
ono što je u srcu sadašnjih problema Zapada.
16:18
If they would spend just a little less time
355
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Kada bi potrošili samo malo manje vremena
16:20
on trying to force their way onto others,
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pokušavajući utuviti svoj način drugima,
16:23
and a little bit more on political reform at home,
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a malo više na političku reformu u kući,
16:26
they might give their democracy a better chance.
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mogli bi dati svojoj demokraciji bolje izglede.
16:30
China's political model will never supplant
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Kineski politički model nikad neće istisnut
16:32
electoral democracy, because unlike the latter,
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izbornu demokraciju, jer za razliku od potonjeg,
16:34
it doesn't pretend to be universal.
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ne pokušava biti univerzalan.
16:36
It cannot be exported. But that is the point precisely.
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Ne može biti izvožen. Ali upravo to i jest poanta.
16:40
The significance of China's example
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Značaj primjera Kine
16:43
is not that it provides an alternative,
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nije da daje alternativu,
16:45
but the demonstration that alternatives exist.
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nego da pokaže da alternativa postoji.
16:49
Let us draw to a close this era of meta-narratives.
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Završimo ovu eru meta-pripovjedaka.
16:53
Communism and democracy may both be laudable ideals,
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Komunizam i demokracija mogu oboje biti hvalevrijedni ideali,
16:56
but the era of their dogmatic universalism is over.
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ali era njihovog dogmatskog univerzalizma je gotova.
17:00
Let us stop telling people and our children
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Prestanimo pričati ljudima i svojoj djeci
17:03
there's only one way to govern ourselves
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kako postoji samo jedan način da se vlada
17:05
and a singular future towards which
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i jedinstvena budućnost prema kojoj
17:07
all societies must evolve.
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se sva društva moraju razviti.
17:09
It is wrong. It is irresponsible.
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To je krivo. To je neodgovorno.
17:12
And worst of all, it is boring.
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I najgore od svega, to je dosadno.
17:16
Let universality make way for plurality.
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Neka univerzalizam napravi mjesta pluralizmu.
17:20
Perhaps a more interesting age is upon us.
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Možda nam dolazi zanimljivije doba.
17:23
Are we brave enough to welcome it?
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Jesmo li dovoljno hrabri da mu zaželimo dobrodošlicu?
17:25
Thank you.
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Hvala.
17:27
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:43
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thanks.
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Hvala. Hvala. Hvala. Fala.
17:46
Bruno Giussani: Eric, stay with me for a couple of minutes,
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Bruno Giussani: Eric, ostani sa mnom par minuta,
17:49
because I want to ask you a couple of questions.
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jer želio bih ti postaviti par pitanja.
17:51
I think many here, and in general in Western countries,
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Mislim da bi se puno njih ovdje, i općenito u Zapadnim zemljama,
17:55
would agree with your statement about analysis
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složilo sa tvojom tvrdnjom o analizi
17:58
of democratic systems becoming dysfunctional,
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kako demokratski sustavi postaju disfunkcionalni,
18:01
but at the same time, many would kind of find
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ali istovremeno, puno njih bi nekako smatralo
18:04
unsettling the thought that there is an unelected
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uznemirujućom pomisao da postoji neizabrana
18:08
authority that, without any form of oversight or consultation,
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vlast koja, bez ikakvog oblika nadzora ili savjetovanja,
18:13
decides what the national interest is.
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odlučuje što je državni interes.
18:16
What is the mechanism in the Chinese model
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Gdje je mehanizam u kineskom modelu
18:19
that allows people to say, actually,
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koji omogućuje ljudima da kažu, zapravo,
18:21
the national interest as you defined it is wrong?
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državni interesi kako ste ih definirali su pogrešni?
18:24
EXL: You know, Frank Fukuyama, the political scientist,
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EXL: Znaš, Frank Fukuyama, politolog,
18:28
called the Chinese system "responsive authoritarianism."
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je nazvao kineski sustav "prijemljivi autoritarizam."
18:32
It's not exactly right, but I think it comes close.
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Nije posve točno, ali mislim da je blizu.
18:35
So I know the largest public opinion survey company
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Dakle znam koja je najveća firma za ispitivanje javnog mnijenja
18:39
in China, okay?
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u Kini, ok?
18:41
Do you know who their biggest client is?
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Znaš li koji je njihov najveći klijent?
18:43
The Chinese government.
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Kineska vlada.
18:45
Not just from the central government,
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Ne samo od središnje uprave,
18:48
the city government, the provincial government,
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gradske uprave, provincijske uprave
18:49
to the most local neighborhood districts.
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do najmjesnijeg okruga veličine susjedstva.
18:51
They conduct surveys all the time.
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Stalno provode ispitivanja.
18:53
Are you happy with the garbage collection?
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Jeste li zadovoljni prikupljanjem otpada?
18:56
Are you happy with the general direction of the country?
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Jeste li zadovoljni općim upravljanjem državom?
18:58
So there is, in China, there is a different kind of mechanism
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Dakle u kini ima različitih vrsta mehanizama
19:01
to be responsive to the demands and the thinking of the people.
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kako biti prijemljiv na potrebe i razmišljanja ljudi.
19:05
My point is, I think we should get unstuck
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Moja je poanta, mislim da bi se trebali osloboditi
19:08
from the thinking that there's only one political system --
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iz razmišljanja kako postoji samo jedan politički sustav --
19:11
election, election, election --
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izbori, izbori, izbori --
19:12
that could make it responsive.
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koji ni mogao biti prijemljiv.
19:14
I'm not sure, actually, elections produce
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Nisam siguran, zapravo, da izbori više stvaraju
19:16
responsive government anymore in the world.
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prijemljive vlasti u svijetu.
19:19
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
19:23
BG: Many seem to agree.
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BG: Čini se da se puno njih slaže.
19:25
One of the features of a democratic system
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Jedna od odlika demokratskog sustava
19:27
is a space for civil society to express itself.
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je prostor za građansko društvo da se izrazi.
19:31
And you have shown figures about the support
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I pokazao si brojke o podršci
19:33
that the government and the authorities have in China.
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koju vlada i vlasti imaju u Kini.
19:36
But then you've just mentioned other elements
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Ali tad si spomenuo druge elemente
19:39
like, you know, big challenges, and there are, of course,
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poput, znaš, velikih izazova, a ima i, naravno,
19:41
a lot of other data that go in a different direction:
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puno drugih podataka koji upućuju u različitom smjeru:
19:44
tens of thousands of unrests and protests
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Deseci tisuća nereda i protesta
19:47
and environmental protests, etc.
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i protesta glede okoliša, itd.
19:50
So you seem to suggest the Chinese model
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Izgleda da navodiš da kineski model
19:53
doesn't have a space outside of the Party
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nema prostora izvan Partije
19:55
for civil society to express itself.
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u kojem bi se građansko društvo moglo izraziti.
19:57
EXL: There's a vibrant civil society in China,
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EXL: U Kini postoji ustitrano građansko društvo,
20:01
whether it's environment or what-have-you.
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da li oko okoliša ili čega već.
20:03
But it's different. You wouldn't recognize it.
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Ali je različito. Ne bi ga prepoznao.
20:05
Because, by Western definitions, a so-called civil society
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Jer, po Zapadnim definicijama, takozvano građansko društvo
20:08
has to be separate or even in opposition
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mora biti odijeljeno ili čak suprotstavljeno
20:11
to the political system,
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političkom sustavu,
20:13
but that concept is alien for Chinese culture.
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ali taj je koncept kineskoj kulturi stran.
20:17
For thousands of years, you have civil society,
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Tisućama godina, imate građansko društvo,
20:20
yet they are consistent and coherent
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pa ipak je u skladu i koherentno
20:22
and part of a political order, and I think
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i dio političkog poretka, te mislim
20:25
it's a big cultural difference.
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da je to velika kulturna razlika.
20:29
BG: Eric, thank you for sharing this with TED. EXL: Thank you.
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BG: Eric, hvala ti što si podijelio ovo s TED-om. EXL: Hvala.
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