The opportunity of adversity | Aimee Mullins

653,503 views ใƒป 2010-02-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Kaiser ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:17
I'd like to share with you a discovery that I made a few months ago
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื ืชื•ื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืืœื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ
00:22
while writing an article for Italian Wired.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช "Wired" ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™.
00:25
I always keep my thesaurus handy whenever I'm writing anything,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืื’ืจื•ืŸ (ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช) ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช,
00:28
but I'd already finished editing the piece,
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ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
00:31
and I realized that I had never once in my life
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ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืœื
00:34
looked up the word "disabled" to see what I'd find.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ" ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืืžืฆื.
00:38
Let me read you the entry.
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ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืš.
00:41
"Disabled, adjective: crippled, helpless, useless, wrecked,
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"ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ", ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื: "ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื, ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข, ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืžื ื•ืคืฅ,
00:49
stalled, maimed, wounded, mangled, lame, mutilated,
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ืื™ื˜ื™, ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืคืฆื•ืข, ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ, ื—ื™ื’ืจ, ืžืขื•ื•ืช,
00:56
run-down, worn-out, weakened, impotent, castrated, paralyzed, handicapped,
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ืชืฉื•ืฉ, ืกื—ื•ื˜, ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ, ืื™ืžืคื•ื˜ื ื˜, ืžืกื•ืจืก, ืžืฉื•ืชืง, ื ื›ื”,
01:06
senile, decrepit, laid-up, done-up, done-for, done-in
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ืกื ื™ืœื™, ืจืขื•ืข, ืžืจื•ืชืง ืœืžื™ื˜ื”, ืœืื”, ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืจืฆื•ืฅ
01:12
cracked-up, counted-out;
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ืžืžื•ื˜ื˜, ื ืคืกื“;
01:16
see also hurt, useless and weak.
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ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืš: ืคื’ื•ืข, ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ื—ืœืฉ.
01:20
Antonyms, healthy, strong, capable."
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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืš: ื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื–ืง, ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช."
01:26
I was reading this list out loud to a friend and at first was laughing,
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆื—ืงืชื™,
01:30
it was so ludicrous,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ื—ืš,
01:32
but I'd just gotten past "mangled," and my voice broke,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืœืคืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ "ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”" ืงื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ืกื“ืง,
01:37
and I had to stop and collect myself
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื™ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™
01:40
from the emotional shock and impact that the assault from these words unleashed.
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ืžื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:50
You know, of course, this is my raggedy old thesaurus
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื’ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื•ืคื˜ ืฉืœื™.
01:53
so I'm thinking this must be an ancient print date, right?
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื›ืŸ.
01:56
But, in fact, the print date was the early 1980s,
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ืืš, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
02:01
when I would have been starting primary school
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
02:03
and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™
02:07
and as related to the other kids and the world around me.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื™.
02:10
And, needless to say, thank God I wasn't using a thesaurus back then.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืื– ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืŸ.
02:15
I mean, from this entry, it would seem that I was born into a world
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื
02:21
that perceived someone like me
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ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื™
02:23
to have nothing positive whatsoever going for them,
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงืจื”,
02:28
when in fact, today I'm celebrated for the opportunities and adventures
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ื›ืืฉืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช
02:34
my life has procured.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืžื ื• ืœื™.
02:36
So, I immediately went to look up the 2009 online edition,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื™ื”ืจืชื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ 2009,
02:42
expecting to find a revision worth noting.
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ืขื ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.
02:46
Here's the updated version of this entry.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจืš.
02:49
Unfortunately, it's not much better.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:52
I find the last two words under "Near Antonyms," particularly unsettling:
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืชื—ืช "ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช" ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
02:58
"whole" and "wholesome."
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"ืฉืœื" ื•-"ื‘ืจื™ื".
03:02
So, it's not just about the words.
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ืื– ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ.
03:05
It's what we believe about people when we name them with these words.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:09
It's about the values behind the words, and how we construct those values.
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ืืœื• ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืœื•.
03:14
Our language affects our thinking and how we view the world
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:18
and how we view other people.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:21
In fact, many ancient societies, including the Greeks and the Romans,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื,
03:24
believed that to utter a curse verbally was so powerful,
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœืงืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช,
03:29
because to say the thing out loud brought it into existence.
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ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื•ื.
03:35
So, what reality do we want to call into existence:
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ื•ื,
03:40
a person who is limited, or a person who's empowered?
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ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ืื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฆื?
03:46
By casually doing something as simple as naming a person, a child,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืœืื“ื, ืœื™ืœื“,
03:52
we might be putting lids and casting shadows on their power.
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืœ ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
03:59
Wouldn't we want to open doors for them instead?
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ืœื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื”, ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื“ืœืชื•ืช?
04:03
One such person who opened doors for me was my childhood doctor
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื“ื ื›ื–ื”, ืฉืคืชื— ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
04:06
at the A.I. duPont Institute in Wilmington, Delaware.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืข"ืฉ ืืœืคืจื“ ื“ื•ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื“ืœืื•ื•ืจ.
04:11
His name was Dr. Pizzutillo,
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื“"ืจ ืคื™ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืœื•.
04:14
an Italian American, whose name, apparently,
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืฉืฉืžื•, ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
04:16
was too difficult for most Americans to pronounce,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื,
04:18
so he went by Dr. P.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“"ืจ ืค.
04:20
And Dr. P always wore really colorful bow ties
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ื•ื“"ืจ ืค. ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืฉ ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืช-ืคืจืคืจ ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:24
and had the very perfect disposition to work with children.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
04:30
I loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital,
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ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
04:35
with the exception of my physical therapy sessions.
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:39
I had to do what seemed like innumerable repetitions of exercises
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ืžื™ืชื™ ื›ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
04:43
with these thick, elastic bands -- different colors,
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ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื -
04:47
you know -- to help build up my leg muscles,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื™.
04:51
and I hated these bands more than anything --
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ื•ืฉื ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ.
04:53
I hated them, had names for them. I hated them.
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ืฉื ืืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ, ืงืจืืชื™ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช, ืฉื ืืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:56
And, you know, I was already bargaining, as a five year-old child,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื”ืชืžืงื—ืชื™, ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ,
05:00
with Dr. P to try to get out of doing these exercises,
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ืขื ื“"ืจ ืค. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:03
unsuccessfully, of course.
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ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:05
And, one day, he came in to my session --
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ -
05:10
exhaustive and unforgiving, these sessions --
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ืžืชื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” -
05:14
and he said to me, "Wow. Aimee, you are such a strong and powerful little girl,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ "ื•ื•ืื•, ืื™ื™ืžื™, ืืช ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”,
05:20
I think you're going to break one of those bands.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:23
When you do break it, I'm going to give you a hundred bucks."
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœืš ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ".
05:26
Now, of course, this was a simple ploy on Dr. P's part
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืค.
05:30
to get me to do the exercises I didn't want to do
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:33
before the prospect of being the richest five-year-old in the second floor ward,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
05:38
but what he effectively did for me was reshape an awful daily occurrence
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
05:46
into a new and promising experience for me.
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
05:50
And I have to wonder today to what extent his vision
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ื›ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืจืื™ื™ืชื•,
05:54
and his declaration of me as a strong and powerful little girl
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ื•ืืžื™ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื”,
06:00
shaped my own view of myself
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™
06:02
as an inherently strong, powerful and athletic person well into the future.
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ื›ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ื•ืืชืœื˜ื™ืช, ืžืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš.
06:08
This is an example of how adults in positions of power
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—
06:11
can ignite the power of a child.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“.
06:15
But, in the previous instances of those thesaurus entries,
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ืื•ืœื, ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืŸ,
06:19
our language isn't allowing us to evolve into the reality that we would all want,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื,
06:26
the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable.
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช.
06:32
Our language hasn't caught up with the changes in our society,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
06:37
many of which have been brought about by technology.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:40
Certainly, from a medical standpoint,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืคื•ืื™ืช,
06:42
my legs, laser surgery for vision impairment,
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”,
06:48
titanium knees and hip replacements for aging bodies
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ืžืคืจืงื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจืš ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื
06:51
that are allowing people to more fully engage with their abilities,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื,
06:54
and move beyond the limits that nature has imposed on them --
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ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื,
07:00
not to mention social networking platforms
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
07:03
allow people to self-identify, to claim their own descriptions of themselves,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
07:08
so they can go align with global groups of their own choosing.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืงื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืœืคื™ ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
07:13
So, perhaps technology is revealing more clearly to us now
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืœื ื• ื›ืขืช
07:17
what has always been a truth:
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื,
07:20
that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society,
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ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืจื‘-ืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:28
and that the human ability to adapt is our greatest asset.
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ื•ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:33
The human ability to adapt, it's an interesting thing,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
07:36
because people have continually wanted to talk to me about overcoming adversity,
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ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
07:42
and I'm going to make an admission:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื”.
07:45
This phrase never sat right with me,
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ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœื™,
07:47
and I always felt uneasy trying to answer people's questions about it,
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ื•ื— ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
07:51
and I think I'm starting to figure out why.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข.
07:55
Implicit in this phrase of "overcoming adversity"
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื”", ืžื•ื‘ืœืข
07:59
is the idea that success, or happiness,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืื• ืื•ืฉืจ,
08:03
is about emerging on the other side of a challenging experience
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ืžื”ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืข ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืชื’ืจืช
08:06
unscathed or unmarked by the experience,
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ื‘ืœื ืคื’ืข ื•ืœืœื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
08:11
as if my successes in life have come about from an ability
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช
08:15
to sidestep or circumnavigate the presumed pitfalls of a life with prosthetics,
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ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื• ืœืคืกื•ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืก ื›ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช,
08:20
or what other people perceive as my disability.
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ืื• ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื›ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื™.
08:23
But, in fact, we are changed. We are marked, of course, by a challenge,
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ืืš, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
08:29
whether physically, emotionally or both.
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ืื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืื• ื’ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
08:32
And I'm going to suggest that this is a good thing.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:35
Adversity isn't an obstacle that we need to get around
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ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ืคื•
08:39
in order to resume living our life.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
08:42
It's part of our life.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
08:45
And I tend to think of it like my shadow.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœ ืฉืœื™.
08:48
Sometimes I see a lot of it, sometimes there's very little,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืง ืžืขื˜,
08:51
but it's always with me.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืชื™.
08:53
And, certainly, I'm not trying to diminish the impact, the weight, of a person's struggle.
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ื•ืœืœื ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
09:00
There is adversity and challenge in life,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:03
and it's all very real and relative to every single person,
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ื•ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื,
09:06
but the question isn't whether or not you're going to meet adversity,
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ืืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืื ื™ืชืจืข ืžื–ืœื›ื ื•ืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
09:10
but how you're going to meet it.
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ืืœื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”.
09:13
So, our responsibility is not simply shielding those we care for from adversity,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
09:20
but preparing them to meet it well.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื›ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืชื”.
09:23
And we do a disservice to our kids
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•
09:27
when we make them feel that they're not equipped to adapt.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
09:34
There's an important difference and distinction
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
09:37
between the objective medical fact of my being an amputee
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืื“ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืงื˜ื™ืขื”
09:42
and the subjective societal opinion of whether or not I'm disabled.
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ื•ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
09:48
And, truthfully, the only real and consistent disability I've had to confront
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืœื” ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
09:53
is the world ever thinking that I could be described by those definitions.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
09:59
In our desire to protect those we care about
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื•
10:02
by giving them the cold, hard truth about their medical prognosis,
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืงืฉื”, ื”ื›ื ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื’ื ื•ื–ื” (ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื) ืฉืœื”ื,
10:06
or, indeed, a prognosis on the expected quality of their life,
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ืื• ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื,
10:10
we have to make sure that we don't put the first brick in a wall
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžื”
10:14
that will actually disable someone.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื.
10:19
Perhaps the existing model of only looking at what is broken in you
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ื‘ืš
10:24
and how do we fix it, serves to be more disabling to the individual
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
10:28
than the pathology itself.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”.
10:31
By not treating the wholeness of a person,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•,
10:36
by not acknowledging their potency,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•,
10:38
we are creating another ill on top of whatever natural struggle they might have.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื ื“ื‘ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื”.
10:45
We are effectively grading someone's worth to our community.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:51
So we need to see through the pathology
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:54
and into the range of human capability.
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ื•ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
11:00
And, most importantly, there's a partnership
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื™ืงื”
11:04
between those perceived deficiencies
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
11:06
and our greatest creative ability.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
11:09
So it's not about devaluing, or negating, these more trying times
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืื• ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืืœื”
11:14
as something we want to avoid or sweep under the rug,
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืคื ื™ื• ืื• ืœื˜ืื˜ืื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—,
11:18
but instead to find those opportunities wrapped in the adversity.
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ืืœื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
11:24
So maybe the idea I want to put out there is
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ,
11:26
not so much overcoming adversity
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ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
11:31
as it is opening ourselves up to it,
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ืืœื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”,
11:35
embracing it,
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ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื”,
11:38
grappling with it,
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ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืฉืฉ ืื™ืชื”,
11:40
to use a wrestling term,
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ืื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืื‘ืงื•ืช,
11:42
maybe even dancing with it.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
11:46
And, perhaps, if we see adversity as natural, consistent and useful,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื•ืœื™, ืื ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช,
11:54
we're less burdened by the presence of it.
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ื”ืžืขืžืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืชืคื—ืช.
11:57
This year we celebrate the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื 200 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
12:00
and it was 150 years ago, when writing about evolution,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
12:04
that Darwin illustrated, I think, a truth about the human character.
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืืจ, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™, ืืžืช ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
12:09
To paraphrase: It's not the strongest of the species that survives,
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ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ืœื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื•ืจื“,
12:13
nor is it the most intelligent that survives;
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ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:16
it is the one that is most adaptable to change.
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ืืœื ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
12:21
Conflict is the genesis of creation.
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ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
12:26
From Darwin's work, amongst others, we can recognize that
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ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
12:29
the human ability to survive and flourish
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ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’
12:34
is driven by the struggle of the human spirit through conflict
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜
12:39
into transformation.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”.
12:41
So, again, transformation, adaptation, is our greatest human skill.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืฉื•ื‘, ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช, ืืœื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
12:48
And, perhaps, until we're tested, we don't know what we're made of.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื•ืœื™, ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจืฆื ื•.
12:54
Maybe that's what adversity gives us:
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
12:56
a sense of self, a sense of our own power.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื ื•.
13:00
So, we can give ourselves a gift.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืชื ื”.
13:03
We can re-imagine adversity as something more than just tough times.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื”.
13:10
Maybe we can see it as change.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
13:13
Adversity is just change that we haven't adapted ourselves to yet.
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ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื ื• ืืœื™ื•.
13:19
I think the greatest adversity that we've created for ourselves
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
13:22
is this idea of normalcy.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช.
13:24
Now, who's normal?
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ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™?
13:27
There's no normal.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™.
13:29
There's common, there's typical. There's no normal,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™. ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™.
13:32
and would you want to meet that poor, beige person if they existed?
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื–', ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื?
13:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:37
I don't think so.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช.
13:39
If we can change this paradigm from one of achieving normalcy
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืžืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช
13:44
to one of possibility -- or potency, to be even a little bit more dangerous --
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ืœืื—ืช ืฉืžืชืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืื ืœืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช,
13:49
we can release the power of so many more children,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
13:52
and invite them to engage their rare and valuable abilities with the community.
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ื•ืœื”ื–ืžื™ื ื ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
14:00
Anthropologists tell us that the one thing
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ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
14:03
we as humans have always required of our community members
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืจืฉื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”
14:06
is to be of use, to be able to contribute.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื.
14:10
There's evidence that Neanderthals, 60,000 years ago,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-60,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
14:14
carried their elderly and those with serious physical injury,
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื–ืงื ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
14:20
and perhaps it's because the life experience of survival of these people
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ืื•ืœื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื
14:26
proved of value to the community.
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”:
14:28
They didn't view these people as broken and useless;
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ื”ื ืœื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช;
14:33
they were seen as rare and valuable.
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ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.
14:36
A few years ago, I was in a food market in the town where I grew up
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™
14:39
in that red zone in northeastern Pennsylvania,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”,
14:43
and I was standing over a bushel of tomatoes.
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ื•ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
14:45
It was summertime: I had shorts on.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื.
14:47
I hear this guy, his voice behind me say, "Well, if it isn't Aimee Mullins."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืงื•ืœื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืื™ื™ืžื™ ืžืืœื™ื ืก".
14:52
And I turn around, and it's this older man. I have no idea who he is.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื’ื” ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื™, ื•ื”ื ื” ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ.
14:56
And I said, "I'm sorry, sir, have we met? I don't remember meeting you."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช, ืื“ื•ื ื™, ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืคืขื? ืื™ื ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืื•ืชืš".
15:02
He said, "Well, you wouldn't remember meeting me.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉืช ืื•ืชื™.
15:04
I mean, when we met I was delivering you from your mother's womb."
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืชืš ืžืจื—ื ืื™ืžืš".
15:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:09
Oh, that guy.
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ืื”ื”, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
15:12
And, but of course, actually, it did click.
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ืืš, ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื™.
15:14
This man was Dr. Kean,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“"ืจ ืงื™ืŸ,
15:17
a man that I had only known about through my mother's stories of that day,
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ืื“ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืจืง ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™ ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื,
15:21
because, of course, typical fashion, I arrived late for my birthday by two weeks.
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ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™, ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืฆืคื•ื™.
15:27
And so my mother's prenatal physician had gone on vacation,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืจื•ืคื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™ ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”,
15:31
so the man who delivered me was a complete stranger to my parents.
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื™.
15:36
And, because I was born without the fibula bones,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืœืœื ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื•ืง,
15:39
and had feet turned in, and a few toes in this foot and a few toes in that,
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ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืคื ื™ืžื” - ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
15:42
he had to be the bearer -- this stranger had to be the bearer of bad news.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—, ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
15:47
He said to me, "I had to give this prognosis to your parents
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื™ืš
15:51
that you would never walk,
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ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืœื›ื™,
15:53
and you would never have the kind of mobility that other kids have
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ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
15:57
or any kind of life of independence,
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ื•ืฉื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื,
15:59
and you've been making liar out of me ever since."
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ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืžื ื™ ืฉืงืจืŸ ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืœืš".
16:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:09
The extraordinary thing is that he said he had saved
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืฉืžืจ
16:13
newspaper clippings throughout my whole childhood,
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ื’ื–ื™ืจื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™,
16:16
whether winning a second grade spelling bee,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืชื” ื‘',
16:18
marching with the Girl Scouts, you know, the Halloween parade,
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ื”ืฆืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืš ืขื ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืฆืขื“ ืœื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
16:21
winning my college scholarship, or any of my sports victories,
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ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื’ืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื”, ืื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
16:26
and he was using it, and integrating it into teaching resident students,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ,
16:32
med students from Hahnemann Medical School and Hershey Medical School.
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ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื™.
16:37
And he called this part of the course the X Factor,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืก "ื’ื•ืจื ื”-X",
16:40
the potential of the human will.
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
16:43
No prognosis can account for how powerful this could be
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ืฉื•ื ืคืจื•ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
16:47
as a determinant in the quality of someone's life.
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ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
16:51
And Dr. Kean went on to tell me,
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ื•ื“"ืจ ืงื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“,
16:54
he said, "In my experience, unless repeatedly told otherwise,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืคืš,
17:02
and even if given a modicum of support,
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ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื•ืœื• ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
17:06
if left to their own devices, a child will achieve."
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ืื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—".
17:12
See, Dr. Kean made that shift in thinking.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื“"ืจ ืงื™ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
17:16
He understood that there's a difference between the medical condition
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™
17:19
and what someone might do with it.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื“ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
17:22
And there's been a shift in my thinking over time,
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ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืฆืœื™ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
17:25
in that, if you had asked me at 15 years old,
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ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15,
17:29
if I would have traded prosthetics for flesh-and-bone legs,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื,
17:33
I wouldn't have hesitated for a second.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืกืกืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
17:36
I aspired to that kind of normalcy back then.
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ื›ืžื”ืชื™ ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
17:42
But if you ask me today, I'm not so sure.
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
17:45
And it's because of the experiences I've had with them,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ,
17:50
not in spite of the experiences I've had with them.
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ื•ืœื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืกืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ.
17:56
And perhaps this shift in me has happened
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
17:59
because I've been exposed to more people who have opened doors for me
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช
18:04
than those who have put lids and cast shadows on me.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืฆืœ ืขืœื™.
18:11
See, all you really need is one person
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืื—ื“
18:13
to show you the epiphany of your own power, and you're off.
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ืฉื™ืฆื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืืชื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื.
18:18
If you can hand somebody the key to their own power --
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœื•,
18:23
the human spirit is so receptive -- if you can do that
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
18:25
and open a door for someone at a crucial moment,
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ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื›ืจืขืช,
18:28
you are educating them in the best sense.
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ืืชื ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:31
You're teaching them to open doors for themselves.
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ืืชื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
18:36
In fact, the exact meaning of the word "educate"
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” educate (ืœื—ื ืš)
18:42
comes from the root word "educe."
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ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "educe".
18:44
It means "to bring forth what is within,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” - ืœื—ืœืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
18:48
to bring out potential."
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ.
18:50
So again, which potential do we want to bring out?
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ?
18:55
There was a case study done in 1960s Britain,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืงืจื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
18:58
when they were moving from grammar schools to comprehensive schools.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ.
19:03
It's called the streaming trials. We call it "tracking" here in the States.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ืงื‘ืฆื•ืช". ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” "ืžืขืงื‘" ื›ืืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
19:06
It's separating students from A, B, C, D and so on.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื; A, B, C, D ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
19:11
And the "A students" get the tougher curriculum, the best teachers, etc.
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ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”-A ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
19:16
Well, they took, over a three-month period,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืœืงื—ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
19:18
D-level students, gave them A's,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืžื” D, ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ A,
19:21
told them they were "A's," told them they were bright,
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ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื A, ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
19:24
and at the end of this three-month period,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
19:26
they were performing at A-level.
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ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืชืคืงื“ื• ื‘ืจืžื” A.
19:29
And, of course, the heartbreaking, flip side of this study,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”,
19:32
is that they took the "A students" and told them they were "D's."
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืžื” A ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื D.
19:37
And that's what happened at the end of that three-month period.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
19:40
Those who were still around in school, besides the people who had dropped out.
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืืœื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจื• ืขื“ ืื–.
19:46
A crucial part of this case study was that the teachers were duped too.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ.
19:55
The teachers didn't know a switch had been made.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื”.
19:57
They were simply told, "These are the 'A-students,' these are the 'D-students.'"
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ A, ื•ืืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ D.
20:01
And that's how they went about teaching them and treating them.
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ื•ืœืคื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื.
20:07
So, I think that the only true disability is a crushed spirit,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืคืฉ ืžืจื•ืกืงืช,
20:16
a spirit that's been crushed doesn't have hope,
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ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืฉืจื•ืกืงื” ืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
20:21
it doesn't see beauty,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื™ื•ืคื™.
20:23
it no longer has our natural, childlike curiosity
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื”ืชืžื”
20:29
and our innate ability to imagine.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืžื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
20:32
If instead, we can bolster a human spirit to keep hope,
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ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
20:37
to see beauty in themselves and others,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
20:41
to be curious and imaginative,
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
20:44
then we are truly using our power well.
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ืจืง ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
20:48
When a spirit has those qualities, we are able to create new realities
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
20:54
and new ways of being.
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ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื.
20:57
I'd like to leave you with a poem
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืจ
20:59
by a fourteenth-century Persian poet named Hafiz
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ืžืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-14, ื—ืืคื–
21:03
that my friend, Jacques Dembois told me about,
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ืฉื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื–'ืืŸ ื“ืžื‘ื•ืื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•.
21:06
and the poem is called "The God Who Only Knows Four Words":
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ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืš ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื".
21:11
"Every child has known God,
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"ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
21:15
not the God of names,
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ืœื ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช,
21:17
not the God of don'ts,
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ืœื ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื,
21:20
but the God who only knows four words and keeps repeating them,
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ืืœื ืืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืš ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ื“ืœ ืžืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
21:25
saying, 'Come dance with me.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ื•ื, ืชืจืงื•ื“ ื ื ืขื™ืžื™.
21:32
Come, dance with me. Come, dance with me.'"
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ื‘ื•ื, ืชืจืงื•ื“ ื ื ืขื™ืžื™.
21:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
21:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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