Honor Harger: A history of the universe in sound

40,626 views ใƒป 2011-06-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:21
Space,
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ื—ืœืœ,
00:23
we all know what it looks like.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
00:25
We've been surrounded by images of space
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื ื•
00:27
our whole lives,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
00:29
from the speculative images
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ืžื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื
00:31
of science fiction
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™
00:33
to the inspirational visions of artists
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื
00:36
to the increasingly beautiful pictures
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:39
made possible by complex technologies.
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
00:42
But whilst we have
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ืืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
00:44
an overwhelmingly vivid
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื”
00:46
visual understanding of space,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
00:48
we have no sense of what space sounds like.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื ืฉืžืข.
00:51
And indeed, most people associate space with silence.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขื ืฉืงื˜.
00:55
But the story of how
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš
00:57
we came to understand the universe
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:59
is just as much a story of listening
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”
01:01
as it is by looking.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื”.
01:04
And yet despite this,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
01:06
hardly any of us have ever heard space.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ.
01:09
How many of you here
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื›ืืŸ
01:11
could describe the sound
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
01:13
of a single planet or star?
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ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘?
01:15
Well in case you've ever wondered,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ืชื”ื™ืชื ืื™-ืคืขื,
01:17
this is what the Sun sounds like.
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ื›ืš ื ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:19
(Static)
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(ืจืขืฉ ืกื˜ื˜ื™)
01:33
(Crackling)
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(ืจืขืฉื™ ืคืฆืคื•ืฆื™ื)
01:37
(Static)
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(ืจืขืฉ ืกื˜ื˜ื™)
01:43
(Crackling)
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(ืจืขืฉื™ ืคืฆืคื•ืฆื™ื)
01:47
This is the planet Jupiter.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฆื“ืง.
01:50
(Soft crackling)
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(ืจืขืฉื™ ืคืฆืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื)
02:10
And this is the space probe Cassini
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ืงืืกื™ื ื™
02:13
pirouetting through the ice rings of Saturn.
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ื”ืžืคื–ื–ืช ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
02:17
(Crackling)
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(ืจืขืฉื™ ืคืฆืคื•ืฆื™ื)
02:37
This is a a highly condensed clump
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืฉ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžืื•ื“
02:40
of neutral matter,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
02:42
spinning in the distant universe.
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ื”ืžืกืชื—ืจืจ ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
02:46
(Tapping)
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(ื˜ืคื™ื—ื•ืช)
03:04
So my artistic practice
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ืื– ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื™
03:06
is all about listening
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ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”
03:08
to the weird and wonderful noises
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ืœืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื
03:11
emitted by the magnificent celestial objects
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ื”ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื
03:14
that make up our universe.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:17
And you may wonder,
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ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
03:19
how do we know what these sounds are?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื?
03:21
How can we tell the difference
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ
03:23
between the sound of the Sun
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:25
and the sound of a pulsar?
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืกืจ?
03:27
Well the answer
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
03:29
is the science of radio astronomy.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืข ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
03:31
Radio astronomers
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ืจื“ื™ื•-ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
03:33
study radio waves from space
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ
03:35
using sensitive antennas and receivers,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื,
03:38
which give them precise information
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ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
03:40
about what an astronomical object is
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ืขืœ ืžื”ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™
03:43
and where it is in our night sky.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:45
And just like the signals
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช
03:47
that we send and receive here on Earth,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:50
we can convert these transmissions into sound
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœ
03:53
using simple analog techniques.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
03:56
And therefore, it's through listening
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”
03:59
that we've come to uncover
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ
04:01
some of the universe's most important secrets --
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
04:04
its scale, what it's made of
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ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื•, ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™
04:07
and even how old it is.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื.
04:09
So today, I'm going to tell you a short story
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ
04:12
of the history of the universe through listening.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
04:15
It's punctuated
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ
04:17
by three quick anecdotes,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:19
which show how accidental encounters
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ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื™ื
04:21
with strange noises
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ืขื ืจืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
04:23
gave us some of the most important information
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:26
we have about space.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ืœืœ.
04:28
Now this story doesn't start
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
04:30
with vast telescopes
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ืขื ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
04:32
or futuristic spacecraft,
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ืื• ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ืช,
04:35
but a rather more humble technology --
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ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืจืš ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฆื ื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ --
04:38
and in fact, the very medium
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืชื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
04:40
which gave us the telecommunications revolution
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
04:43
that we're all part of today:
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื:
04:45
the telephone.
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
04:47
It's 1876, it's in Boston,
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ื”ืฉื ื” 1876, ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:50
and this is Alexander Graham Bell
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืจืื”ื ื‘ืœ
04:52
who was working with Thomas Watson
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ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืชื•ืžืก ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ
04:54
on the invention of the telephone.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
04:57
A key part of their technical set up
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ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
05:00
was a half-mile long length of wire,
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 800 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
05:02
which was thrown across the rooftops
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉื ืžืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช
05:04
of several houses in Boston.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
05:07
The line carried the telephone signals
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ื”ืงื• ื ืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
05:10
that would later make Bell a household name.
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžื•ื›ืจ.
05:13
But like any long length of charged wire,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื•ื˜ืขื•ืŸ,
05:16
it also inadvertently became
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’
05:18
an antenna.
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ืื ื˜ื ื”.
05:20
Thomas Watson
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ืชื•ืžืก ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ
05:22
spent hours listening
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ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”
05:24
to the strange crackles and hisses
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ืœืจืขืฉื™ ื”ืคืฆืคื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
05:26
and chirps and whistles
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ื•ืœืฆืจืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช
05:29
that his accidental antenna detected.
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ืฉื”ืื ื˜ื ื” ื”ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืงืœื˜ื”.
05:32
Now you have to remember,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
05:34
this is 10 years before
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™
05:36
Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves --
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ืจืฅ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• --
05:40
15 years before Nikola Tesla's four-tuned circuit --
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15 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื” ื˜ืกืœื” --
05:43
nearly 20 years before Marconi's first broadcast.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืืจืงื•ื ื™.
05:47
So Thomas Watson wasn't listening to us.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืžืก ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื ื•.
05:50
We didn't have the technology
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:52
to transmit.
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ืœืฉื“ืจ.
05:54
So what were these strange noises?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื ืจืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื?
05:58
Watson was in fact listening
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ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘
06:00
to very low-frequency radio emissions
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ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชื“ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“
06:02
caused by nature.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
06:04
Some of the crackles and pops were lightning,
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ื—ืœืง ืžืจืขืฉื™ ื”ืคืฆืคื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืงื™ื,
06:07
but the eerie whistles
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
06:10
and curiously melodious chirps
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ื•ื”ืฆืจืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกืงืจื ื™ื
06:13
had a rather more exotic origin.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:16
Using the very first telephone,
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ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
06:18
Watson was in fact
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ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:20
dialed into the heavens.
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
06:22
As he correctly guessed,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:24
some of these sounds were caused
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ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื’ืจืžื•
06:26
by activity on the surface of the Sun.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
06:29
It was a solar wind
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช
06:31
interacting with our ionosphere
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:33
that he was listening to --
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ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื–ื™ืŸ --
06:35
a phenomena which we can see
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
06:37
at the extreme northern and southern latitudes of our planet
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ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
06:40
as the aurora.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™.
06:42
So whilst inventing the technology
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:45
that would usher in the telecommunications revolution,
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ืืฉืจ ืชื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
06:49
Watson had discovered
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ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื”
06:51
that the star at the center of our solar system
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:54
emitted powerful radio waves.
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ืคืœื˜ ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
06:57
He had accidentally been the first person
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ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:00
to tune in to them.
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ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื.
07:02
Fast-forward 50 years,
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ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”,
07:04
and Bell and Watson's technology
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœ ื•ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ
07:07
has completely transformed
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
07:09
global communications.
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ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
07:11
But going from slinging some wire
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ื—ื•ื˜
07:13
across rooftops in Boston
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ืžืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
07:15
to laying thousands and thousands of miles of cable
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ืืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
07:18
on the Atlantic Ocean seabed
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
07:20
is no easy matter.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
07:22
And so before long,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื”,
07:24
Bell were looking to new technologies
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ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
07:26
to optimize their revolution.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
07:29
Radio could carry sound without wires.
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ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
07:32
But the medium is lossy --
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ --
07:34
it's subject to a lot of noise and interference.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขืฉ ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช.
07:38
So Bell employed an engineer
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ืื– ื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก
07:40
to study those noises,
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ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจืขืฉื™ื,
07:42
to try and find out where they came from,
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื,
07:44
with a view towards building
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ืขื ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
07:46
the perfect hardware codec, which would get rid of them
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ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืง ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืคืชืจ ืžื”ื,
07:49
so they could think about using radio
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื“ื™ื•
07:51
for the purposes of telephony.
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ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
07:54
Most of the noises
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื
07:56
that the engineer, Karl Jansky, investigated
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ืฉื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ืงืจืœ ื™ืื ืกืงื™, ื—ืงืจ
07:59
were fairly prosaic in origin.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื.
08:01
They turned out to be lightning
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ื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืงื™ื
08:03
or sources of electrical power.
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ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
08:06
But there was one persistent noise
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจืขืฉ ืื—ื“ ืขืงืฉืŸ
08:09
that Jansky couldn't identify,
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ืฉื™ืื ืกืงื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช,
08:11
and it seemed to appear
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ื•ื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข
08:13
in his radio headset
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ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื•
08:15
four minutes earlier each day.
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ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
08:18
Now any astronomer will tell you,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื›ื,
08:20
this is the telltale sign
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืœื”
08:22
of something that doesn't originate from Earth.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:25
Jansky had made a historic discovery,
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ื™ืื ืกืงื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
08:29
that celestial objects could emit radio waves
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•
08:32
as well as light waves.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ.
08:34
Fifty years on
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50 ืฉื ื”
08:36
from Watson's accidental encounter with the Sun,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
08:39
Jansky's careful listening
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ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืื ืกืงื™
08:41
ushered in a new age of space exploration:
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ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื—ืœืœ:
08:44
the radio astronomy age.
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•-ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
08:46
Over the next few years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
08:48
astronomers connected up their antennas to loudspeakers
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื
08:52
and learned about our radio sky,
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ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื•,
08:54
about Jupiter and the Sun,
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ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
08:56
by listening.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
08:58
Let's jump ahead again.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
09:00
It's 1964,
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ื”ืฉื ื” 1964,
09:02
and we're back at Bell Labs.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ.
09:04
And once again,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
09:06
two scientists have got a problem with noise.
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ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืจืขืฉ.
09:09
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
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ืืจื ื• ืคื ื–ื™ืืก ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ
09:12
were using the horn antenna
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื ื˜ื ืช ืงืจืŸ
09:14
at Bell's Holmdel laboratory
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืœืžื“ืœ
09:16
to study the Milky Way
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘
09:18
with extraordinary precision.
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ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื™ืจื‘ื™.
09:20
They were really listening
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื•
09:22
to the galaxy in high fidelity.
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ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
09:24
There was a glitch in their soundtrack.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
09:27
A mysterious persistent noise
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ืจืขืฉ ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ ื•ื˜ื•ืจื“ื ื™
09:30
was disrupting their research.
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ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
09:32
It was in the microwave range,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื” ื‘ืชื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ,
09:34
and it appeared to be coming
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ื•ื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข
09:36
from all directions simultaneously.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
09:38
Now this didn't make any sense,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
09:40
and like any reasonable engineer or scientist,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื,
09:43
they assumed that the problem must be the technology itself,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืขืจื• ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”,
09:46
it must be the dish.
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช.
09:48
There were pigeons roosting in the dish.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช.
09:51
And so perhaps once they cleaned up the pigeon droppings,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื ืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
09:54
get the disk kind of operational again,
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ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘,
09:56
normal operations would resume.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
09:59
But the noise didn't disappear.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืœื ื ืขืœื.
10:02
The mysterious noise
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ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™
10:04
that Penzias and Wilson were listening to
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ืฉืคื ื–ื™ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื•
10:07
turned out to be the oldest and most significant sound
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:10
that anyone had ever heard.
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื™-ืคืขื ืฉืžืข.
10:12
It was cosmic radiation
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช
10:14
left over from the very birth of the universe.
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ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืขืฆื ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
10:18
This was the first experimental evidence
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
10:21
that the Big Bang existed
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
10:23
and the universe was born at a precise moment
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ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
10:26
some 14.7 billion years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-14.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
10:31
So our story ends
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ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื
10:33
at the beginning --
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” --
10:35
the beginning of all things, the Big Bang.
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ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:38
This is the noise that Penzias and Wilson heard --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืคื ื–ื™ืืก ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื• --
10:41
the oldest sound that you're ever going to hear,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืชืฉืžืขื•,
10:44
the cosmic microwave background radiation
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ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื
10:47
left over from the Big Bang.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:49
(Fuzz)
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(ืจืขืฉ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉืงื˜)
11:04
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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