How policewomen make communities safer | Ivonne Roman

54,121 views ใƒป 2019-09-09

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Galina Berestetsky ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:13
I've been a police officer in an urban city
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ
00:16
for nearly 25 years.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 25 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:18
That's crazy, right?
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ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:21
And in that time, I've served in every rank,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ื”,
00:24
from police officer to police chief.
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ืžืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืœืžืคืงื“ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
00:28
A few years ago, I noticed something alarming.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ืื™ื’.
00:32
Starting in 2014,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014,
00:34
I started monitoring recruits
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื
00:35
as they cycled through police academies in the state of New Jersey,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™,
00:39
and I found that women were failing at rates between 65 and 80 percent,
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 65 ืขื“ 80 ืื—ื•ื–,
00:45
due to varying aspects of the physical fitness test.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
00:49
I learned that a change in policy
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
00:51
now required recruits to pass the fitness exam
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ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ
00:54
within 10 short workout sessions.
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ืชื•ืš 10 ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:57
This had the greatest impact on women.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
01:00
The change meant that recruits had about three weeks
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
01:03
out of a five-month-long academy
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ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
01:05
to pass the fitness exam.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
01:07
This just didn't make sense, though.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:10
Police agencies and police recruits
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื
01:13
had made huge investments to get those recruits into the academy.
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื’ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
01:17
Police recruits had passed lengthy background checks,
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ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืงืข ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช,
01:21
they had passed medical and psychological exams,
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ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
01:24
they had quit their jobs.
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ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
01:26
And many had spent more than 2,000 dollars in fees and equipment
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- $2,000 ืขืœ ืื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“
01:30
just to get kicked out within the first three weeks?
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง ืžืฉื ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื?
01:34
The dire situation in New Jersey
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™
01:36
led me to examine the status of women in policing
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ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
01:38
across the United States.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:40
I found that women make up less than 13 percent of police officers.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 13 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื.
01:45
A number that hasn't changed much in the past 20 years.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘- 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:50
And they make up just three percent of police chiefs as of 2013,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืื– 2013,
01:54
the last time the data was collected.
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื ืืกืฃ.
01:58
We know that we can improve those rates.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:01
Other countries like Canada, Australia and the UK
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
02:04
have nearly twice the amount of policewomen.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜.
02:07
And New Zealand is steadily marching towards their goal
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ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
02:12
of recruit gender parity by 2021.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื‘- 2021.
02:15
Other countries are actively working
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื”
02:18
to increase the number of women in policing,
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
02:20
because they know of a vast body of research evidence,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•ืช,
02:23
spanning more than 50 years,
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 50 ืฉื ื”,
02:25
detailing the advantages to women in policing.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
02:29
From that research,
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ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื•,
02:31
we know that policewomen are less likely to use force
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—
02:34
or to be accused of excessive force.
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ื•ืžื•ืืฉืžื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ-ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
02:37
We know that policewomen are less likely to be named in a lawsuit
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื ืชื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช
02:41
or a citizen complaint.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื“ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
02:43
We know that the mere presence of a policewoman
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช
02:46
reduces the use of force among other officers.
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ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:49
And we know that policewomen are met with the same rates of force
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
02:53
as their male counterparts, and sometimes more,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:56
and yet they're more successful
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:57
in defusing violent or aggressive behavior overall.
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ืื• ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:01
So there are vast advantages to women in policing,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
03:04
and we're losing them to arbitrary fitness standards.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
03:08
The problem is,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
03:10
the United States has nearly 18,000 police agencies --
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ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ 18,000 ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” --
03:13
18,000 agencies with wildly varying fitness standards.
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18,000 ืขื ืจืฃ ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
03:19
We know that a majority of academies rely on a masculine ideal of policing
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ
03:23
that works to decrease the number of women in policing.
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ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
03:27
These types of academies overemphasize physical strength,
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ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื’ืฉ-ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื’ื•ืคื ื™,
03:30
with much less attention spent to subjects like community policing,
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
03:35
problem-solving
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ืคืชื™ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
03:36
and interpersonal communication skills.
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
03:39
This results in training that does not mirror the realities of policing.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ.
03:44
Physical agility is but a small component of police work.
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ื›ื•ื— ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช.
03:48
Much of an officer's day is spent mediating interpersonal conflicts.
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:52
That's the reality of policing.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ.
03:57
These are my babies.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
03:59
And we can reduce the disparity in policing
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
04:03
by changing exams that produce disparate outcomes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืขืจื™ื.
04:08
The federal courts have stated that men and women
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
04:10
simply are not physiologically the same
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ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
04:12
for the purposes of physical fitness programs.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™.
04:15
And that's based on science.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื“ืข.
04:17
Respected institutions that law enforcement deeply respects,
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
04:22
like the FBI, the US Marshals Service,
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ื›ืžื• ื”- FBI, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
04:24
the DEA and even the US military --
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ื”- DEA ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช --
04:28
they rigorously test fitness programs to ensure they measure fitness
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืฉืจ
04:32
without gender-disparate outcomes.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
04:35
Why is that?
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ืœืžื”?
04:37
Because recruiting is expensive.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื™ื•ืก ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
04:39
They want to recruit and retain qualified candidates.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
04:43
You know what else the research finds?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื?
04:46
Well-trained women are as capable as their male counterparts
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ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
04:50
in overall fitness,
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
04:51
but more importantly, in how they police.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ.
04:56
The law-enforcement community
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
04:57
is admittedly experiencing a recruitment crisis.
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืก.
05:00
Yet, if they truly want to increase the number of applicants, they can.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
05:07
We can easily recruit more women
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื
05:10
and reap all those research benefits
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ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื— ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
05:13
by training well-qualified candidates to pass validated, work-related,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
05:18
physiologically-based fitness exams,
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ื•ืฉืื•ืžืชื• ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:21
as required by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
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ื›ืฉื ืฉื–ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืข"ื™ ืกืขื™ืฃ 7 ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—.
05:26
We can increase the number of women,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
05:28
we can reduce that gender disparity,
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
05:31
by simply changing exams that produce disparate outcomes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืขืจ.
05:35
We have the tools.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
05:36
We have the research, we have the science, we have the law.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
05:40
This, my friends, should be a very easy fix.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงืœ.
05:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
05:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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