Thomas Insel: Toward a new understanding of mental illness

194,944 views ใƒป 2013-04-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So let's start with some good news,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
00:15
and the good news has to do with what do we know
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ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:17
based on biomedical research
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™
00:20
that actually has changed the outcomes
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
00:23
for many very serious diseases?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช?
00:26
Let's start with leukemia,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืœื•ืงืžื™ื”,
00:28
acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL,
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ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืœื™ืžืคื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”, ALL,
00:31
the most common cancer of children.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:33
When I was a student,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
00:35
the mortality rate was about 95 percent.
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ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื” 95 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
00:39
Today, some 25, 30 years later, we're talking about
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ื”ื™ื•ื, 25, 30 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ
00:42
a mortality rate that's reduced by 85 percent.
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ืื—ื•ื– ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื—ืช ื‘-85 ืื—ื•ื–.
00:46
Six thousand children each year
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6000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
00:49
who would have previously died of this disease are cured.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืจืคืื™ื.
00:53
If you want the really big numbers,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
00:55
look at these numbers for heart disease.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘.
00:57
Heart disease used to be the biggest killer,
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:59
particularly for men in their 40s.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:01
Today, we've seen a 63-percent reduction in mortality
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 63 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ืชื”
01:04
from heart disease --
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ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ --
01:06
remarkably, 1.1 million deaths averted every year.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, 1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
01:11
AIDS, incredibly, has just been named,
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ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ ืจืง ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื,
01:14
in the past month, a chronic disease,
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ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
01:16
meaning that a 20-year-old who becomes infected with HIV
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื‘ืŸ 20 ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘- HIV
01:19
is expected not to live weeks, months, or a couple of years,
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ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
01:23
as we said only a decade ago,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ,
01:25
but is thought to live decades,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
01:28
probably to die in his '60s or '70s from other causes altogether.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60 ืื• ื”-70 ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:32
These are just remarkable, remarkable changes
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
01:35
in the outlook for some of the biggest killers.
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ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:38
And one in particular
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคืจื˜
01:40
that you probably wouldn't know about, stroke,
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉื‘ืฅ,
01:42
which has been, along with heart disease,
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ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘,
01:44
one of the biggest killers in this country,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
01:46
is a disease in which now we know
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
01:48
that if you can get people into the emergency room
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ
01:50
within three hours of the onset,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชืงืฃ,
01:53
some 30 percent of them will be able to leave the hospital
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ื›-30% ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:55
without any disability whatsoever.
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ืœืœื ื ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื.
01:58
Remarkable stories,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
02:01
good-news stories,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:03
all of which boil down to understanding
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”
02:06
something about the diseases that has allowed us
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื•
02:09
to detect early and intervene early.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
02:12
Early detection, early intervention,
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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช,
02:15
that's the story for these successes.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
02:18
Unfortunately, the news is not all good.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:20
Let's talk about one other story
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ
02:23
which has to do with suicide.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช.
02:24
Now this is, of course, not a disease, per se.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ืžื—ืœื”, ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”.
02:27
It's a condition, or it's a situation
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘, ืื• ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”
02:30
that leads to mortality.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
02:32
What you may not realize is just how prevalent it is.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
02:35
There are 38,000 suicides each year in the United States.
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ื™ืฉ 38,000 ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:39
That means one about every 15 minutes.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:42
Third most common cause of death amongst people
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:45
between the ages of 15 and 25.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 15 ื•-25.
02:48
It's kind of an extraordinary story when you realize
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
02:50
that this is twice as common as homicide
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืจืฆื—
02:52
and actually more common as a source of death
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช
02:55
than traffic fatalities in this country.
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ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•.
02:58
Now, when we talk about suicide,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช,
03:01
there is also a medical contribution here,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ,
03:04
because 90 percent of suicides
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ื›ื™ 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:06
are related to a mental illness:
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ:
03:08
depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia,
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ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื• ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช, ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
03:11
anorexia, borderline personality. There's a long list
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ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”, ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
03:14
of disorders that contribute,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
03:16
and as I mentioned before, often early in life.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:20
But it's not just the mortality from these disorders.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื•.
03:24
It's also morbidity.
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ื–ื• ื’ื ืชื—ืœื•ืื”.
03:25
If you look at disability,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ืช,
03:28
as measured by the World Health Organization
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
03:30
with something they call the Disability Adjusted Life Years,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื ื›ื™ื,
03:33
it's kind of a metric that nobody would think of
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”
03:35
except an economist,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ,
03:37
except it's one way of trying to capture what is lost
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื•ื‘ื“
03:40
in terms of disability from medical causes,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื ื›ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช,
03:43
and as you can see, virtually 30 percent
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื” 30 ืื—ื•ื–
03:46
of all disability from all medical causes
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ืžื›ืœ ื ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
03:48
can be attributed to mental disorders,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
03:51
neuropsychiatric syndromes.
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ืœืชืกืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
03:53
You're probably thinking that doesn't make any sense.
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
03:56
I mean, cancer seems far more serious.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
03:58
Heart disease seems far more serious.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:01
But you can see actually they are further down this list,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•,
04:04
and that's because we're talking here about disability.
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ื•ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ืช.
04:07
What drives the disability for these disorders
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ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื ื›ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื”
04:09
like schizophrenia and bipolar and depression?
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ื›ืžื• ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”, ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื• ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ?
04:13
Why are they number one here?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืžืกืคืจ 1 ื›ืืŸ?
04:16
Well, there are probably three reasons.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
04:18
One is that they're highly prevalent.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช.
04:20
About one in five people will suffer from one of these disorders
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื”
04:23
in the course of their lifetime.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
04:26
A second, of course, is that, for some people,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
04:28
these become truly disabling,
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ืืœื” ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:29
and it's about four to five percent, perhaps one in 20.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืž- 20.
04:33
But what really drives these numbers, this high morbidity,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:37
and to some extent the high mortality,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
04:39
is the fact that these start very early in life.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:43
Fifty percent will have onset by age 14,
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ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื‘ืขืจืš,
04:46
75 percent by age 24,
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75 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 24 ื‘ืขืจืš,
04:49
a picture that is very different than what one would see
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื
04:53
if you're talking about cancer or heart disease,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘,
04:55
diabetes, hypertension -- most of the major illnesses
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ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื - ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
04:59
that we think about as being sources of morbidity and mortality.
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื•ืชืžื•ืชื”.
05:03
These are, indeed, the chronic disorders of young people.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
05:09
Now, I started by telling you that there were some good-news stories.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:12
This is obviously not one of them.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
05:13
This is the part of it that is perhaps most difficult,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:16
and in a sense this is a kind of confession for me.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
05:19
My job is to actually make sure that we make progress
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื
05:24
on all of these disorders.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื•.
05:26
I work for the federal government.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™.
05:28
Actually, I work for you. You pay my salary.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื. ืืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™.
05:30
And maybe at this point, when you know what I do,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”,
05:33
or maybe what I've failed to do,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
05:35
you'll think that I probably ought to be fired,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื™,
05:37
and I could certainly understand that.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
05:39
But what I want to suggest, and the reason I'm here
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ
05:41
is to tell you that I think we're about to be
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ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
05:45
in a very different world as we think about these illnesses.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
05:49
What I've been talking to you about so far is mental disorders,
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
05:52
diseases of the mind.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ.
05:54
That's actually becoming a rather unpopular term these days,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื— ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
05:58
and people feel that, for whatever reason,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
06:00
it's politically better to use the term behavioral disorders
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
06:03
and to talk about these as disorders of behavior.
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
06:07
Fair enough. They are disorders of behavior,
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ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:09
and they are disorders of the mind.
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ
06:11
But what I want to suggest to you
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื
06:14
is that both of those terms,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:15
which have been in play for a century or more,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:18
are actually now impediments to progress,
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
06:21
that what we need conceptually to make progress here
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
06:26
is to rethink these disorders as brain disorders.
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
06:31
Now, for some of you, you're going to say,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืืžืจื•,
06:33
"Oh my goodness, here we go again.
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"ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข.
06:35
We're going to hear about a biochemical imbalance
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
06:38
or we're going to hear about drugs
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืกืžื™ื
06:39
or we're going to hear about some very simplistic notion
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™
06:44
that will take our subjective experience
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ืฉื™ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:47
and turn it into molecules, or maybe into some sort of
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื“ืžื•ื™
06:53
very flat, unidimensional understanding
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“,
06:56
of what it is to have depression or schizophrenia.
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ื• ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”.
07:00
When we talk about the brain, it is anything but
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื“
07:05
unidimensional or simplistic or reductionistic.
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ืžื—ื“ ืžืžื“ื™ ืื• ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืื• ืžืฆืžืฆื.
07:08
It depends, of course, on what scale
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ
07:11
or what scope you want to think about,
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ืื• ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
07:13
but this is an organ of surreal complexity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
07:20
and we are just beginning to understand
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ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:23
how to even study it, whether you're thinking about
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ
07:25
the 100 billion neurons that are in the cortex
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100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—
07:28
or the 100 trillion synapses
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ืื• 100 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื•ืช
07:30
that make up all the connections.
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ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
07:32
We have just begun to try to figure out
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ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:36
how do we take this very complex machine
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื–ื•
07:40
that does extraordinary kinds of information processing
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข
07:42
and use our own minds to understand
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:45
this very complex brain that supports our own minds.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:49
It's actually a kind of cruel trick of evolution
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืื›ื–ืจื™
07:51
that we simply don't have a brain
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื—
07:55
that seems to be wired well enough to understand itself.
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ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
07:58
In a sense, it actually makes you feel that
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
08:00
when you're in the safe zone of studying behavior or cognition,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื›ืจื”,
08:03
something you can observe,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื•,
08:04
that in a way feels more simplistic and reductionistic
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ื•ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™
08:07
than trying to engage this very complex, mysterious organ
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื–ื”
08:12
that we're beginning to try to understand.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
08:15
Now, already in the case of the brain disorders
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
08:18
that I've been talking to you about,
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
08:20
depression, obsessive compulsive disorder,
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ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืขื” ื˜ื•ืจื“ื ื™ืช-ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
08:22
post-traumatic stress disorder,
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ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
08:25
while we don't have an in-depth understanding
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”
08:27
of how they are abnormally processed
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’
08:31
or what the brain is doing in these illnesses,
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ืื• ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”,
08:33
we have been able to already identify
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
08:36
some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
08:39
in which the circuitry is different
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”
08:41
for people who have these disorders.
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ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื”.
08:43
We call this the human connectome,
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
08:45
and you can think about the connectome
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื
08:47
sort of as the wiring diagram of the brain.
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ื›ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืจืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:49
You'll hear more about this in a few minutes.
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ืชืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช.
08:51
The important piece here is that as you begin to look
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
08:54
at people who have these disorders, the one in five of us
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•
08:58
who struggle in some way,
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ืฉื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
09:00
you find that there's a lot of variation
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื™
09:02
in the way that the brain is wired,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜,
09:06
but there are some predictable patterns, and those patterns
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:08
are risk factors for developing one of these disorders.
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ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
09:12
It's a little different than the way we think about brain disorders
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžื•ื—
09:15
like Huntington's or Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease
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ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ืื• ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ
09:18
where you have a bombed-out part of your cortex.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื”ืจืก ื—ืœืง ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— .
09:20
Here we're talking about traffic jams, or sometimes detours,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืงืคื™ื,
09:23
or sometimes problems with just the way that things are connected
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ืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
09:26
and the way that the brain functions.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืคืงื“.
09:27
You could, if you want, compare this to,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื, ืœื• ืจืฆื™ืชื, ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
09:31
on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืœืื•ื˜ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘, ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘,
09:34
where you have dead tissue in the heart,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืงืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘,
09:35
versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn't functioning
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฆื‘, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“
09:39
because of the communication problems within it.
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ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
09:41
Either one would kill you; in only one of them
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืชื›ื; ืจืง ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
09:43
will you find a major lesion.
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ืชืžืฆืื• ื—ื‘ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
09:46
As we think about this, probably it's better to actually go
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื”
09:49
a little deeper into one particular disorder, and that would be schizophrenia,
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ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืขื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืช, ื•ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
09:52
because I think that's a good case
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘
09:54
for helping to understand why thinking of this as a brain disorder matters.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
09:58
These are scans from Judy Rapoport and her colleagues
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ื’'ื•ื“ื™ ืจืคื•ืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”
10:02
at the National Institute of Mental Health
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
10:04
in which they studied children with very early onset schizophrenia,
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ืฉื ื”ื ื—ืงืจื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืงืฃ ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“,
10:07
and you can see already in the top
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
10:09
there's areas that are red or orange, yellow,
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ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ืื• ื›ืชื•ื, ืฆื”ื•ื‘,
10:11
are places where there's less gray matter,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคื•ืจ,
10:14
and as they followed them over five years,
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ื•ื›ืฉืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:15
comparing them to age match controls,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืงืจื” ืชื•ืืžืช ื’ื™ืœ,
10:17
you can see that, particularly in areas like
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•
10:19
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืกื•ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช
10:21
or the superior temporal gyrus, there's a profound loss of gray matter.
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ืื• ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคื•ืจ.
10:26
And it's important, if you try to model this,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื’ื•ื ืืช ื–ื”,
10:27
you can think about normal development
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
10:29
as a loss of cortical mass, loss of cortical gray matter,
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ื›ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืกื” ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™,
10:33
and what's happening in schizophrenia is that you overshoot that mark,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืžื—ื˜ื™ืื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–ื”
10:36
and at some point, when you overshoot,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื˜ื™ืื™ื,
10:38
you cross a threshold, and it's that threshold
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ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืฃ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกืฃ
10:41
where we say, this is a person who has this disease,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•,
10:44
because they have the behavioral symptoms
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื
10:47
of hallucinations and delusions.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช.
10:49
That's something we can observe.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื•.
10:50
But look at this closely and you can see that actually they've crossed a different threshold.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื• ืกืฃ ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:56
They've crossed a brain threshold much earlier,
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฆื• ืืช ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
10:59
that perhaps not at age 22 or 20,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 22 ืื• 20,
11:02
but even by age 15 or 16 you can begin to see
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ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ืื• 16 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
11:05
the trajectory for development is quite different
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ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
11:07
at the level of the brain, not at the level of behavior.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืœื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
11:11
Why does this matter? Well first because,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘? ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื,
11:13
for brain disorders, behavior is the last thing to change.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžื•ื—, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉืชื ื”.
11:16
We know that for Alzheimer's, for Parkinson's, for Huntington's.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:19
There are changes in the brain a decade or more
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:21
before you see the first signs of a behavioral change.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
11:26
The tools that we have now allow us to detect
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
11:29
these brain changes much earlier, long before the symptoms emerge.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื.
11:34
But most important, go back to where we started.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
11:37
The good-news stories in medicine
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”
11:40
are early detection, early intervention.
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
11:43
If we waited until the heart attack,
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ืœื• ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืœื”ืชืงืฃ ื”ืœื‘,
11:47
we would be sacrificing 1.1 million lives
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
11:51
every year in this country to heart disease.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืœืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘.
11:53
That is precisely what we do today
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
11:56
when we decide that everybody with one of these brain disorders,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
12:00
brain circuit disorders, has a behavioral disorder.
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ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช.
12:03
We wait until the behavior becomes manifest.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื’ื ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ.
12:06
That's not early detection. That's not early intervention.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื. ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
12:11
Now to be clear, we're not quite ready to do this.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:13
We don't have all the facts. We don't actually even know
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:16
what the tools will be,
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื ,
12:19
nor what to precisely look for in every case to be able
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ื•ืœื ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
12:23
to get there before the behavior emerges as different.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื—ืจื™ื’ื”.
12:27
But this tells us how we need to think about it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
12:30
and where we need to go.
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ื•ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช.
12:31
Are we going to be there soon?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘?
12:33
I think that this is something that will happen
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืงืจื”
12:35
over the course of the next few years, but I'd like to finish
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื
12:38
with a quote about trying to predict how this will happen
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ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”
12:41
by somebody who's thought a lot about changes
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ืžืคื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
12:43
in concepts and changes in technology.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
12:45
"We always overestimate the change that will occur
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"ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืจื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ
12:48
in the next two years and underestimate
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ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื•
12:50
the change that will occur in the next 10." -- Bill Gates.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช". - ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก.
12:54
Thanks very much.
270
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:55
(Applause)
271
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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