Thomas Insel: Toward a new understanding of mental illness

193,001 views ใƒป 2013-04-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
0
0
7000
๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Junyoung Kim
00:12
So let's start with some good news,
1
12530
2961
์ผ๋‹จ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
and the good news has to do with what do we know
2
15491
2349
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:17
based on biomedical research
3
17840
2267
์ƒ๋ฌผ ์˜ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
00:20
that actually has changed the outcomes
4
20107
3454
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜
00:23
for many very serious diseases?
5
23561
3099
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋†“์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:26
Let's start with leukemia,
6
26660
2247
๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค,
00:28
acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL,
7
28907
2528
๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘, ์งง๊ฒŒ ALL ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:31
the most common cancer of children.
8
31435
2438
์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์•”์ด์ฃ .
00:33
When I was a student,
9
33873
1962
์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์ผ ์ ์—๋Š”
00:35
the mortality rate was about 95 percent.
10
35835
3840
์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด 95 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Today, some 25, 30 years later, we're talking about
11
39675
3133
25๋…„, 30๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
00:42
a mortality rate that's reduced by 85 percent.
12
42808
3627
์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด 85 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:46
Six thousand children each year
13
46435
2616
์˜ˆ์ „ ๊ฐ™์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๋งค๋…„ 6,000 ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด
00:49
who would have previously died of this disease are cured.
14
49051
4189
์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋‚ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
If you want the really big numbers,
15
53240
1791
ํฐ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
00:55
look at these numbers for heart disease.
16
55031
2828
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:57
Heart disease used to be the biggest killer,
17
57859
1792
์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์€ ํŠนํžˆ 40๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
00:59
particularly for men in their 40s.
18
59651
1504
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:01
Today, we've seen a 63-percent reduction in mortality
19
61155
3494
์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด
01:04
from heart disease --
20
64649
2061
63 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
remarkably, 1.1 million deaths averted every year.
21
66710
4885
๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ 110๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:11
AIDS, incredibly, has just been named,
22
71595
2721
๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ
01:14
in the past month, a chronic disease,
23
74316
2281
๋งŒ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:16
meaning that a 20-year-old who becomes infected with HIV
24
76597
2915
๊ทธ ๋œป์€ ์–ด๋–ค 20๋Œ€๊ฐ€ HIV์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
01:19
is expected not to live weeks, months, or a couple of years,
25
79512
4071
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 10๋…„ ์ „ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:23
as we said only a decade ago,
26
83583
2270
๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋งŒ์„ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:25
but is thought to live decades,
27
85853
2392
๋ช‡ ์‹ญ ๋…„์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ณ ,
01:28
probably to die in his '60s or '70s from other causes altogether.
28
88245
4496
์•„๋งˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์„ ๋”ํ•ด 60๋Œ€๋‚˜ 70๋Œ€์— ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
These are just remarkable, remarkable changes
29
92741
3025
์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
01:35
in the outlook for some of the biggest killers.
30
95766
2589
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And one in particular
31
98355
2079
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
01:40
that you probably wouldn't know about, stroke,
32
100434
2045
์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ
01:42
which has been, along with heart disease,
33
102479
1601
์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜
01:44
one of the biggest killers in this country,
34
104080
2178
๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
01:46
is a disease in which now we know
35
106258
1791
์ด์ œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
01:48
that if you can get people into the emergency room
36
108049
2929
์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ›„ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—
01:50
within three hours of the onset,
37
110978
2174
์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
01:53
some 30 percent of them will be able to leave the hospital
38
113152
2605
๊ทธ ์ค‘ 30 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์• ๋„ ์—†์ด
01:55
without any disability whatsoever.
39
115757
3119
ํ‡ด์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
Remarkable stories,
40
118876
2257
๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ
02:01
good-news stories,
41
121133
2031
๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ์ข‹์€ ์ด ์†Œ์‹๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ
02:03
all of which boil down to understanding
42
123164
3065
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
02:06
something about the diseases that has allowed us
43
126229
3352
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
02:09
to detect early and intervene early.
44
129581
3323
์ผ์ฐ ์†์„ ์จ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Early detection, early intervention,
45
132904
2135
์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ฐ ์†์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:15
that's the story for these successes.
46
135039
3070
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์†Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:18
Unfortunately, the news is not all good.
47
138109
2736
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
Let's talk about one other story
48
140845
2349
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:23
which has to do with suicide.
49
143194
1691
์ž์‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
02:24
Now this is, of course, not a disease, per se.
50
144885
2652
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ž์‚ด์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:27
It's a condition, or it's a situation
51
147537
3088
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”
02:30
that leads to mortality.
52
150625
1789
์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
What you may not realize is just how prevalent it is.
53
152414
3080
์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:35
There are 38,000 suicides each year in the United States.
54
155494
4209
๋งค๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š” 38,000 ๊ฑด์˜ ์ž์‚ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
That means one about every 15 minutes.
55
159703
2758
๊ฑฐ์˜ 15๋ถ„์— ํ•œ ๋ช… ๊ผด์ด์ฃ .
02:42
Third most common cause of death amongst people
56
162461
2776
์ž์‚ด์€ 15์„ธ์—์„œ 25์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
02:45
between the ages of 15 and 25.
57
165237
2776
์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
It's kind of an extraordinary story when you realize
58
168013
2248
๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:50
that this is twice as common as homicide
59
170261
2512
์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์ด๊ณ 
02:52
and actually more common as a source of death
60
172773
2649
๊ตํ†ต ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
02:55
than traffic fatalities in this country.
61
175422
3335
์‚ฌ๋ง ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋” ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
Now, when we talk about suicide,
62
178757
2632
์ž์‚ด์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ
03:01
there is also a medical contribution here,
63
181389
3112
์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
03:04
because 90 percent of suicides
64
184501
2432
์ž์‚ด์˜ 90 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š”
03:06
are related to a mental illness:
65
186933
1770
์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia,
66
188703
3046
์šฐ์šธ์ฆ, ์กฐ์šธ์ฆ, ์ •์‹  ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ,
03:11
anorexia, borderline personality. There's a long list
67
191749
3058
๊ฑฐ์‹์ฆ, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์žฅ์•  ๋“ฑ
03:14
of disorders that contribute,
68
194808
2109
์ž์‚ด์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ๊ณ 
03:16
and as I mentioned before, often early in life.
69
196917
4024
์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต ์ธ์ƒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
But it's not just the mortality from these disorders.
70
200941
3204
์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์žฅ์• ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:24
It's also morbidity.
71
204145
1642
๋ณ‘์  ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
If you look at disability,
72
205787
2261
WHO(๊ตญ์ œ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ)๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ
03:28
as measured by the World Health Organization
73
208048
2152
"์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†์‹ค๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์ˆ˜"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒ™๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:30
with something they call the Disability Adjusted Life Years,
74
210200
3525
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
03:33
it's kind of a metric that nobody would think of
75
213725
2096
์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:35
except an economist,
76
215821
1314
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ํ•™์  ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€
03:37
except it's one way of trying to capture what is lost
77
217135
3442
์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
03:40
in terms of disability from medical causes,
78
220577
3183
์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
and as you can see, virtually 30 percent
79
223760
2893
๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
03:46
of all disability from all medical causes
80
226653
2264
์˜ํ•™์  ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฅ์• ์˜ ์•ฝ 30%๋Š”
03:48
can be attributed to mental disorders,
81
228917
2560
์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด,
03:51
neuropsychiatric syndromes.
82
231477
2384
๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
You're probably thinking that doesn't make any sense.
83
233861
2152
์•„๋งˆ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
03:56
I mean, cancer seems far more serious.
84
236013
2672
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒ ์ฃ , ์•”์ด ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:58
Heart disease seems far more serious.
85
238685
3032
์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ ์š”.
04:01
But you can see actually they are further down this list,
86
241717
3040
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์•”์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
04:04
and that's because we're talking here about disability.
87
244757
2280
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
What drives the disability for these disorders
88
247037
2792
์ •์‹  ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์—์„œ
04:09
like schizophrenia and bipolar and depression?
89
249829
3904
๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:13
Why are they number one here?
90
253733
2975
์™œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:16
Well, there are probably three reasons.
91
256708
1509
์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
One is that they're highly prevalent.
92
258217
1972
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:20
About one in five people will suffer from one of these disorders
93
260189
3295
๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋‚ด
04:23
in the course of their lifetime.
94
263484
2577
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
A second, of course, is that, for some people,
95
266061
2320
๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
04:28
these become truly disabling,
96
268381
1584
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
04:29
and it's about four to five percent, perhaps one in 20.
97
269965
3128
์Šค๋ฌด๋ช… ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ 4์—์„œ 5 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
But what really drives these numbers, this high morbidity,
98
273093
4264
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘์  ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€,
04:37
and to some extent the high mortality,
99
277357
2429
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
04:39
is the fact that these start very early in life.
100
279786
3948
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ผ์ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Fifty percent will have onset by age 14,
101
283734
3095
50 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๋Š” 14์‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ 
04:46
75 percent by age 24,
102
286829
3120
75 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š” 24์‚ด์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ
04:49
a picture that is very different than what one would see
103
289949
3465
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•”์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘,
04:53
if you're talking about cancer or heart disease,
104
293414
2271
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น๋‡จ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ‘์  ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
04:55
diabetes, hypertension -- most of the major illnesses
105
295685
3400
์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ์™€๋Š”
04:59
that we think about as being sources of morbidity and mortality.
106
299085
4096
์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
These are, indeed, the chronic disorders of young people.
107
303181
6310
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:09
Now, I started by telling you that there were some good-news stories.
108
309491
2867
์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
This is obviously not one of them.
109
312358
1448
๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:13
This is the part of it that is perhaps most difficult,
110
313806
2879
์ด๊ฑด ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด,
05:16
and in a sense this is a kind of confession for me.
111
316685
2584
๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ณ ํ•ด์„ฑ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:19
My job is to actually make sure that we make progress
112
319269
5352
์ œ ์ผ์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:24
on all of these disorders.
113
324621
2352
์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
I work for the federal government.
114
326973
1710
์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
05:28
Actually, I work for you. You pay my salary.
115
328683
2018
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ œ ์›”๊ธ‰๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
And maybe at this point, when you know what I do,
116
330701
2384
์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ, ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ
05:33
or maybe what I've failed to do,
117
333085
2120
์ด์ฏค์—์„œ
05:35
you'll think that I probably ought to be fired,
118
335205
2209
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชป ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:37
and I could certainly understand that.
119
337414
2155
์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
But what I want to suggest, and the reason I'm here
120
339569
2332
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:41
is to tell you that I think we're about to be
121
341901
3255
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:45
in a very different world as we think about these illnesses.
122
345156
4663
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
What I've been talking to you about so far is mental disorders,
123
349819
3106
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜,
05:52
diseases of the mind.
124
352925
1716
์ฆ‰, ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
That's actually becoming a rather unpopular term these days,
125
354641
3396
์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์š”์ฆ˜์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ง์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:58
and people feel that, for whatever reason,
126
358037
2200
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์œ ์—์„œ์ธ์ง€
06:00
it's politically better to use the term behavioral disorders
127
360237
3377
ํ–‰๋™ ์žฅ์• ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:03
and to talk about these as disorders of behavior.
128
363614
3911
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์ด ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:07
Fair enough. They are disorders of behavior,
129
367525
2267
๋ง์€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๋งž์•„์š”.
06:09
and they are disorders of the mind.
130
369792
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
But what I want to suggest to you
131
371792
2405
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฑด
06:14
is that both of those terms,
132
374197
1752
ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
06:15
which have been in play for a century or more,
133
375949
3018
์ด ๋‘ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘
06:18
are actually now impediments to progress,
134
378967
2820
์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ฐจ์งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
06:21
that what we need conceptually to make progress here
135
381787
4330
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์„ ๋‡Œ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
06:26
is to rethink these disorders as brain disorders.
136
386117
5208
๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Now, for some of you, you're going to say,
137
391325
1862
์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:33
"Oh my goodness, here we go again.
138
393187
2219
"์•„ํœด ๋˜ ๋ญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋„ค.
06:35
We're going to hear about a biochemical imbalance
139
395406
2628
์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€,
06:38
or we're going to hear about drugs
140
398034
1735
์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€,
06:39
or we're going to hear about some very simplistic notion
141
399769
4826
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
06:44
that will take our subjective experience
142
404595
2940
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„
06:47
and turn it into molecules, or maybe into some sort of
143
407535
6072
๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
06:53
very flat, unidimensional understanding
144
413607
3218
์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:56
of what it is to have depression or schizophrenia.
145
416825
4102
๋‹จ์กฐ๋กญ๊ณ  1์ฐจ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€" ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
When we talk about the brain, it is anything but
146
420927
4498
๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:05
unidimensional or simplistic or reductionistic.
147
425425
3263
์ „ํ˜€ 1์ฐจ์›์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ™˜์›์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
It depends, of course, on what scale
148
428688
2959
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์–ด๋Š ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š”
07:11
or what scope you want to think about,
149
431647
2296
์–ด๋Š ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ
07:13
but this is an organ of surreal complexity,
150
433943
6280
๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ดˆํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ,
07:20
and we are just beginning to understand
151
440223
3471
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
07:23
how to even study it, whether you're thinking about
152
443694
2173
์ด์ œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
the 100 billion neurons that are in the cortex
153
445867
2582
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ์งˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์ด๋“ 
07:28
or the 100 trillion synapses
154
448449
2145
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”
07:30
that make up all the connections.
155
450594
2359
100์กฐ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์ด๋“  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:32
We have just begun to try to figure out
156
452953
3576
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ์„œ์•ผ
07:36
how do we take this very complex machine
157
456529
3528
์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ, ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
07:40
that does extraordinary kinds of information processing
158
460057
2744
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
and use our own minds to understand
159
462801
2717
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ›์ณ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:45
this very complex brain that supports our own minds.
160
465518
3531
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:49
It's actually a kind of cruel trick of evolution
161
469049
2560
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ
07:51
that we simply don't have a brain
162
471609
3830
์ž˜ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ง„ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:55
that seems to be wired well enough to understand itself.
163
475439
2898
์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ž”์ธํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
In a sense, it actually makes you feel that
164
478337
2314
์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ง‰ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ
08:00
when you're in the safe zone of studying behavior or cognition,
165
480651
2838
์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์‹ ๋น„๋กญ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ์ง€์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:03
something you can observe,
166
483489
1323
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
08:04
that in a way feels more simplistic and reductionistic
167
484812
3005
ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
08:07
than trying to engage this very complex, mysterious organ
168
487817
4968
๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜์›์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:12
that we're beginning to try to understand.
169
492785
2428
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
08:15
Now, already in the case of the brain disorders
170
495213
3656
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜
08:18
that I've been talking to you about,
171
498869
1728
์šฐ์šธ์ฆ, ๊ฐ•๋ฐ• ์žฅ์• 
08:20
depression, obsessive compulsive disorder,
172
500597
2273
์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์•  ๊ฐ™์€,
08:22
post-traumatic stress disorder,
173
502870
2162
๋‡Œ ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์š”,
08:25
while we don't have an in-depth understanding
174
505032
2942
๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋‚˜
08:27
of how they are abnormally processed
175
507974
3726
๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์• ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:31
or what the brain is doing in these illnesses,
176
511700
2105
๊นŠ์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
08:33
we have been able to already identify
177
513805
3055
์ด ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:36
some of the connectional differences, or some of the ways
178
516860
2576
์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ƒํƒœ ๋˜๋Š”
08:39
in which the circuitry is different
179
519436
2504
์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
08:41
for people who have these disorders.
180
521940
1816
์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
We call this the human connectome,
181
523756
1758
์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ "์ปค๋„ฅํ†ฐ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:45
and you can think about the connectome
182
525514
2381
์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ๋„์‹ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
08:47
sort of as the wiring diagram of the brain.
183
527895
1872
์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
You'll hear more about this in a few minutes.
184
529767
2104
์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
The important piece here is that as you begin to look
185
531871
2951
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์•ฝ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…์— ํ•œ ๋ช… ๊ผด๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š”,
08:54
at people who have these disorders, the one in five of us
186
534822
3977
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
08:58
who struggle in some way,
187
538799
1828
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ,
09:00
you find that there's a lot of variation
188
540627
2288
๋น„๋ก ๋‡Œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
09:02
in the way that the brain is wired,
189
542915
3216
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
09:06
but there are some predictable patterns, and those patterns
190
546131
2602
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
are risk factors for developing one of these disorders.
191
548733
3814
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์€ ์ด ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๋“ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:12
It's a little different than the way we think about brain disorders
192
552547
2992
์ด๊ฑด ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์ด๋‚˜ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ฐ™์ด
09:15
like Huntington's or Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease
193
555539
2768
ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š”
09:18
where you have a bombed-out part of your cortex.
194
558307
2392
์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
Here we're talking about traffic jams, or sometimes detours,
195
560699
3260
์ด๋Š” ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด์ฆ, ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๋น„์œ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:23
or sometimes problems with just the way that things are connected
196
563959
2747
(๋‡Œ๋‚ด์˜) ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ
09:26
and the way that the brain functions.
197
566706
1247
๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
You could, if you want, compare this to,
198
567953
3170
์›ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
on the one hand, a myocardial infarction, a heart attack,
199
571123
3049
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ™์ด
09:34
where you have dead tissue in the heart,
200
574172
1823
์‹ฌ์žฅ ์•ˆ์— ์ฃฝ์€ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€
09:35
versus an arrhythmia, where the organ simply isn't functioning
201
575995
3597
๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
09:39
because of the communication problems within it.
202
579592
2251
๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
Either one would kill you; in only one of them
203
581843
1969
๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
will you find a major lesion.
204
583812
2600
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
09:46
As we think about this, probably it's better to actually go
205
586412
2832
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์žฅ์• ์—
09:49
a little deeper into one particular disorder, and that would be schizophrenia,
206
589244
3223
๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
09:52
because I think that's a good case
207
592467
2136
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์ด ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:54
for helping to understand why thinking of this as a brain disorder matters.
208
594603
3525
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์™œ ์ด ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์„ ๋‡Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
These are scans from Judy Rapoport and her colleagues
209
598128
3878
์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด๊ฑด์›์˜
10:02
at the National Institute of Mental Health
210
602006
2172
์ฅฌ๋”” ๋ž˜ํฌํฌํŠธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์Šค์บ”์ธ๋ฐ
10:04
in which they studied children with very early onset schizophrenia,
211
604178
3716
์ •์‹  ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ผ์ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
and you can see already in the top
212
607894
1470
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒŒ์จ ์œ„์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
10:09
there's areas that are red or orange, yellow,
213
609364
2537
๋นจ๊ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:11
are places where there's less gray matter,
214
611901
2138
๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํšŒ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
and as they followed them over five years,
215
614039
1538
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ 5๋…„๊ฐ„
10:15
comparing them to age match controls,
216
615577
2238
๋‚˜์ด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
10:17
you can see that, particularly in areas like
217
617815
1822
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:19
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
218
619637
2316
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์ธก๋ฉด ์ „๋‘์—ฝ ํ”ผ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜
10:21
or the superior temporal gyrus, there's a profound loss of gray matter.
219
621953
4330
์ƒ์ธก๋‘์ด๋ž‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
And it's important, if you try to model this,
220
626283
1543
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:27
you can think about normal development
221
627826
1956
์™ธํ”ผ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์™ธํ”ผ ํšŒ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ
10:29
as a loss of cortical mass, loss of cortical gray matter,
222
629782
3253
์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
10:33
and what's happening in schizophrenia is that you overshoot that mark,
223
633035
3664
์ •์‹  ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:36
and at some point, when you overshoot,
224
636699
1569
์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—”๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์œผ๋ฉด
10:38
you cross a threshold, and it's that threshold
225
638268
2991
ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์€
10:41
where we say, this is a person who has this disease,
226
641259
3576
ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
because they have the behavioral symptoms
227
644835
2288
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ™˜์˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ง์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€
10:47
of hallucinations and delusions.
228
647123
2121
ํ–‰๋™์  ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:49
That's something we can observe.
229
649244
1477
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
But look at this closely and you can see that actually they've crossed a different threshold.
230
650721
5642
๊ทผ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:56
They've crossed a brain threshold much earlier,
231
656363
2996
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋จผ์ € ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
that perhaps not at age 22 or 20,
232
659359
3140
์•„๋งˆ 22์„ธ๋‚˜ 20์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:02
but even by age 15 or 16 you can begin to see
233
662499
2768
15์„ธ๋‚˜ 16์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์—๋„ ๋ฒŒ์จ
11:05
the trajectory for development is quite different
234
665267
2360
ํ–‰๋™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:07
at the level of the brain, not at the level of behavior.
235
667627
3515
๋‡Œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ถค๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:11
Why does this matter? Well first because,
236
671142
2095
์ด๊ฒŒ ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ์ผ๋‹จ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ,
11:13
for brain disorders, behavior is the last thing to change.
237
673237
3142
๋‡Œ ์žฅ์• ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์ œ์ผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
We know that for Alzheimer's, for Parkinson's, for Huntington's.
238
676379
2910
์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋‚˜ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ๋˜๋Š” ํ—ŒํŒ…ํŠผ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:19
There are changes in the brain a decade or more
239
679289
2434
ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฒซ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ 10๋…„๋„ ๋” ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:21
before you see the first signs of a behavioral change.
240
681723
5040
๋‡Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
The tools that we have now allow us to detect
241
686763
2944
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ
11:29
these brain changes much earlier, long before the symptoms emerge.
242
689707
4297
์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ผ์ฐ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
But most important, go back to where we started.
243
694004
3399
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ 
11:37
The good-news stories in medicine
244
697403
3216
์˜์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€
11:40
are early detection, early intervention.
245
700619
2944
์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ์ฐ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
If we waited until the heart attack,
246
703563
3664
์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์ด ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
11:47
we would be sacrificing 1.1 million lives
247
707227
3975
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋งค๋…„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
11:51
every year in this country to heart disease.
248
711202
2409
110๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
That is precisely what we do today
249
713611
2408
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
when we decide that everybody with one of these brain disorders,
250
716019
4512
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‡Œ ์žฅ์• ๋‚˜ ๋‡Œ ํšŒ๋กœ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
12:00
brain circuit disorders, has a behavioral disorder.
251
720531
3202
ํ–‰๋™ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
We wait until the behavior becomes manifest.
252
723733
3224
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
That's not early detection. That's not early intervention.
253
726957
4559
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋„, ์ด๋ฅธ ์กฐ์น˜๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
Now to be clear, we're not quite ready to do this.
254
731516
1805
๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํžˆ์ž๋ฉด, ์•„์ง ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
We don't have all the facts. We don't actually even know
255
733321
3154
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
what the tools will be,
256
736475
2549
์–ด๋–ค ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ,
12:19
nor what to precisely look for in every case to be able
257
739024
4259
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:23
to get there before the behavior emerges as different.
258
743283
4205
์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
But this tells us how we need to think about it,
259
747488
2937
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€
12:30
and where we need to go.
260
750425
1489
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
Are we going to be there soon?
261
751914
1202
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๊ณง ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:33
I think that this is something that will happen
262
753116
2678
์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„์—์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
over the course of the next few years, but I'd like to finish
263
755794
2831
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’€๋ ค ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”
12:38
with a quote about trying to predict how this will happen
264
758625
2535
ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
by somebody who's thought a lot about changes
265
761160
2361
๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€
12:43
in concepts and changes in technology.
266
763521
2328
๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
"We always overestimate the change that will occur
267
765849
2264
๋นŒ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
in the next two years and underestimate
268
768113
2223
"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ 2๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:50
the change that will occur in the next 10." -- Bill Gates.
269
770336
3876
10๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค."
12:54
Thanks very much.
270
774212
1363
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
(Applause)
271
775575
2683
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7