Feats of memory anyone can do | Joshua Foer

1,781,660 views ใƒป 2012-05-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Efrat Danon ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœืขืฆื•ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื
00:16
I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
00:21
Imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ืœืช
00:27
I'd like you to notice the color of the door,
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00:30
the material that it's made out of.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื”
00:34
Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
00:40
(Laughter)
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื
00:41
They are competing in a naked bicycle race,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื
00:44
and they are headed straight for your front door.
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00:47
I need you to actually see this.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”
00:49
They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty,
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ื”ื ืžื“ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘, ื”ื ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื
ื”ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
00:53
they're bouncing around a lot.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืจืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
00:56
And they crash straight into the front door of your home.
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ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืขืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ื›ื
01:00
Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you,
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื
01:04
spokes end up in awkward places.
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01:07
Step over the threshold of your door into your foyer, your hallway,
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ืฆืขื“ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืชืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื
ืืœ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืื”, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:12
whatever's on the other side,
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01:13
and appreciate the quality of the light.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
01:17
The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื–ื•ืจื— ืขืœ ืขื•ื’ื™-ืคืœืฆืช
ืขื•ื’ื™-ืคืœืฆืช ืžื ืคื ืฃ ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•
01:24
Cookie Monster is waving at you from his perch on top of a tan horse.
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ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ืขืœ ืกื•ืก ืฉื–ื•ืฃ
01:28
It's a talking horse.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ืก ืžื“ื‘ืจ
01:30
You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.
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ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืคืจื•ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื’ื“ื’ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืืฃ
01:35
You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.
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ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื”
01:39
Walk past him.
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ื—ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•. ื—ืœืคื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
01:41
Walk past him into your living room.
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01:43
In your living room, in full imaginative broadband,
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ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืคืก ืจื—ื‘ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™
01:46
picture Britney Spears.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืก
01:49
She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
01:54
and she's singing "Hit Me Baby One More Time."
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื” ืืช - "ื”ื›ื” ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืชืง ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื"
01:57
And then, follow me into your kitchen.
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ื•ืื– ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื›ื
ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืจื•ืฆืคื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:00
In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road,
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02:04
and out of your oven are coming towards you Dorothy, the Tin Man,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื›ื
ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™, ืื™ืฉ ื”ืคื—
02:10
the Scarecrow and the Lion from "The Wizard of Oz,"
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ื”ื“ื—ืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ืืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš "ื”ืงื•ืกื ืžืืจืฅ ืขื•ืฅ"
02:12
hand-in-hand, skipping straight towards you.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื›ื
02:15
Okay. Open your eyes.
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ืคื™ืงื—ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจื”
02:20
I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest
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02:23
that is held every spring in New York City.
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ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
02:26
It's called the United States Memory Championship.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช "ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช"
02:29
And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืกืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
02:32
as a science journalist,
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ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื“ืขื™
02:34
expecting, I guess, that this was going to be like the Superbowl of savants.
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ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคืจื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืขื ื™ื
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช
02:40
This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies,
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02:43
widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.
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ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื
02:51
They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers,
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02:54
looking at them just once.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:56
They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:01
They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ืŸ
03:04
They were competing to see who could memorize
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03:06
the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ืช.
03:10
I was like, this is unbelievable.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข
03:12
These people must be freaks of nature.
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03:15
And I started talking to a few of the competitors.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื
03:18
This is a guy called Ed Cook, who had come over from England,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื“ ืงื•ืง
ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื”
03:21
where he had one of the best-trained memories.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืฉื ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•, "ืื“, ืžืชื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช
03:24
And I said to him, "Ed, when did you realize
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03:27
that you were a savant?"
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื“ืขืŸ?"
ืื“ ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืŸ
03:30
And Ed was like, "I'm not a savant.
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03:32
In fact, I have just an average memory.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืง ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข
03:34
Everybody who competes in this contest will tell you
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข
03:37
that they have just an average memory.
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03:40
We've all trained ourselves to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืคืขืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
03:46
using a set of ancient techniques,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
03:48
techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece,
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
03:51
the same techniques that Cicero had used to memorize his speeches,
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ืื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืงื™ืงืจื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•
03:56
that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books."
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ืฉืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื•ืื•, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื?"
04:01
And I said, "Whoa. How come I never heard of this before?"
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ืขืžื“ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
04:05
And we were standing outside the competition hall,
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04:07
and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant, but somewhat eccentric English guy,
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ื•ืื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ืคืœื ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
ืื ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ื”
04:14
says to me, "Josh, you're an American journalist.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™, "ื’'ื•ืฉ, ืืชื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
04:18
Do you know Britney Spears?"
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ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืก?"
ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื”? ืœื. ืœืžื”?"
04:21
I'm like, "What? No. Why?"
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"ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืจื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืก
04:26
"Because I really want to teach Britney Spears
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04:28
how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards
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ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืคื™ืกืช ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ืช
04:31
on U.S. national television.
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ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
04:33
It will prove to the world that anybody can do this."
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”."
04:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:41
I was like, "Well, I'm not Britney Spears,
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืก
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื™
04:45
but maybe you could teach me.
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04:47
I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?"
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ื”ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ืคืฉื”ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
04:50
And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
04:54
I ended up spending the better part of the next year
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04:56
not only training my memory,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
04:58
but also investigating it,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืชื•
05:00
trying to understand how it works,
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ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“
05:02
why it sometimes doesn't work,
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ืœืžื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“
05:04
and what its potential might be.
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ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื•
05:07
And I met a host of really interesting people.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
05:09
This is a guy called E.P.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื™-ืคื™
05:11
He's an amnesic who had, very possibly,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•, ื›ื ืจืื”
05:13
the worst memory in the world.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:16
His memory was so bad,
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข
05:18
that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:21
which is amazing.
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05:22
And he was this incredibly tragic figure,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื“ ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช
05:24
but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื”
ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช: ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:31
At the other end of the spectrum, I met this guy.
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05:33
This is Kim Peek, he was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ื ืคื™ืง.
ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืฉื"
05:37
in the movie "Rain Man."
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืื—ืจ-ืฆื”ืจื™ื ืื—ื“
05:39
We spent an afternoon together in the Salt Lake City Public Library
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืง ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
05:43
memorizing phone books,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื ืฆื ืฆืช
05:45
which was scintillating.
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05:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:50
And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises,
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ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”
05:55
treatises written 2,000-plus years ago in Latin,
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ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืžื™-ืงื“ื
05:59
in antiquity, and then later, in the Middle Ages.
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
06:02
And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื“
06:05
One of the really interesting things that I learned
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™
06:08
is that once upon a time,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืขื
06:10
this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืžืŸ, ืžืžื•ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื—
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
06:17
was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.
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ืคืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
06:22
Once upon a time, people invested in their memories,
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06:26
in laboriously furnishing their minds.
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ื•ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ื‘ืขืžืœ ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:31
Over the last few millenia,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
06:33
we've invented a series of technologies --
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
06:36
from the alphabet, to the scroll,
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ืžื”ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื”
06:38
to the codex, the printing press, photography,
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก, ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื
06:40
the computer, the smartphone --
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ--
ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื ื•
06:43
that have made it progressively easier and easier
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06:45
for us to externalize our memories,
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ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•
06:48
for us to essentially outsource this fundamental human capacity.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ
ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:54
These technologies have made our modern world possible,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•
06:58
but they've also changed us.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
07:00
They've changed us culturally,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
07:02
and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.
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07:05
Having little need to remember anymore,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
07:07
it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.
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ื ืจืื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
07:10
One of the last places on Earth where you still find
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
ื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
07:13
people passionate about this idea of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory,
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ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ืžืŸ, ืžืžื•ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื—
07:18
is at this totally singular memory contest.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
07:21
It's actually not that singular,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:23
there are contests held all over the world.
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07:25
And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื•ืชืง, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’' ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
07:30
A few years back a group of researchers at University College London
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07:34
brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.
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ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืคื™ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช
07:37
They wanted to know:
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07:38
Do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally,
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ื”ืื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื—
ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•
07:41
anatomically different from the rest of ours?
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07:44
The answer was no.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื
07:47
Are they smarter than the rest of us?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•?
07:50
They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests, and the answer was: not really.
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ
07:54
There was, however, one really interesting and telling difference
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
07:57
between the brains of the memory champions
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืคื™ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
07:59
and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืงืจื”
08:02
When they put these guys in an fMRI machine,
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
ื•ืกืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
08:05
scanned their brains while they were memorizing numbers
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืฉื ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื’
08:09
and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes,
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08:11
they found that the memory champions were lighting up different parts of the brain
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื
08:16
than everyone else.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
08:18
Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•, ืื• ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
08:21
a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜
08:26
Why?
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ืœืžื”? ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื”?
08:27
And is there something that the rest of us can learn from this?
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
08:33
The sport of competitive memorizing is driven by a kind of arms race where,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ
08:39
every year, somebody comes up with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฆื™ื
ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:44
and then the rest of the field has to play catch-up.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื•
ื–ื”ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืžื•ืจ
08:47
This is my friend Ben Pridmore,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืืœื•ืฃ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™
08:49
three-time world memory champion.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžื•ืœื•
08:51
On his desk in front of him are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ื—ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช
08:56
that he is about to try to memorize in one hour,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”
08:59
using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.
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09:03
He used a similar technique
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
09:06
to memorize the precise order of 4,140 random binary digits
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ืฉืœ 4,140 ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช
09:13
in half an hour.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”
09:15
(Laughter)
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09:16
Yeah.
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ื›ืŸ
09:18
And while there are a whole host of ways
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
09:21
of remembering stuff in these competitions,
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:25
everything, all of the techniques that are being used,
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ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ
09:28
ultimately come down to a concept
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
09:30
that psychologists refer to as "elaborative encoding."
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ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ"
09:34
And it's well-illustrated by a nifty paradox
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืžื’ื ื™ื‘
09:37
known as the Baker/baker paradox, which goes like this:
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ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืื•ืคื”/ื”ืื•ืคื”"
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืš:
09:40
If I tell two people to remember the same word,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื”
09:43
if I say to you,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš
09:45
"Remember that there is a guy named Baker."
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"ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืžื• ืื•ืคื”"
09:48
That's his name.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื•
09:50
And I say to you, "Remember that there is a guy who is a baker."
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ื•ืœืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื”"
09:55
Okay?
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09:56
And I come back to you at some point later on,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœื™ืš ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ
09:59
and I say, "Do you remember that word that I told you a while back?
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ืื ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”
ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ?
10:03
Do you remember what it was?"
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”?"
10:05
The person who was told his name is Baker
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื”
10:08
is less likely to remember the same word
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”
10:11
than the person was told his job is a baker.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข
ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ืœื”, ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ืžืฉื•ื ื”
10:15
Same word, different amount of remembering; that's weird.
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10:18
What's going on here?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
10:20
Well, the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื ืื•ืคื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื›ืœื•ื
10:25
It is entirely untethered from all of the other memories
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ
ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
10:29
floating around in your skull.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื-ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ "ืื•ืคื”"-
10:31
But the common noun "baker" -- we know bakers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื
10:34
Bakers wear funny white hats.
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ืื•ืคื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื
10:36
Bakers have flour on their hands.
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ืœืื•ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงืžื— ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
10:38
Bakers smell good when they come home from work.
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ืื•ืคื™ื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
10:40
Maybe we even know a baker.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืคื”
10:42
And when we first hear that word,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืงืจืกื™ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžื™ืœื”
10:44
we start putting these associational hooks into it,
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10:46
that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ
10:51
The entire art of what is going on in these memory contests,
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•
10:55
and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืื•ืคื”"
10:59
is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers
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ืœืื•ืคื” ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื
11:03
into lower-case B bakers --
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช-ื”ืงืฉืจ
11:05
to take information that is lacking in context,
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11:08
in significance, in meaning,
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ื—ืกืจืช-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื—ืกืจืช-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
11:10
and transform it in some way,
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
11:12
so that it becomes meaningful in the light of all the other things
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
11:16
that you have in your mind.
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11:19
One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”
11:23
dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.
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11:26
It came to be known as the memory palace.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืš:
11:29
The story behind its creation goes like this:
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11:32
There was a poet called Simonides, who was attending a banquet.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื“ืก
ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืชื”
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืจืŸ ืฉืฉื›ืจื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืข
11:37
He was actually the hired entertainment,
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11:39
because back then, if you wanted to throw a really slamming party,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, ืื ืจืฆื™ืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช
11:42
you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.
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ืœื ืฉื›ืจืช ื“ื™-ื’'ื™ื™, ืืœื ืฉื›ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืจืจ
11:45
And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขืžื“, ืžื“ืงืœื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื“ืœืช
11:50
and at the moment he does,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜
11:53
the banquet hall collapses.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื
11:56
Kills everybody inside.
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื
11:59
It doesn't just kill everybody,
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12:00
it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.
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ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื”
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื
12:05
Nobody can say who was inside,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉื‘
12:07
nobody can say where they were sitting.
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12:10
The bodies can't be properly buried.
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ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื”
12:12
It's one tragedy compounding another.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”
12:16
Simonides, standing outside,
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ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืก, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
12:18
the sole survivor amid the wreckage,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
12:20
closes his eyes and has this realization,
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ืขื•ืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื•
12:25
which is that in his mind's eye,
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12:27
he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžืฉืชื”
12:32
And he takes the relatives by the hand,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“
12:34
and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.
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ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช
ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข
12:39
What Simonides figured out at that moment,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
12:42
is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know,
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12:45
which is that, as bad as we are at remembering names and phone numbers,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื
ื‘ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
12:50
and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues,
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•
12:53
we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ื“ื•ืคืŸ
ืื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
12:59
If I asked you to recount the first 10 words of the story
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13:02
that I just told you about Simonides,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืกื™ืคืจืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืก
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืชืงืฉื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
13:05
chances are you would have a tough time with it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชื›ื
13:08
But, I would wager that if I asked you to recall
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ืฉืื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ
13:12
who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse
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ืžื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ืฉื–ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ
ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”
13:17
in your foyer right now,
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช
13:19
you would be able to see that.
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13:21
The idea behind the memory palace
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
13:23
is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื›ื
13:28
and populate it with images of the things that you want to remember --
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ื•ืœืื›ืœืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
13:32
the crazier, weirder, more bizarre,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™
13:35
funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is,
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ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ื’ืก, ืžืกืจื™ื—
13:39
the more unforgettable it's likely to be.
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ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—
13:42
This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืฆื” ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”
ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
13:45
to the earliest Latin memory treatises.
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13:47
So how does this work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
13:49
Let's say that you've been invited to TED center stage to give a speech,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื
ืœื‘ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ TED ืœืชืช ื”ืจืฆืื”
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ืคื”
13:56
and you want to do it from memory,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืงืจื•
13:59
and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it,
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14:03
if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœ-TEDx ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”
14:07
(Laughter)
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14:08
What you might do
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
14:10
is picture yourself at the front door of your house.
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ื–ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื›ื
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื›ื
14:16
And you'd come up with some sort of crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image,
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ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ืžื’ื•ื—ืš, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—
14:21
to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about
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ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
14:24
is this totally bizarre contest.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช
14:26
(Laughter)
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
14:27
And then you'd go inside your house,
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14:29
and you would see an image of Cookie Monster on top of Mister Ed.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื’ื™-ืคืœืฆืช
ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ืžื™ืกื˜ืจ ืื“
14:34
And that would remind you
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
14:35
that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›ื ืื“ ืงื•ืง
ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืก
14:39
And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears
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14:41
to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.
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ืฉืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืขืฉืขืช ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื ืœืกืคืจ
14:44
And you'd go into your kitchen,
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ื•ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื˜ื‘ื—
14:46
and the fourth topic you were going to talk about
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”
14:48
was this strange journey that you went on for a year,
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14:50
and you'd have some friends to help you remember that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
ื›ื›ื” ื ื•ืืžื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื -
14:56
This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches --
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15:00
not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up,
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ืœื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื”. ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉืจืง ืชืกื‘ืš ืืชื›ื
15:03
but topic-for-topic.
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ืืœื ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ ื ื•ืฉื
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื•ืฉื"
15:06
In fact, the phrase "topic sentence" --
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ืฉื‘ื ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช "ื˜ื•ืคื•ืก"
15:09
that comes from the Greek word "topos,"
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15:12
which means "place."
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” "ืžืงื•ื"
15:13
That's a vestige of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉืจื™ื“
ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
15:18
in these sorts of spatial terms.
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15:19
The phrase "in the first place,"
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ"
ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
15:22
that's like "in the first place of your memory palace."
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15:25
I thought this was just fascinating,
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง ืžืžืฉ
15:27
and I got really into it.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื–ื”
15:29
And I went to a few more of these memory contests,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืœื”
15:31
and I had this notion that I might write something longer
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:34
about this subculture of competitive memorizers.
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ืขืœ ืชืช-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”
15:38
But there was a problem.
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15:39
The problem was that a memory contest
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื—ืจื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
15:42
is a pathologically boring event.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืจืข ืžืฉืขืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืœื ื™
15:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™
15:49
Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs --
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15:53
I mean, the most dramatic it gets
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื
15:55
is when somebody starts massaging their temples.
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ื–ื” ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
15:57
And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
16:00
I know that there's incredible stuff happening in these people's minds,
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16:03
but I don't have access to it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื–ื”
16:05
And I realized, if I was going to tell this story,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
16:08
I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.
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ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืื• 20 ื“ืงื•ืช
16:11
And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes
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16:14
every morning, before I sat down with my New York Times,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก"
16:17
just trying to remember something.
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ืจืง ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ
16:20
Maybe it was a poem,
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16:21
maybe it was names from an old yearbook that I bought at a flea market.
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ืื• ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ-ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ
ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื
ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™
16:26
And I found that this was shockingly fun.
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16:31
I never would have expected that.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืš
16:33
It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื
ืืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ
16:37
What you're doing, is you're trying to get better and better
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ื‘ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ืœื—ืœื•ื
16:40
at creating, at dreaming up,
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16:42
these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious,
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ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ื”ื’ืกื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื
16:45
and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื›ื
16:49
And I got pretty into it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื–ื”
16:50
This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื›ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
16:56
(Laughter)
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ื–ื” ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืžืžื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื
16:58
It's a pair of earmuffs
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16:59
and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over
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ื•ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืคื™-ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืกื• ืœื’ืžืจื™
ืœืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืฆื”
17:03
except for two small pinholes,
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17:05
because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืกื—ืช-ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ืจืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื”
ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืกื™ืงืจืชื™ ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
17:11
I ended up coming back to that same contest
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17:14
that I had covered a year earlier,
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17:16
and I had this notion that I might enter it,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”
17:18
sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”
17:22
It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืกื™ื•ื ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
17:26
Problem was, the experiment went haywire.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
17:30
I won the contest --
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ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช
17:31
(Laughter)
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17:32
which really wasn't supposed to happen.
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช
17:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:41
Now, it is nice to be able to memorize speeches
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื ืŸ ื ืื•ืžื™ื
17:46
and phone numbers and shopping lists,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
17:50
but it's actually kind of beside the point.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืจืง ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื
17:53
These are just tricks.
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ื”ื ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
17:55
They work because they're based on some pretty basic principles
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
17:59
about how our brains work.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ
ื•ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
18:02
And you don't have to be building memory palaces
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18:05
or memorizing packs of playing cards
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ืื• ืœืฉื ืŸ ื—ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœืคื™ ืžืฉื—ืง
18:07
to benefit from a little bit of insight about how your mind works.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ืชื•ื‘ื ื”
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืคื•ืขืœ
18:12
We often talk about people with great memories
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“
18:14
as though it were some sort of an innate gift,
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18:16
but that is not the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš
18:18
Great memories are learned.
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ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืœืžื“
ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘
18:22
At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
18:26
We remember when we are deeply engaged.
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18:28
We remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ืกืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช
18:32
and figure out why it is meaningful to us,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
18:34
why it is significant, why it's colorful,
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ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ืช
18:37
when we're able to transform it in some way that makes sense
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
18:41
in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds,
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ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื—
18:44
when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื•ืคื” ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื•ืคื”
ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•
18:50
The memory palace, these memory techniques --
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ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™-ื“ืจืš
18:52
they're just shortcuts.
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18:53
In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™-ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
18:56
They work because they make you work.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
19:00
They force a kind of depth of processing,
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19:03
a kind of mindfulness,
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ืœืืžืฅ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
19:05
that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืืžื ื™ื
19:09
But there actually are no shortcuts.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™-ื“ืจืš
ื›ื›ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื
19:12
This is how stuff is made memorable.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืงื—ื• ืžื›ืืŸ
19:15
And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™-ืคื™
19:19
it's what E.P., the amnesic who couldn't even remember he had a memory problem,
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
19:25
left me with,
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ืืžืจ ืœื™
19:26
which is the notion that our lives are the sum of our memories.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
19:34
How much are we willing to lose
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ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“
ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื-ืžืžื™ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
19:40
from our already short lives,
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19:43
by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื‘ืœืืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
19:49
by not paying attention to the human being across from us
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืœื ื•
19:54
who is talking with us,
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•
19:55
by being so lazy that we're not willing to process deeply?
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขืฆืœื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื”?
ืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
20:02
I learned firsthand
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20:04
that there are incredible memory capacities
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ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
20:07
latent in all of us.
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ืจื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื
20:10
But if you want to live a memorable life,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
20:13
you have to be the kind of person
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20:15
who remembers to remember.
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ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
20:18
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
20:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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