Why are these 32 symbols found in caves all over Europe | Genevieve von Petzinger | TED

7,780,118 views

2015-12-18 ใƒป TED


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Why are these 32 symbols found in caves all over Europe | Genevieve von Petzinger | TED

7,780,118 views ใƒป 2015-12-18

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
There's something about caves --
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช -
00:16
a shadowy opening in a limestone cliff that draws you in.
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ืคืชื— ืืคืœื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืง ืžืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืชื›ื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
00:21
As you pass through the portal between light and dark,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉืš.
00:25
you enter a subterranean world --
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ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ --
00:28
a place of perpetual gloom, of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื“ืจื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช, ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”, ืฉืœ ื“ืžืžื”.
00:34
Long ago in Europe,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:36
ancient people also entered these underground worlds.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
00:39
As witness to their passage,
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ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœื”ื
00:41
they left behind mysterious engravings and paintings,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื,
00:44
like this panel of humans, triangles and zigzags from Ojo Guareรฑa in Spain.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื’ื–ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื• ื’ื•ืืจื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“.
00:52
You now walk the same path as these early artists.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ื• ืืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
00:55
And in this surreal, otherworldly place,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื•ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืฉืœื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
00:58
it's almost possible to imagine
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
01:00
that you hear the muffled footfall of skin boots on soft earth,
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื™ ืขื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืจื›ื”,
01:05
or that you see the flickering of a torch around the next bend.
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ืื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืœืคื™ื“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื.
01:09
When I'm in a cave,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื”,
01:11
I often find myself wondering what drove these people to go so deep
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”, ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืจื“ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง
01:17
to brave dangerous and narrow passageways to leave their mark?
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ืœืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื?
01:20
In this video clip,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื–ื”,
01:22
that was shot half a kilometer, or about a third of a mile, underground,
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ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข
01:25
in the cave of Cudon in Spain,
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ื‘ืžืขืจืช ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื“
01:27
we found a series of red paintings on a ceiling
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืชืงืจื”
01:30
in a previously unexplored section of the cave.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื” ืฉืœื ื ื—ืงืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ื.
01:33
As we crawled forward, military-style, with the ceiling getting ever lower,
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ื›ืฉื–ื—ืœื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™, ืขื ืชืงืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:37
we finally got to a point where the ceiling was so low
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืžื•ื›ื”
01:41
that my husband and project photographer, Dylan,
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ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื•ืฆืœื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื“ื™ืœืŸ,
01:43
could no longer achieve focus on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื” ืขื ืžืฆืœืžืช ื” DSLR ืฉืœื•.
01:47
So while he filmed me,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื ืื•ืชื™,
01:49
I kept following the trail of red paint with a single light
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ืขื ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“
01:52
and a point-and-shoot camera that we kept for that type of occasion.
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ื•ืžืฆืœืžื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืฉืžืจื ื• ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข
01:57
Half a kilometer underground.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:00
Seriously.
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ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
02:01
What was somebody doing down there with a torch or a stone lamp?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื ืขื ืœืคื™ื“ ืื• ืžื ื•ืจืช ืื‘ืŸ?
02:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:06
I mean -- me, it makes sense, right?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช -- ืื ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:08
But you know,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:09
this is the kind of question that I'm trying to answer with my research.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
02:13
I study some of the oldest art in the world.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:16
It was created by these early artists in Europe,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:18
between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ื•- 40,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:23
And the thing is
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื
02:24
that I'm not just studying it because it's beautiful,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคื”,
02:27
though some of it certainly is.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ืคื”.
02:29
But what I'm interested in is the development of the modern mind,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
02:33
of the evolution of creativity, of imagination, of abstract thought,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช,
02:38
about what it means to be human.
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
02:43
While all species communicate in one way or another,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
02:46
only we humans have really taken it to another level.
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ืจืง ืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจืžื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:49
Our desire and ability to share and collaborate
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ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
02:52
has been a huge part of our success story.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:55
Our modern world is based on a global network of information exchange
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืข
03:00
made possible, in large part, by our ability to communicate --
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ืฉื”ืชืืคืฉืจ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ
03:04
in particular, using graphic or written forms of communication.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
03:08
The thing is, though,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื,
03:09
that we've been building on the mental achievements
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื™ื
03:12
of those that came before us for so long
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ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
03:15
that it's easy to forget that certain abilities haven't already existed.
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ืฉืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:20
It's one of the things I find most fascinating
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื™ื
03:23
about studying our deep history.
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ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:25
Those people didn't have the shoulders of any giants to stand on.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
03:29
They were the original shoulders.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:32
And while a surprising number of important inventions
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:35
come out of that distant time,
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ื™ืฆืื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ื–ื”,
03:37
what I want to talk to you about today is the invention of graphic communication.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
03:42
There are three main types of communication,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
03:44
spoken, gestural -- so things like sign language --
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื—ื•ื•ืช -- ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื --
03:48
and graphic communication.
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ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
03:50
Spoken and gestural are by their very nature ephemeral.
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฃ.
03:54
It requires close contact for a message to be sent and received.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื’ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืชื™ืฉืœื— ื•ืชืชืงื‘ืœ.
03:58
And after the moment of transmission, it's gone forever.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืจื’ืข ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ื ืขืœื ืœื ืฆื—.
04:02
Graphic communication, on the other hand, decouples that relationship.
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•.
04:06
And with its invention, it became possible for the first time
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืชื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
04:10
for a message to be transmitted and preserved
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
04:13
beyond a single moment in place and time.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:16
Europe is one of the first places
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื
04:18
that we start to see graphic marks regularly appearing
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
04:21
in caves, rock shelters and even a few surviving open-air sites.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืกืœืข ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
04:26
But this is not the Europe we know today.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:28
This was a world dominated by towering ice sheets,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืงืจื— ืžืชื ืฉืื•ืช,
04:31
three to four kilometers high,
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ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
04:33
with sweeping grass plains and frozen tundra.
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ืขื ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืขืฉื‘ ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื“ืจื” ืงืคื•ืื”.
04:37
This was the Ice Age.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—.
04:40
Over the last century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:41
more than 350 Ice Age rock art sites have been found across the continent,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -350 ืืชืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืกืœืข ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
04:46
decorated with animals, abstract shapes and even the occasional human
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ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ
04:51
like these engraved figures from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ืจื•ื˜ื” ื“ืœ ืื“ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื”
04:54
They provide us with a rare glimpse
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”
04:56
into the creative world and imagination of these early artists.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
05:01
Since their discovery,
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ืžืื– ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:03
it's been the animals that have received the majority of the study
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื ื—ืงืจื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:07
like this black horse from Cullalvera in Spain,
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืก ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืœื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“,
05:10
or this unusual purple bison from La Pasiega.
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ืื• ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืžืœื” ืคืกื™ืื’ื”.
05:14
But for me, it was the abstract shapes, what we call geometric signs,
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ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื,
05:20
that drew me to study the art.
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ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช.
05:23
The funny this is that at most sites
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ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืชืจื™ื
05:25
the geometric signs far outnumber the animal and human images.
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ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
05:30
But when I started on this back in 2007,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007,
05:33
there wasn't even a definitive list of how many shapes there were,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•,
05:37
nor was there a strong sense
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื”
05:38
of whether the same ones appeared across space or time.
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ืื ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื• ื–ืžืŸ.
05:44
Before I could even get started on my questions,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
05:47
my first step was to compile a database
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
05:49
of all known geometric signs from all of the rock art sites.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืชืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืข.
05:53
The problem was that while they were well documented at some sites,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื,
05:56
usually the ones with the very nice animals,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื,
05:59
there was also a large number of them where it was very vague --
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ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื, ืฉืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ --
06:02
there wasn't a lot of description or detail.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืจื‘, ืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜.
06:05
Some of them hadn't been visited in half a century or more.
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ื‘ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื” ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:08
These were the ones that I targeted for my field work.
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ืืช ืืœื” ื™ื™ืขื“ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
06:11
Over the course of two years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
06:13
my faithful husband Dylan and I each spent over 300 hours underground,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื“ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ืื ื™, ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• 300 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”
06:19
hiking, crawling and wriggling around 52 sites
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ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 52 ืืชืจื™ื
06:23
in France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily.
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืกืคืจื“, ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ, ื•ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื”.
06:26
And it was totally worth it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
06:27
We found new, undocumented geometric signs at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื‘ 75% ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื ื•.
06:34
This is the level of accuracy I knew I was going to need
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืฆื˜ืจืš
06:37
if I wanted to start answering those larger questions.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:40
So let's get to those answers.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:43
Barring a handful of outliers, there are only 32 geometric signs.
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืจืง 32 ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
06:47
Only 32 signs
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ืจืง 32 ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
06:49
across a 30,000-year time span and the entire continent of Europe.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ 30,000 ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
06:55
That is a very small number.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
06:58
Now, if these were random doodles or decorations,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื,
07:00
we would expect to see a lot more variation,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช,
07:03
but instead what we find are the same signs
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
07:05
repeating across both space and time.
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ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
07:08
Some signs start out strong, before losing popularity and vanishing,
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืง, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื,
07:12
while other signs are later inventions.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:15
But 65 percent of those signs stayed in use during that entire time period --
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ืื‘ืœ 65% ืžืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื• --
07:20
things like lines, rectangles triangles, ovals and circles
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืืœื™ืคืกื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื
07:25
like we see here from the end of the Ice Age,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—,
07:27
at a 10,000-year-old site high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ืŸ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื ืื™ื.
07:31
And while certain signs span thousands of kilometers,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
07:34
other signs had much more restricted distribution patterns,
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ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืฆื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
07:37
with some being limited to a single territory,
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ืขื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช,
07:39
like we see here with these divided rectangles
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืœื”
07:42
that are only found in northern Spain,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืจืง ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื“,
07:44
and which some researchers have speculated
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ื•ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื•
07:46
could be some sort of family or clan signs.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
07:49
On a side note,
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ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื,
07:51
there is surprising degree of similarity in the earliest rock art
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช
07:54
found all the way from France and Spain to Indonesia and Australia.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžืฆืจืคืช ื•ืกืคืจื“ ืขื“ ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
07:59
With many of the same signs appearing in such far-flung places,
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ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
08:03
especially in that 30,000 to 40,000-year range,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 30,000 ืขื“ 40,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
08:06
it's starting to seem increasingly likely
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ
08:09
that this invention actually traces back to a common point of origin in Africa.
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ืฉื”ืžืฆืื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
08:14
But that I'm afraid, is a subject for a future talk.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
08:17
So back to the matter at hand.
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง.
08:18
There could be no doubt that these signs were meaningful to their creators,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื”ื,
08:22
like these 25,000-year-old bas-relief sculptures
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ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 25,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื”
08:25
from La Roque de Venasque in France.
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ืž "ืœื” ืจื•ืง ื“ื” ื•ื•ื ืืกืง" ื‘ืฆืจืคืช
08:28
We might not know what they meant, but the people of the time certainly did.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœื‘ื˜ื—.
08:33
The repetition of the same signs, for so long, and at so many sites
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ื
08:39
tells us that the artists were making intentional choices.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
08:43
If we're talking about geometric shapes,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
08:46
with specific, culturally recognized, agreed-upon meanings,
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ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช,
08:50
than we could very well be looking
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ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
08:52
at one of the oldest systems of graphic communication in the world.
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ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:57
I'm not talking about writing yet.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
08:59
There's just not enough characters at this point
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”
09:01
to have represented all of the words in the spoken language,
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช,
09:04
something which is a requirement for a full writing system.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืžืœืื”.
09:07
Nor do we see the signs repeating regularly enough
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช
09:09
to suggest that they were some sort of alphabet.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช.
09:12
But what we do have are some intriguing one-offs,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช,
09:15
like this panel from La Pasiega in Spain, known as "The Inscription,"
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื— ื–ื” ืžืœื” ืคืกื™ืื’ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช",
09:19
with its symmetrical markings on the left,
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ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
09:22
possible stylized representations of hands in the middle,
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
09:25
and what looks a bit like a bracket on the right.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
09:29
The oldest systems of graphic communication in the world --
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืจืคื™ืช --
09:31
Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, the earliest Chinese script,
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ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆืจื™, ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื,
09:36
all emerged between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืคื ื™ 5000 - 4,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
09:40
with each coming into existence from an earlier protosystem
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:43
made up of counting marks and pictographic representations,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืกื™ืžื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
09:47
where the meaning and the image were the same.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื.
09:49
So a picture of a bird would really have represented that animal.
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ืื– ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
09:53
It's only later that we start to see these pictographs become more stylized,
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ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืžืกื•ื’ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:58
until they almost become unrecognizable
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™
10:01
and that we also start to see more symbols being invented
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื•
10:04
to represent all those other missing words in language --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืกืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” --
10:06
things like pronouns, adverbs, adjectives.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืืจื™ ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ.
10:10
So knowing all this,
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
10:11
it seems highly unlikely that the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
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ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
10:15
were truly abstract written characters.
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
10:18
Instead, what's much more likely
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ
10:20
is that these early artists were also making counting marks,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื• ื’ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื”,
10:24
maybe like this row of lines from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืž"ืจื™ืคืืจื• ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืง" ื‘ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื”,
10:28
as well as creating stylized representations
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื™ื
10:31
of things from the world around them.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
10:33
Could some of the signs be weaponry or housing?
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื?
10:36
Or what about celestial objects like star constellations?
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ืื• ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื?
10:40
Or maybe even rivers, mountains, trees -- landscape features,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ื, ืขืฆื™ื - ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืฃ,
10:45
possibly like this black penniform surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื• "ืคื ื™ืคื•ืจื" ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืžื•ืŸ
10:49
from the site of El Castillo in Spain.
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ืžื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืœ ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“.
10:52
The term penniform means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืคื ื™ืคื•ืจื" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• "ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ืฆื”" ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
10:55
but could this actually be a depiction of a plant or a tree?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ืื• ืขืฅ?
10:59
Some researchers have begun to ask these questions
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
11:02
about certain signs at specific sites,
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ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
11:05
but I believe the time has come to revisit this category as a whole.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”.
11:10
The irony in all of this, of course,
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
11:12
is that having just carefully classified all of the signs into a single category,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช,
11:16
I have a feeling that my next step will involve breaking it back apart
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื”
11:20
as different types of imagery are identified and separated off.
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ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื.
11:24
Now don't get me wrong,
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ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
11:25
the later creation of fully developed writing
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช
11:28
was an impressive feat in its own right.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
11:30
But it's important to remember
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
11:32
that those early writing systems didn't come out of a vacuum.
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื•ื•ืืงื•ื.
11:35
And that even 5,000 years ago,
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ื•ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 5,000 ืฉื ื”,
11:37
people were already building on something much older,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืง,
11:41
with its origins stretching back tens of thousands of years --
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ืขื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ืงื“ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื --
11:44
to the geometric signs of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
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ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ,
11:49
to that point, deep in our collective history,
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
11:52
when someone first came up with the idea of making a graphic mark,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’ืจืคื™,
11:56
and forever changed the nature of how we communicate.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื.
11:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:00
(Applause)
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(ืชึฐืฉืื•ึผืื•ึนืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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