Why are these 32 symbols found in caves all over Europe | Genevieve von Petzinger | TED

7,780,118 views

2015-12-18 ・ TED


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Why are these 32 symbols found in caves all over Europe | Genevieve von Petzinger | TED

7,780,118 views ・ 2015-12-18

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:12
There's something about caves --
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Ima nečeg o špiljama --
00:16
a shadowy opening in a limestone cliff that draws you in.
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sjenoviti otvor u vapnenačkoj litici koji vas uvlači u sebe.
00:21
As you pass through the portal between light and dark,
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Dok prolazite kroz portal između svjetla i tame,
00:25
you enter a subterranean world --
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ulazite u podzemni svijet --
00:28
a place of perpetual gloom, of earthy smells, of hushed silence.
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mjesto trajno sumorno, zemljanih mirisa i utihnutog muka.
00:34
Long ago in Europe,
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Nekad davno u Europi,
00:36
ancient people also entered these underground worlds.
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drevni su ljudi također ulazili u te podzemne svjetove.
00:39
As witness to their passage,
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Kao svjedočanstvo njihovog prolaska,
00:41
they left behind mysterious engravings and paintings,
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ostavili su za sobom tajanstvene ureze i slike,
00:44
like this panel of humans, triangles and zigzags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
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poput ove ploče ljudi, trokuta i cik-cakova iz Ojo Guareñe u Španjolskoj.
00:52
You now walk the same path as these early artists.
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Sad hodate istim putem kao i ti rani umjetnici.
00:55
And in this surreal, otherworldly place,
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A u ovom nestvarnom, vanzemaljskom mjestu,
00:58
it's almost possible to imagine
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gotovo je moguće zamisliti
01:00
that you hear the muffled footfall of skin boots on soft earth,
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kako čujete prigušen odjek koraka kožnih čizama po mekoj zemlji,
01:05
or that you see the flickering of a torch around the next bend.
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ili kako vidite treptaj baklje iza slijedeće krivine.
01:09
When I'm in a cave,
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Kad sam u špilji,
01:11
I often find myself wondering what drove these people to go so deep
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često se nađem u čudu što je navelo te ljude ići toliko duboko
01:17
to brave dangerous and narrow passageways to leave their mark?
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probijati se kroz opasne i uske prolaze kako bi ostavili svoj trag?
01:20
In this video clip,
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U ovom video klipu,
01:22
that was shot half a kilometer, or about a third of a mile, underground,
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koji je snimljen pola kilometra, ili oko trećinu milje, ispod zemlje,
01:25
in the cave of Cudon in Spain,
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u špilji Cudon u Španjolskoj,
01:27
we found a series of red paintings on a ceiling
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našli smo serije crvenih slika na stropu
01:30
in a previously unexplored section of the cave.
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u prethodno neistraženom djelu špilje.
01:33
As we crawled forward, military-style, with the ceiling getting ever lower,
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Kako smo puzali naprijed, kao u vojsci, sa stropom koji se stalno spuštao,
01:37
we finally got to a point where the ceiling was so low
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konačno smo stigli do točke gdje je strop bio toliko nizak
01:41
that my husband and project photographer, Dylan,
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da moj suprug i fotograf projekta, Dylan,
01:43
could no longer achieve focus on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
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više nije mogao dobijati fokus na stropu sa svojim DSLR fotoaparatom.
01:47
So while he filmed me,
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Pa dok me snimao,
01:49
I kept following the trail of red paint with a single light
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nastavila sam slijediti trag crvene boje sa lampicom
01:52
and a point-and-shoot camera that we kept for that type of occasion.
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i jednostavnim fotoaparatom koji smo imali za ovakav slučaj.
01:57
Half a kilometer underground.
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Pola kilometra pod zemljom.
02:00
Seriously.
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Ozbiljno.
02:01
What was somebody doing down there with a torch or a stone lamp?
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Što je netko radio tamo dolje sa bakljom ili kamenom svjetiljkom?
02:04
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:06
I mean -- me, it makes sense, right?
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Mislim -- ja, ima smisla, jel tako?
02:08
But you know,
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Ali znate,
02:09
this is the kind of question that I'm trying to answer with my research.
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ovo je vrsta pitanja koja pokušavam odgovoriti sa svojim istraživanjem.
02:13
I study some of the oldest art in the world.
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Proučavam neku od najstarije umjetnosti na svijetu.
02:16
It was created by these early artists in Europe,
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Bila je stvorena od tih ranih umjetnika u Europi,
02:18
between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago.
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prije između 10.000 i 40.000 godina.
02:23
And the thing is
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A stvar je u tome
02:24
that I'm not just studying it because it's beautiful,
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što ju ne proučavam samo zato što je lijepa,
02:27
though some of it certainly is.
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iako dio nje sigurno jest.
02:29
But what I'm interested in is the development of the modern mind,
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Ali ono šte mene zanima je razvitak modernog uma,
02:33
of the evolution of creativity, of imagination, of abstract thought,
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razvoj stvaralaštva, mašte, apstraktne misli,
02:38
about what it means to be human.
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o tome što znači biti čovjek.
02:43
While all species communicate in one way or another,
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Dok sve vrste komuniciraju na jedan ili drugi način,
02:46
only we humans have really taken it to another level.
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samo smo mi ljudi zbilja to doveli na drugu razinu.
02:49
Our desire and ability to share and collaborate
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Naša želja i sposobnost dijeliti i surađivati
02:52
has been a huge part of our success story.
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je bila ogroman dio priče o našem uspjehu.
02:55
Our modern world is based on a global network of information exchange
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Naš moderan svijet se temelji na globalnoj mreži za razmjenu informacija
03:00
made possible, in large part, by our ability to communicate --
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koja je moguća, velikim djelom, radi naše sposobnosti da komuniciramo --
03:04
in particular, using graphic or written forms of communication.
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Osobito, koristeći slikovne ili pisane oblike komunikacije.
03:08
The thing is, though,
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Stvar je, ipak,
03:09
that we've been building on the mental achievements
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kako smo mi gradili na mentalnim dostignućima
03:12
of those that came before us for so long
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onih koji su došli prije nas tako dugo
03:15
that it's easy to forget that certain abilities haven't already existed.
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da je lako zaboraviti kako neke sposobnosti nisu već postojale.
03:20
It's one of the things I find most fascinating
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To je jedna od stvari koje nalazim najviše očaravajućim
03:23
about studying our deep history.
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u proučavanju duboke povijesti.
03:25
Those people didn't have the shoulders of any giants to stand on.
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Ti ljudi nisu imali ramena nikakvih divova na kojima bi stajali.
03:29
They were the original shoulders.
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Oni su bili originalna ramena.
03:32
And while a surprising number of important inventions
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I dok iznenađujuć broj važnih izuma
03:35
come out of that distant time,
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dolazi iz tog dalekog vremena,
03:37
what I want to talk to you about today is the invention of graphic communication.
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ono o čemu vam danas želim pričati je izum grafičke komunikacije.
03:42
There are three main types of communication,
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Tri su glavna tipa komunikacije,
03:44
spoken, gestural -- so things like sign language --
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govorna, gestualna -- dakle stvari poput jezika znakova --
03:48
and graphic communication.
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te grafička komunikacija.
03:50
Spoken and gestural are by their very nature ephemeral.
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govorna i gestualna je po samoj svojoj prirodi prolazna.
03:54
It requires close contact for a message to be sent and received.
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Traži blizak kontakt kako bi se poruka odaslala i primila.
03:58
And after the moment of transmission, it's gone forever.
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Te je nakon trenutka prijenosa izgubljena zauvijek.
04:02
Graphic communication, on the other hand, decouples that relationship.
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Grafička komunikacija, s druge strane, razdvaja taj odnos.
04:06
And with its invention, it became possible for the first time
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A njenim izumom, po prvi je put postalo moguće
04:10
for a message to be transmitted and preserved
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poruku prenijeti i sačuvati
04:13
beyond a single moment in place and time.
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onkraj pojedinog trenutka u prostoru i vremenu.
04:16
Europe is one of the first places
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Europa je jedno od prvih mjesta
04:18
that we start to see graphic marks regularly appearing
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gdje vidimo kako se grafičke oznake redovito pojavljuju
04:21
in caves, rock shelters and even a few surviving open-air sites.
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u špiljama, stjenovitim zaklonima te čak i u nekoliko preživjelih lokacija na otvorenom.
04:26
But this is not the Europe we know today.
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Ali to nije Europa koju poznajemo danas.
04:28
This was a world dominated by towering ice sheets,
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Ovo je bio svijet kojim je vladao uzdignuti pokrivač leda,
04:31
three to four kilometers high,
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visok tri do četiri kilometra,
04:33
with sweeping grass plains and frozen tundra.
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sa brisanim travnatim ravnicama i smrznutom tundrom.
04:37
This was the Ice Age.
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To je bilo ledeno doba.
04:40
Over the last century,
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Tijekom zadnjeg stoljeća,
04:41
more than 350 Ice Age rock art sites have been found across the continent,
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više je od 350 lokacija sa kamenom umjetnošću ledenog doba pronađeno širom kontinenta,
04:46
decorated with animals, abstract shapes and even the occasional human
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ukrašenih životinjama, apstraktnim oblicima te čak i povremenim čovjekom
04:51
like these engraved figures from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
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kao ove urezane figure iz Grotta dell'Addaura na Siciliji.
04:54
They provide us with a rare glimpse
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One nam pružaju rijedak pogled
04:56
into the creative world and imagination of these early artists.
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u stvaralački svijet i maštu tih ranih umjetnika.
05:01
Since their discovery,
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Od njihova otkrića,
05:03
it's been the animals that have received the majority of the study
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životinje su bile te kojima je posvećena većina istraživanja
05:07
like this black horse from Cullalvera in Spain,
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poput ovog crnog konja iz Cullalvere u Španjolskoj,
05:10
or this unusual purple bison from La Pasiega.
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ili ovog neuobičajenog ljubičastog bizona iz La Pasiege.
05:14
But for me, it was the abstract shapes, what we call geometric signs,
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Ali za mene, apstraktni su oblici, koje zovemo geometrijski znaci,
05:20
that drew me to study the art.
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bili to što me privuklo istraživanju umjetnosti.
05:23
The funny this is that at most sites
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Zanimljiva je stvar što na većini lokacija
05:25
the geometric signs far outnumber the animal and human images.
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geometrijski znaci daleko premašuju slike ljudi i životinja.
05:30
But when I started on this back in 2007,
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Ali kad sam kretala sa ovime nazad u 2007.,
05:33
there wasn't even a definitive list of how many shapes there were,
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čak nije bilo niti konačne liste koliko oblika uopće postoji,
05:37
nor was there a strong sense
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niti je bilo jake svijesti
05:38
of whether the same ones appeared across space or time.
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o tome ponavljaju li se isti širom vremena i prostora.
05:44
Before I could even get started on my questions,
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Prije nego sam uopće mogla početi sa svojim pitanjima,
05:47
my first step was to compile a database
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moj je prvi korak bio sastaviti bazu podataka
05:49
of all known geometric signs from all of the rock art sites.
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svih znanih geometrijskih znakova iz svih lokacija kamene umjetnosti.
05:53
The problem was that while they were well documented at some sites,
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Problem je bio što dok su bili dobro dokumentirani na nekim lokacijama ,
05:56
usually the ones with the very nice animals,
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obično onima sa vrlo lijepim životinjama,
05:59
there was also a large number of them where it was very vague --
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također je bio velik broj onih jako nejasnih --
06:02
there wasn't a lot of description or detail.
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nije bilo puno opisa ili detalja.
06:05
Some of them hadn't been visited in half a century or more.
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Neki do njih nisu bili posjećeni pola stoljeća ili dulje.
06:08
These were the ones that I targeted for my field work.
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To su bili oni koje sam ciljala za moj terenski rad.
06:11
Over the course of two years,
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Tijekom dvije godine,
06:13
my faithful husband Dylan and I each spent over 300 hours underground,
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moj smo vjerni muž Dylan i ja proveli preko 300 sati u podzemlju,
06:19
hiking, crawling and wriggling around 52 sites
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hodajući, puzeći i migoljeći se kroz 52 lokacije
06:23
in France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily.
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u Francuskoj, Španjolskoj, Portugalu i Siciliji.
06:26
And it was totally worth it.
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I totalno se isplatilo.
06:27
We found new, undocumented geometric signs at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
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Našli smo nove, nedokumentirane geometrijske znakove na 75 posto lokacija koje smo posjetili.
06:34
This is the level of accuracy I knew I was going to need
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To je razina točnosti kakvu sam znala da ću trebati
06:37
if I wanted to start answering those larger questions.
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ako sam željela početi odgovarati ta veća pitanja.
06:40
So let's get to those answers.
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Pa hajdemo do tih odgovora.
06:43
Barring a handful of outliers, there are only 32 geometric signs.
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osim nekolicine iznimaka, ima samo 32 geometrijska znaka.
06:47
Only 32 signs
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Samo 32 znaka
06:49
across a 30,000-year time span and the entire continent of Europe.
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kroz raspon od 30.000 godina i cijeli europski kontinent.
06:55
That is a very small number.
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To je vrlo malen broj.
06:58
Now, if these were random doodles or decorations,
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Sad, kad bi to bile nasumične škrabotine i ukrasi,
07:00
we would expect to see a lot more variation,
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očekivali bismo vidjeti puno više varijacija,
07:03
but instead what we find are the same signs
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ali umjesto toga pronalazimo iste znakove
07:05
repeating across both space and time.
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kako se ponavljaju jednako kroz prostor i vrijeme.
07:08
Some signs start out strong, before losing popularity and vanishing,
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Neki znakovi počinju snažno, prije nego izgube popularnost pa nestaju,
07:12
while other signs are later inventions.
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dok su drugi znakovi kasniji izumi.
07:15
But 65 percent of those signs stayed in use during that entire time period --
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Ali 65 posto tih znakova je ostalo u upotrebi kroz svo vremensko razdoblje --
07:20
things like lines, rectangles triangles, ovals and circles
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stvari poput linija, pravokutnika, trokuta, ovalnih oblika i krugova
07:25
like we see here from the end of the Ice Age,
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kakve vidimo ovdje sa kraj ledenog doba,
07:27
at a 10,000-year-old site high in the Pyrenees Mountains.
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na 10.000 godina staroj lokaciji visoko u Pirinejskim planinama.
07:31
And while certain signs span thousands of kilometers,
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I dok se neki znakovi rasprostiru tisućama kilometara,
07:34
other signs had much more restricted distribution patterns,
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drugi znakovi imaju puno ograničeniji uzorak pojavljivanja,
07:37
with some being limited to a single territory,
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sa nekima u granicama samo jednog područja,
07:39
like we see here with these divided rectangles
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kakvog vidimo ovdje sa tim podijeljenim pravokutnicima
07:42
that are only found in northern Spain,
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kakvi se nalaze samo u sjevernoj Španjolskoj,
07:44
and which some researchers have speculated
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a za koje neki istraživači nagađaju
07:46
could be some sort of family or clan signs.
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kako bi mogli biti neka vrsta oznake obitelji ili klana.
07:49
On a side note,
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Usput budi rečeno,
07:51
there is surprising degree of similarity in the earliest rock art
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postoji začuđujuć stupanj sličnosti u najranijoj kamenoj umjetnosti
07:54
found all the way from France and Spain to Indonesia and Australia.
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pronađenoj od Francuske i Španjolske do Indonezije i Australije.
07:59
With many of the same signs appearing in such far-flung places,
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Sa brojnim istim znakovima koji se pojavljuju na toliko udaljenim mjestima,
08:03
especially in that 30,000 to 40,000-year range,
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pogotovo u tom rasponu od 30.000 do 40.000 godina,
08:06
it's starting to seem increasingly likely
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postaje sve izglednije
08:09
that this invention actually traces back to a common point of origin in Africa.
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kako taj izum zapravo vuče trag do zajedničke točke nastanka u Africi.
08:14
But that I'm afraid, is a subject for a future talk.
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Ali to je bojim se tema za neki budući govor.
08:17
So back to the matter at hand.
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Nazad na stvar.
08:18
There could be no doubt that these signs were meaningful to their creators,
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Nema sumnje kako su ti znakovi bili smisleni svojim stvarateljima,
08:22
like these 25,000-year-old bas-relief sculptures
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poput ovih 25.000 godina starih bareljefnih skulptura
08:25
from La Roque de Venasque in France.
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iz La Roque de Venasque u Francuskoj.
08:28
We might not know what they meant, but the people of the time certainly did.
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Mi možda ne znamo što su značili, ali suvremenici su to svakako znali.
08:33
The repetition of the same signs, for so long, and at so many sites
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Ponavljanje istih znakova, toliko dugo, i na toliko lokacija
08:39
tells us that the artists were making intentional choices.
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govori nam kako su umjetnici donosili svjesne odluke.
08:43
If we're talking about geometric shapes,
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Ako pričamo o geometrijskim oblicima,
08:46
with specific, culturally recognized, agreed-upon meanings,
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sa točno određenim, kulturno prepoznatim, jasno dogovorenim značenjima,
08:50
than we could very well be looking
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onda bismo vrlo lako mogli gledati
08:52
at one of the oldest systems of graphic communication in the world.
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u jedan od najstarijih sustava grafičke komunikacije na svijetu
08:57
I'm not talking about writing yet.
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Ne pričamo već o pisanju.
08:59
There's just not enough characters at this point
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Još nema dovoljno znakova u ovom trenutku
09:01
to have represented all of the words in the spoken language,
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koji bi prikazali sve riječi govornog jezika,
09:04
something which is a requirement for a full writing system.
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što je preduvjet za potpun sustav pisanja.
09:07
Nor do we see the signs repeating regularly enough
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Niti vidimo znakove koji bi se dovoljno ponavljali
09:09
to suggest that they were some sort of alphabet.
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da bi navodili kako čine neku vrstu abecede.
09:12
But what we do have are some intriguing one-offs,
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Premda, imamo neke intrigantne jednokratne,
09:15
like this panel from La Pasiega in Spain, known as "The Inscription,"
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poput ove ploče iz La Pasiege u Španjolskoj, poznatoj kao "Natpis",
09:19
with its symmetrical markings on the left,
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sa tim simetričnim oznakama lijevo,
09:22
possible stylized representations of hands in the middle,
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mogućim stiliziranim prikazima ruku u sredini,
09:25
and what looks a bit like a bracket on the right.
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te nečim pomalo nalik zagradi desno.
09:29
The oldest systems of graphic communication in the world --
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Najstariji sustavi grafičke komunikacije na svijetu --
09:31
Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, the earliest Chinese script,
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Sumersko klinasto pismo, Egipatski hijeroglifi, najstarije Kinesko pismo,
09:36
all emerged between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago,
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svi su nastali prije između 4.000 i 5.000 godina,
09:40
with each coming into existence from an earlier protosystem
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i svaki je nastao iz ranijeg protosustava
09:43
made up of counting marks and pictographic representations,
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koji se sastojao od oznaka za brojanje te piktografskih reprezentacija
09:47
where the meaning and the image were the same.
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gdje su značenje i slika bili jednaki.
09:49
So a picture of a bird would really have represented that animal.
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Tako bi slika ptice zbilja označavala tu životinju.
09:53
It's only later that we start to see these pictographs become more stylized,
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Tek kasnije počinjemo viđati kako ti piktografi postaju stiliziraniji,
09:58
until they almost become unrecognizable
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sve dok ne postanu gotovo neprepoznatljivi
10:01
and that we also start to see more symbols being invented
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a tada počinjemo viđati i uvođenje više novih simbola
10:04
to represent all those other missing words in language --
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koji predstavljaju sve te nedostajuće riječi iz jezika --
10:06
things like pronouns, adverbs, adjectives.
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stvari poput zamjenica, priloga, pridjeva.
10:10
So knowing all this,
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Pa znajući sve to,
10:11
it seems highly unlikely that the geometric signs from Ice Age Europe
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čini se poprilično nevjerojatno kako su geometrijski znakovi iz Europe ledenog doba
10:15
were truly abstract written characters.
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bili zbiljski apstraktni znakovi pisma.
10:18
Instead, what's much more likely
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Umjesto toga, što je puno vjerojatnije
10:20
is that these early artists were also making counting marks,
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je kako su ti rani umjetnici također radili oznake brojanja,
10:24
maybe like this row of lines from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily,
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možda poput ovog reda linija iz Riparo di Za Minic na Siciliji,
10:28
as well as creating stylized representations
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kao i stvarali stilizirane reprezentacije
10:31
of things from the world around them.
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stvari u svijetu oko njih.
10:33
Could some of the signs be weaponry or housing?
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Može li neki od znakova biti oružje ili nastambe?
10:36
Or what about celestial objects like star constellations?
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Ili što sa nebeskim objektima poput sazviježđa?
10:40
Or maybe even rivers, mountains, trees -- landscape features,
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Ili možda čak rijeke, planine, drveće -- obilježja krajobraza,
10:45
possibly like this black penniform surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
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moguće kao ova crna peniforma okružena čudnim zvonolikim znakovima
10:49
from the site of El Castillo in Spain.
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sa lokacije El Castillo u Španjolskoj.
10:52
The term penniform means "feather-shaped" in Latin,
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Termin peniforma znači "u obliku pera" na Latinskom,
10:55
but could this actually be a depiction of a plant or a tree?
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ali može li to zapravo biti prikaz biljke ili drveta?
10:59
Some researchers have begun to ask these questions
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Neki su istraživači počeli postavljati ova pitanja
11:02
about certain signs at specific sites,
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o određenim znakovima na nekim mjestima,
11:05
but I believe the time has come to revisit this category as a whole.
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ali ja vjerujem kako je došlo vrijeme da se ta kategorija revidira u potpunosti.
11:10
The irony in all of this, of course,
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Ironija je svega ovoga, naravno,
11:12
is that having just carefully classified all of the signs into a single category,
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tek što sam pažljivo klasificirala sve te znakove u jednu kategoriju,
11:16
I have a feeling that my next step will involve breaking it back apart
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imam osjećaj kako će mi slijedeći korak uključivati njeno ponovno razbijanje
11:20
as different types of imagery are identified and separated off.
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kad se različite tipovi slika identificiraju i razdvoje.
11:24
Now don't get me wrong,
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Nemojte me krivo shvatiti,
11:25
the later creation of fully developed writing
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kasnije stvaranje posve razvijenog pisma
11:28
was an impressive feat in its own right.
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je impresivan uspjeh i sam po sebi.
11:30
But it's important to remember
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Ali je važno zapamtiti
11:32
that those early writing systems didn't come out of a vacuum.
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kako ti rani sustavi pisanja nisu došli iz vakuuma.
11:35
And that even 5,000 years ago,
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Te kako su čak i prije 5.000 godina,
11:37
people were already building on something much older,
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ljudi već gradili na nečemu puno starijem,
11:41
with its origins stretching back tens of thousands of years --
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sa svojim postankom koje se provlačio unazad desecima tisuća godina --
11:44
to the geometric signs of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
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do geometrijskih znakova Europe ledenog doba te još i puno dalje,
11:49
to that point, deep in our collective history,
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do te točke, duboko u našoj kolektivnoj povijesti,
11:52
when someone first came up with the idea of making a graphic mark,
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kada je netko prvi put došao na ideju izrade grafičke oznake.
11:56
and forever changed the nature of how we communicate.
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te zauvijek promijenio prirodu načina na koji komuniciramo.
11:59
Thank you.
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Hvala Vam.
12:00
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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