Why are these 32 symbols found in caves all over Europe | Genevieve von Petzinger | TED

7,468,447 views

2015-12-18 ใƒป TED


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Why are these 32 symbols found in caves all over Europe | Genevieve von Petzinger | TED

7,468,447 views ใƒป 2015-12-18

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ju Hye Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:12
There's something about caves --
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๋™๊ตด์—๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
a shadowy opening in a limestone cliff that draws you in.
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์„ํšŒ์•” ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ง„ ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
As you pass through the portal between light and dark,
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๋น›๊ณผ ์–ด๋‘ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
00:25
you enter a subterranean world --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋”›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
a place of perpetual gloom, of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ , ํ™๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
00:34
Long ago in Europe,
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ
00:36
ancient people also entered these underground worlds.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
As witness to their passage,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:41
they left behind mysterious engravings and paintings,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ž์™€ ๋ฒฝํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
like this panel of humans, triangles and zigzags from Ojo Guareรฑa in Spain.
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์˜คํ˜ธ ์™€๋ ˆ๋ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์„ธ๋ชจ, ์ง€๊ทธ์žฌ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์–‘์ด์ฃ .
00:52
You now walk the same path as these early artists.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์ œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And in this surreal, otherworldly place,
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์ดˆํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
it's almost possible to imagine
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด ๋“ค๊ณค ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:00
that you hear the muffled footfall of skin boots on soft earth,
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๊ฐ€์ฃฝ ์žฅํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ™์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:05
or that you see the flickering of a torch around the next bend.
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๋™๊ตด ๋ชจํ‰์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋น›์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
When I'm in a cave,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋” ๋™๊ตด์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด,
01:11
I often find myself wondering what drove these people to go so deep
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข์€ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ
01:17
to brave dangerous and narrow passageways to leave their mark?
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๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
In this video clip,
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์€
01:22
that was shot half a kilometer, or about a third of a mile, underground,
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ฟ ๋ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๊ตด์„ ์ง€ํ•˜ 500๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€
01:25
in the cave of Cudon in Spain,
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์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
we found a series of red paintings on a ceiling
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์— ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋™๊ตด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
01:30
in a previously unexplored section of the cave.
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์ฒœ์žฅ์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
As we crawled forward, military-style, with the ceiling getting ever lower,
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์—ฌ๋Š ๋•Œ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฒœ์žฅ์ด ์ ์  ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ์„œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ํฌ๋ณตํ•˜๋“ฏ ๊ธฐ์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:37
we finally got to a point where the ceiling was so low
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์–ด๋Š ์ง€์ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„ ๋•Œ ์ฒœ์žฅ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ
01:41
that my husband and project photographer, Dylan,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์ดฌ์˜์„ ๋งก์€ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ์˜
01:43
could no longer achieve focus on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
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DSLR ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ์ฒœ์žฅ์— ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:47
So while he filmed me,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
01:49
I kept following the trail of red paint with a single light
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์ปดํŒฉํŠธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€
01:52
and a point-and-shoot camera that we kept for that type of occasion.
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์†์ „๋“ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ข‡์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Half a kilometer underground.
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์ง€ํ•˜ 500๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊นŠ์ด์ฃ .
02:00
Seriously.
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์•„๋‹ˆ ์ •๋ง,
02:01
What was somebody doing down there with a torch or a stone lamp?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํšƒ๋ถˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ๋ถˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ˜ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:06
I mean -- me, it makes sense, right?
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์ œ ๋ง์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”?
02:08
But you know,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ
02:09
this is the kind of question that I'm trying to answer with my research.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
I study some of the oldest art in the world.
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์ €์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
It was created by these early artists in Europe,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
02:18
between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
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1๋งŒ๋…„์—์„œ 4๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
And the thing is
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
02:24
that I'm not just studying it because it's beautiful,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
though some of it certainly is.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
02:29
But what I'm interested in is the development of the modern mind,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ
02:33
of the evolution of creativity, of imagination, of abstract thought,
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์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ, ์ถ”์ƒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”,
02:38
about what it means to be human.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
While all species communicate in one way or another,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
02:46
only we humans have really taken it to another level.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์ด ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Our desire and ability to share and collaborate
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๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š”
02:52
has been a huge part of our success story.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹ ํ™”์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Our modern world is based on a global network of information exchange
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”ํƒ•์—๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ตํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:00
made possible, in large part, by our ability to communicate --
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
03:04
in particular, using graphic or written forms of communication.
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธ€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
The thing is, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
03:09
that we've been building on the mental achievements
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ์—…์ ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€์‚ผ์•„์„œ
03:12
of those that came before us for so long
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:15
that it's easy to forget that certain abilities haven't already existed.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
It's one of the things I find most fascinating
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„
03:23
about studying our deep history.
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๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Those people didn't have the shoulders of any giants to stand on.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋”›๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„ค ์—…์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
They were the original shoulders.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:32
And while a surprising number of important inventions
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๊ทธ ๋จผ ์˜›๋‚ ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด
03:35
come out of that distant time,
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์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:37
what I want to talk to you about today is the invention of graphic communication.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
There are three main types of communication,
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์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์—๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
spoken, gestural -- so things like sign language --
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์–ธ์–ด์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต,
03:48
and graphic communication.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ด์ฃ .
03:50
Spoken and gestural are by their very nature ephemeral.
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์–ธ์–ด์ , ๋น„์–ธ์–ด์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
It requires close contact for a message to be sent and received.
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๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:58
And after the moment of transmission, it's gone forever.
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์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ฃ .
04:02
Graphic communication, on the other hand, decouples that relationship.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
And with its invention, it became possible for the first time
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋„˜์–ด
04:10
for a message to be transmitted and preserved
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๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:13
beyond a single moment in place and time.
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:16
Europe is one of the first places
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ๋™๊ตด์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„ ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜
04:18
that we start to see graphic marks regularly appearing
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—์„œ๋„
04:21
in caves, rock shelters and even a few surviving open-air sites.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ”์ ์ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
But this is not the Europe we know today.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
This was a world dominated by towering ice sheets,
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์„ธ์ƒ์€ 3-4km ๋†’์ด๋กœ ์น˜์†Ÿ์€ ๋น™์‚ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ
04:31
three to four kilometers high,
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๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ์ดˆ์›,
04:33
with sweeping grass plains and frozen tundra.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ํˆฐ๋“œ๋ผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
This was the Ice Age.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜€์ฃ .
04:40
Over the last century,
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์ง€๋‚œ 100๋…„๊ฐ„
04:41
more than 350 Ice Age rock art sites have been found across the continent,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 350๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋™๊ตด ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ
04:46
decorated with animals, abstract shapes and even the occasional human
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๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๋ชจํ˜•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
like these engraved figures from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
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์‹œ์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์•„๋‹ค์šฐ๋ผ ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:54
They provide us with a rare glimpse
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๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:56
into the creative world and imagination of these early artists.
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
Since their discovery,
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๋ฒฝํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
05:03
it's been the animals that have received the majority of the study
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์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
like this black horse from Cullalvera in Spain,
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ฟ ์–„๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋™๊ตด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ด ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ง์ด๋‚˜
05:10
or this unusual purple bison from La Pasiega.
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๋ผ ํŒŒ์‹œ์—๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ๋“ค์†Œ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
05:14
But for me, it was the abstract shapes, what we call geometric signs,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
05:20
that drew me to study the art.
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์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์–‘๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
The funny this is that at most sites
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์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—๋Š”
05:25
the geometric signs far outnumber the animal and human images.
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๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ˜•์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—์š”.
05:30
But when I started on this back in 2007,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 2007๋…„์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
05:33
there wasn't even a definitive list of how many shapes there were,
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๋„ํ˜•์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๋ก๋„ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ์™€
05:37
nor was there a strong sense
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์‹œ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด
05:38
of whether the same ones appeared across space or time.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์–‘์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:44
Before I could even get started on my questions,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
05:47
my first step was to compile a database
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์œ ์ ์ง€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
05:49
of all known geometric signs from all of the rock art sites.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
The problem was that while they were well documented at some sites,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ ์ง€๋“ค์€
05:56
usually the ones with the very nice animals,
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:59
there was also a large number of them where it was very vague --
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๋ฒฝํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด
06:02
there wasn't a lot of description or detail.
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๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
Some of them hadn't been visited in half a century or more.
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50๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:08
These were the ones that I targeted for my field work.
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์ €์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Over the course of two years,
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2๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
06:13
my faithful husband Dylan and I each spent over 300 hours underground,
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์ œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์งํ•œ ๋‚จํŽธ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” 300์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋•… ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ
06:19
hiking, crawling and wriggling around 52 sites
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๊ฑท๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๊ฟˆํ‹€๋Œ€๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ์‹œ์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์•ฝ 52๊ณณ์˜ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:23
in France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily.
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06:26
And it was totally worth it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋งŒํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
We found new, undocumented geometric signs at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์œ ์ ์ง€์˜ 75%์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์—†๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:34
This is the level of accuracy I knew I was going to need
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
06:37
if I wanted to start answering those larger questions.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋„์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
So let's get to those answers.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
06:43
Barring a handful of outliers, there are only 32 geometric signs.
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๋ช‡๊ฐœ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” 32๊ฐœ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Only 32 signs
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๊ณ ์ž‘ 32๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
across a 30,000-year time span and the entire continent of Europe.
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3๋งŒ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:55
That is a very small number.
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์ •๋ง ์ ์€ ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
Now, if these were random doodles or decorations,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ์—†๋Š” ๋‚™์„œ๋‚˜ ์žฅ์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:00
we would expect to see a lot more variation,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:03
but instead what we find are the same signs
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด์„œ
07:05
repeating across both space and time.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Some signs start out strong, before losing popularity and vanishing,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ ์œ ํ–‰์ด ์ง€๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:12
while other signs are later inventions.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:15
But 65 percent of those signs stayed in use during that entire time period --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์˜ 65%๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
things like lines, rectangles triangles, ovals and circles
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์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•, ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•, ํƒ€์›, ์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€
07:25
like we see here from the end of the Ice Age,
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ
07:27
at a 10,000-year-old site high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
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๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”ผ๋ ˆ๋„ค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
And while certain signs span thousands of kilometers,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ km์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
07:34
other signs had much more restricted distribution patterns,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์ข€ ๋” ์ข์€ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ
07:37
with some being limited to a single territory,
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ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
like we see here with these divided rectangles
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€
07:42
that are only found in northern Spain,
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:44
and which some researchers have speculated
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
07:46
could be some sort of family or clan signs.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
On a side note,
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์—ฌ๋‹ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
07:51
there is surprising degree of similarity in the earliest rock art
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
07:54
found all the way from France and Spain to Indonesia and Australia.
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฒฝํ™”์—๋Š” ๋†€๋ž„ ๋งŒํผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
With many of the same signs appearing in such far-flung places,
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๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ฃ .
08:03
especially in that 30,000 to 40,000-year range,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 3๋งŒ๋…„์—์„œ 4๋งŒ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฒฝํ™”์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
it's starting to seem increasingly likely
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์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ธฐ์›์ง€๊ฐ€
08:09
that this invention actually traces back to a common point of origin in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:14
But that I'm afraid, is a subject for a future talk.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ฐจํ›„์— ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
08:17
So back to the matter at hand.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ผ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด,
08:18
There could be no doubt that these signs were meaningful to their creators,
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๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
like these 25,000-year-old bas-relief sculptures
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ผ ๋กœ๋„ ๋ธŒ๋‚˜์Šค๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ
08:25
from La Roque de Venasque in France.
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2๋งŒ5์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์–•์€ ์–‘๊ฐํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
08:28
We might not know what they meant, but the people of the time certainly did.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
The repetition of the same signs, for so long, and at so many sites
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
08:39
tells us that the artists were making intentional choices.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
If we're talking about geometric shapes,
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ ,
08:46
with specific, culturally recognized, agreed-upon meanings,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:50
than we could very well be looking
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ
08:52
at one of the oldest systems of graphic communication in the world.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
I'm not talking about writing yet.
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์•„์ง ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
There's just not enough characters at this point
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๊ตฌ์–ด(ๅฃ่ชž)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
09:01
to have represented all of the words in the spoken language,
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์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋งŒํผ์˜
09:04
something which is a requirement for a full writing system.
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๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ž๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ๋งŒํผ
09:07
Nor do we see the signs repeating regularly enough
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09:09
to suggest that they were some sort of alphabet.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
But what we do have are some intriguing one-offs,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
like this panel from La Pasiega in Spain, known as "The Inscription,"
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋ผ ํŒŒ์‹œ์—๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋น„๋ฌธ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
09:19
with its symmetrical markings on the left,
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋Œ€์นญ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:22
possible stylized representations of hands in the middle,
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์†์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:25
and what looks a bit like a bracket on the right.
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๊ด„ํ˜ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
The oldest systems of graphic communication in the world --
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ
09:31
Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, the earliest Chinese script,
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์ˆ˜๋ฉ”๋ฅด์˜ ์„คํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
09:36
all emerged between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago,
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๋ชจ๋‘ 4์ฒœ๋…„์—์„œ 5์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
with each coming into existence from an earlier protosystem
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:43
made up of counting marks and pictographic representations,
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๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์™€ ์ƒํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋˜
09:47
where the meaning and the image were the same.
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์„ ๋Œ€์˜ ์›์‹œ์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
09:49
So a picture of a bird would really have represented that animal.
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๊ทธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
It's only later that we start to see these pictographs become more stylized,
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— ์ƒํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์–‘์‹ํ™”๋˜์–ด,
09:58
until they almost become unrecognizable
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
10:01
and that we also start to see more symbols being invented
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์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๋ถ€์‚ฌ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„
10:04
to represent all those other missing words in language --
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ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด
10:06
things like pronouns, adverbs, adjectives.
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๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
So knowing all this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด,
10:11
it seems highly unlikely that the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ž์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
10:15
were truly abstract written characters.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:18
Instead, what's much more likely
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๋Œ€์‹ , ์›์‹œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„
10:20
is that these early artists were also making counting marks,
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์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒˆ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
maybe like this row of lines from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
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์‹œ์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฆฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๋”” ์ž ๋ฏธ๋‹‰์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง์„ ์ด๋‚˜
10:28
as well as creating stylized representations
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด๋˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์–‘์‹ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์ด
10:31
of things from the world around them.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
Could some of the signs be weaponry or housing?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ง‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:36
Or what about celestial objects like star constellations?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒœ์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
10:40
Or maybe even rivers, mountains, trees -- landscape features,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฌผ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:45
possibly like this black penniform surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์—˜ ์นด์Šคํ‹ฐ์š”์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ข… ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
10:49
from the site of El Castillo in Spain.
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์ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ 'ํŽ˜๋‹ˆํผ'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
10:52
The term penniform means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
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ํŽ˜๋‹ˆํผ์€ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด๋กœ '๊นƒํ„ธ ๋ชจ์–‘'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
but could this actually be a depiction of a plant or a tree?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:59
Some researchers have begun to ask these questions
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„
11:02
about certain signs at specific sites,
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๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:05
but I believe the time has come to revisit this category as a whole.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
The irony in all of this, of course,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
11:12
is that having just carefully classified all of the signs into a single category,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๋’ค, ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š”
11:16
I have a feeling that my next step will involve breaking it back apart
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
11:20
as different types of imagery are identified and separated off.
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์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
Now don't get me wrong,
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์ œ ๋ง์„ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜์ง„ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
11:25
the later creation of fully developed writing
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋œ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž๋Š”
11:28
was an impressive feat in its own right.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์—…์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
But it's important to remember
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
11:32
that those early writing systems didn't come out of a vacuum.
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด(็„ก)์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
And that even 5,000 years ago,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 5์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „์—๋„
11:37
people were already building on something much older,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
11:41
with its origins stretching back tens of thousands of years --
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€
11:44
to the geometric signs of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ด์ „์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
to that point, deep in our collective history,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ์— ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ,
11:52
when someone first came up with the idea of making a graphic mark,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ธ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ
11:56
and forever changed the nature of how we communicate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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