When ideas have sex | Matt Ridley

397,926 views ใƒป 2010-07-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Amir Wilf ืžื‘ืงืจ: Adi Smulian
00:16
When I was a student here in Oxford in the 1970s,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70',
00:19
the future of the world was bleak.
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ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื’ื•ื.
00:22
The population explosion was unstoppable.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”.
00:24
Global famine was inevitable.
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ืจืขื‘ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข.
00:26
A cancer epidemic caused by chemicals in the environment
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ืžื’ืคืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
00:29
was going to shorten our lives.
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ืขืžื“ื” ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:32
The acid rain was falling on the forests.
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ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆืชื™ ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
00:35
The desert was advancing by a mile or two a year.
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ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
00:37
The oil was running out,
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ื”ื ืคื˜ ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ
00:39
and a nuclear winter would finish us off.
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ื•ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
00:42
None of those things happened,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
00:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:46
and astonishingly, if you look at what actually happened in my lifetime,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
00:49
the average per-capita income
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœื ืคืฉ
00:52
of the average person on the planet,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:54
in real terms, adjusted for inflation,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”,
00:56
has tripled.
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ืฉื•ืœืฉื”.
00:58
Lifespan is up by 30 percent in my lifetime.
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘-30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:01
Child mortality is down by two-thirds.
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ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื.
01:04
Per-capita food production
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ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืคืฉ
01:06
is up by a third.
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ.
01:08
And all this at a time when the population has doubled.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื”.
01:11
How did we achieve that, whether you think it's a good thing or not?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื–ืืช - ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœื,
01:13
How did we achieve that?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื–ืืช?
01:15
How did we become
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืคื›ื ื•
01:17
the only species
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
01:19
that becomes more prosperous
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ืฉืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:21
as it becomes more populous?
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื•ื›ืœืกื™ืชื• ื’ื“ืœื”?
01:23
The size of the blob in this graph represents the size of the population,
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ืชื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
01:26
and the level of the graph
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ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืฃ
01:28
represents GDP per capita.
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ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ.
01:30
I think to answer that question
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:32
you need to understand
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:34
how human beings bring together their brains
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื
01:37
and enable their ideas to combine and recombine,
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘
01:40
to meet and, indeed, to mate.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
01:43
In other words, you need to understand
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:45
how ideas have sex.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืก.
01:48
I want you to imagine
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•
01:50
how we got from making objects like this
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื•
01:53
to making objects like this.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
01:56
These are both real objects.
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:58
One is an Acheulean hand axe from half a million years ago
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
02:00
of the kind made by Homo erectus.
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ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืžื•-ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก.
02:03
The other is obviously a computer mouse.
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ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:05
They're both exactly the same size and shape to an uncanny degree.
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืœื™ื.
02:08
I've tried to work out which is bigger,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:11
and it's almost impossible.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:13
And that's because they're both designed to fit the human hand.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:15
They're both technologies. In the end, their similarity is not that interesting.
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:18
It just tells you they were both designed to fit the human hand.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:20
The differences are what interest me,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™.
02:22
because the one on the left was made to a pretty unvarying design
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืคืจื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืข
02:25
for about a million years --
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื -
02:27
from one-and-a-half million years ago to half a million years ago.
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ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:30
Homo erectus made the same tool
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ื”ื•ืžื• ืืจืงื˜ื•ืก ืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœื™
02:33
for 30,000 generations.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30,000 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:35
Of course there were a few changes,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื,
02:37
but tools changed slower than skeletons in those days.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื.
02:40
There was no progress, no innovation.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื“ืžื”, ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
02:42
It's an extraordinary phenomenon, but it's true.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช.
02:44
Whereas the object on the right is obsolete after five years.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:47
And there's another difference too,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ,
02:49
which is the object on the left is made from one substance.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“.
02:51
The object on the right is made from
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ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™
02:53
a confection of different substances,
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ืžืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:55
from silicon and metal and plastic and so on.
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ืžืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
02:58
And more than that, it's a confection of different ideas,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:01
the idea of plastic, the idea of a laser,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ,
03:03
the idea of transistors.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
03:05
They've all been combined together in this technology.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
03:08
And it's this combination,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
03:10
this cumulative technology, that intrigues me,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื™.
03:13
because I think it's the secret to understanding
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:16
what's happening in the world.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:18
My body's an accumulation of ideas too:
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ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:21
the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“.
03:24
They've come together.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•.
03:26
How does evolution do cumulative, combinatorial things?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื?
03:29
Well, it uses sexual reproduction.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
03:32
In an asexual species, if you get two different mutations in different creatures,
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ื‘ื–ืŸ ื-ืžื™ื ื™, ืื ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื,
03:35
a green one and a red one,
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ืื—ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ืื—ืช ืื“ื•ืžื”,
03:37
then one has to be better than the other.
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ืื– ืื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
03:39
One goes extinct for the other to survive.
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ื”ืื—ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจื“ืช.
03:41
But if you have a sexual species,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™,
03:43
then it's possible for an individual
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ืื– ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“
03:45
to inherit both mutations
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ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
03:47
from different lineages.
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ืžืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:49
So what sex does is it enables the individual
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืกืงืก ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“
03:52
to draw upon
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ืœืงื‘ืœ
03:54
the genetic innovations of the whole species.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:57
It's not confined to its own lineage.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื•.
03:59
What's the process that's having the same effect
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ืื– ืžื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
04:01
in cultural evolution
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ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
04:03
as sex is having in biological evolution?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืกืงืก ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช?
04:06
And I think the answer is exchange,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ,
04:08
the habit of exchanging one thing for another.
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ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื—ืจ.
04:11
It's a unique human feature.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
04:13
No other animal does it.
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ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
04:15
You can teach them in the laboratory to do a little bit of exchange --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ.
04:17
and indeed there's reciprocity in other animals --
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:19
But the exchange of one object for another never happens.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื—ืจ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
04:22
As Adam Smith said, "No man ever saw a dog
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' ืืžืจ: "ืืฃ ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ื›ืœื‘
04:24
make a fair exchange of a bone with another dog."
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ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืขื ื›ืœื‘ ืื—ืจ."
04:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:30
You can have culture without exchange.
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ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ.
04:32
You can have, as it were, asexual culture.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื-ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
04:34
Chimpanzees, killer whales, these kinds of creatures, they have culture.
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช, ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืื•ืจืงื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:37
They teach each other traditions
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ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช
04:39
which are handed down from parent to offspring.
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ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฆืืฆื.
04:41
In this case, chimpanzees teaching each other
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
04:43
how to crack nuts with rocks.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืฆื— ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื ืื‘ื ื™ื.
04:45
But the difference is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื
04:47
that these cultures never expand, never grow,
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ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช,
04:49
never accumulate, never become combinatorial,
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
04:51
and the reason is because
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
04:53
there is no sex, as it were,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ "ืกืงืก",
04:55
there is no exchange of ideas.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:57
Chimpanzee troops have different cultures in different troops.
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ืœืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:00
There's no exchange of ideas between them.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
05:03
And why does exchange raise living standards?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
05:05
Well, the answer came from David Ricardo in 1817.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ื‘-1817.
05:08
And here is a Stone Age version of his story,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืกืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
05:10
although he told it in terms of trade between countries.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
05:13
Adam takes four hours to make a spear and three hours to make an axe.
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ืœืื“ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื–ืŸ.
05:16
Oz takes one hour to make a spear and two hours to make an axe.
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ืœืขื•ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื–ืŸ.
05:19
So Oz is better at both spears and axes than Adam.
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ืื– ืขื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื.
05:22
He doesn't need Adam.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ืื“ื.
05:24
He can make his own spears and axes.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
05:26
Well no, because if you think about it,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืœื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
05:28
if Oz makes two spears and Adam make two axes,
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ืื ืขื•ื– ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืื“ื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื,
05:30
and then they trade,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ,
05:32
then they will each have saved an hour of work.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ืฉืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:35
And the more they do this, the more true it's going to be,
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ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:38
because the more they do this, the better Adam is going to get at making axes
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื’ืจื–ื ื™ื,
05:41
and the better Oz is going to get at making spears.
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ื•ืขื•ื– ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช.
05:43
So the gains from trade are only going to grow.
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ืื– ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืกื—ืจ ืจืง ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืจ.
05:45
And this is one of the beauties of exchange,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ,
05:47
is it actually creates the momentum
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืคื”
05:49
for more specialization,
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ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช,
05:51
which creates the momentum for more exchange and so on.
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืคื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
05:54
Adam and Oz both saved an hour of time.
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ืื“ื ื•ืขื•ื– ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ืกื›ื• ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ.
05:56
That is prosperity, the saving of time
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’, ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
05:58
in satisfying your needs.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
06:01
Ask yourself how long you would have to work
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ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
06:03
to provide for yourself
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
06:06
an hour of reading light this evening to read a book by.
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ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืขืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจ.
06:09
If you had to start from scratch, let's say you go out into the countryside.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืืคืก, ื ื’ื™ื“ ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ.
06:12
You find a sheep. You kill it. You get the fat out of it.
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืžื ื”.
06:14
You render it down. You make a candle, etc. etc.
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ืืชื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
06:17
How long is it going to take you? Quite a long time.
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืœื›ื? ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ.
06:19
How long do you actually have to work
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ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
06:21
to earn an hour of reading light
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืงืจื™ืื”
06:23
if you're on the average wage in Britain today?
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ืื ืืชื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื?
06:25
And the answer is about half a second.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:28
Back in 1950,
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ืื™ ืฉื ื‘-1950,
06:30
you would have had to work for eight seconds on the average wage
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:32
to acquire that much light.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
06:34
And that's seven and a half seconds of prosperity that you've gained
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉื”ืฉื’ืชื.
06:37
since 1950, as it were,
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ืžืื– 1950.
06:39
because that's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ื ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
06:42
or you can acquire another good or service.
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ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:44
And back in 1880,
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ื•ืื™ ืฉื ื‘-1880,
06:46
it would have been 15 minutes
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” 15 ื“ืงื•ืช
06:48
to earn that amount of light on the average wage.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
06:50
Back in 1800,
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ื‘-1800,
06:52
you'd have had to work six hours
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช
06:54
to earn a candle that could burn for an hour.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื ืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”.
06:57
In other words, the average person on the average wage
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:59
could not afford a candle in 1800.
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื ืจ ื‘-1800.
07:02
Go back to this image of the axe and the mouse,
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
07:05
and ask yourself: "Who made them and for who?"
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ื•ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื: "ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™?"
07:08
The stone axe was made by someone for himself.
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ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
07:10
It was self-sufficiency.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™.
07:12
We call that poverty these days.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
07:14
But the object on the right
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
07:16
was made for me by other people.
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ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:19
How many other people?
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
07:21
Tens? Hundreds? Thousands?
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช? ืžืื•ืช? ืืœืคื™ื?
07:23
You know, I think it's probably millions.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
07:25
Because you've got to include the man who grew the coffee,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืคื”,
07:27
which was brewed for the man who was on the oil rig,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืืกื“ืช ื”ื ืคื˜,
07:30
who was drilling for oil, which was going to be made into the plastic, etc.
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ืฉืงื“ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ืคื˜, ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื›ื•'.
07:33
They were all working for me,
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
07:35
to make a mouse for me.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
07:37
And that's the way society works.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช .
07:40
That's what we've achieved as a species.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื–ืŸ.
07:44
In the old days, if you were rich,
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ืคืขื, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
07:46
you literally had people working for you.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืชืจืชื™-ืžืฉืžืข.
07:48
That's how you got to be rich; you employed them.
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ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ืชื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืขืกืงืชื ืื•ืชื.
07:50
Louis XIV had a lot of people working for him.
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ืœืœื•ืื™ ื”-14 ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
07:52
They made his silly outfits, like this,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช.
07:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:56
and they did his silly hairstyles, or whatever.
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ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื”.
07:59
He had 498 people
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 498 ืื ืฉื™ื
08:01
to prepare his dinner every night.
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื• ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
08:03
But a modern tourist going around the palace of Versailles
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจืกืื™
08:05
and looking at Louis XIV's pictures,
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ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื”-14,
08:08
he has 498 people doing his dinner tonight too.
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ื’ื ืœื• ื™ืฉ 498 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘.
08:10
They're in bistros and cafes and restaurants
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ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช
08:12
and shops all over Paris,
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ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืคืืจื™ืก.
08:14
and they're all ready to serve you at an hour's notice with an excellent meal
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื”ืชืจืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืขื” ืขื ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช
08:17
that's probably got higher quality
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ืฉืื™ื›ื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,ื›ื ืจืื”,
08:19
than Louis XIV even had.
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ืžืืœื• ืฉืœื•ืื™ ื”-14 ืื›ืœ.
08:21
And that's what we've done, because we're all working for each other.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:24
We're able to draw upon specialization and exchange
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื—ืจ
08:27
to raise each other's living standards.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:30
Now, you do get other animals working for each other too.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
08:33
Ants are a classic example; workers work for queens and queens work for workers.
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ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
08:36
But there's a big difference,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
08:38
which is that it only happens within the colony.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
08:40
There's no working for each other across the colonies.
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
08:42
And the reason for that is because there's a reproductive division of labor.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
08:45
That is to say, they specialize with respect to reproduction.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
08:48
The queen does it all.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
08:50
In our species, we don't like doing that.
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ื‘ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:52
It's the one thing we insist on doing for ourselves, is reproduction.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
08:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:58
Even in England, we don't leave reproduction to the Queen.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืœื›ื”.
09:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:05
So when did this habit start?
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ืื– ืžืชื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ?
09:07
And how long has it been going on? And what does it mean?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš? ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•?
09:09
Well, I think, probably, the oldest version of this
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”
09:12
is probably the sexual division of labor.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
09:14
But I've got no evidence for that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
09:16
It just looks like the first thing we did
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
09:18
was work male for female and female for male.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืฉื”.
09:21
In all hunter-gatherer societies today,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ - ืžืœืงื˜ ื›ื™ื•ื
09:23
there's a foraging division of labor
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
09:25
between, on the whole, hunting males and gathering females.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช
09:27
It isn't always quite that simple,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜.
09:29
but there's a distinction between
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:31
specialized roles for males and females.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื.
09:33
And the beauty of this system
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช
09:35
is that it benefits both sides.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืฆื“.
09:38
The woman knows
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ื”ืืฉื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช
09:40
that, in the Hadzas' case here --
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”-ื”ื“ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ -
09:42
digging roots to share with men in exchange for meat --
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืฉืจ -
09:44
she knows that all she has to do to get access to protein
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ
09:47
is to dig some extra roots and trade them for meat.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ.
09:50
And she doesn't have to go on an exhausting hunt
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืฆื™ื“ ืžืชื™ืฉ
09:52
and try and kill a warthog.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช.
09:54
And the man knows that he doesn't have to do any digging
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคื•ืจ
09:56
to get roots.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
09:58
All he has to do is make sure that when he kills a warthog
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื’ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช
10:00
it's big enough to share some.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืงืฆืช.
10:02
And so both sides raise each other's standards of living
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
10:05
through the sexual division of labor.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:07
When did this happen? We don't know, but it's possible
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ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ืงืจื”? ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
10:10
that Neanderthals didn't do this.
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ืฉื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
10:12
They were a highly cooperative species.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™.
10:14
They were a highly intelligent species.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ื.
10:16
Their brains on average, by the end, were bigger than yours and mine
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื›ื
10:18
in this room today.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:20
They were imaginative. They buried their dead.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉื”ื.
10:22
They had language, probably,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉืคื”, ื›ื ืจืื”,
10:24
because we know they had the FOXP2 gene of the same kind as us,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”-FOXP2 ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื”,
10:26
which was discovered here in Oxford.
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ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
10:28
And so it looks like they probably had linguistic skills.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืฉืคื”.
10:31
They were brilliant people. I'm not dissing the Neanderthals.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื.
10:35
But there's no evidence
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช
10:37
of a sexual division of labor.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:39
There's no evidence of gathering behavior by females.
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ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
10:42
It looks like the females were cooperative hunters with the men.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:46
And the other thing there's no evidence for
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•
10:48
is exchange between groups,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
10:51
because the objects that you find in Neanderthal remains,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
10:54
the tools they made,
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•,
10:56
are always made from local materials.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
10:58
For example, in the Caucasus
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘-ืงื•ืงืื–
11:00
there's a site where you find local Neanderthal tools.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืืชืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
11:03
They're always made from local chert.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
11:05
In the same valley there are modern human remains
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืžืง, ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
11:07
from about the same date, 30,000 years ago,
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ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš, ืœืคื ื™ 30,000 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:09
and some of those are from local chert,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
11:11
but more -- but many of them are made
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš - ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื
11:13
from obsidian from a long way away.
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ืžืื‘ืŸ ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“.
11:15
And when human beings began
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
11:17
moving objects around like this,
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ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช,
11:19
it was evidence that they were exchanging between groups.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
11:22
Trade is 10 times as old as farming.
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ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขืชื™ืง ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
11:25
People forget that. People think of trade as a modern thing.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื–ืืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
11:28
Exchange between groups has been going on
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ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื
11:30
for a hundred thousand years.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:33
And the earliest evidence for it crops up
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ื•ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฆืฆื”
11:35
somewhere between 80 and 120,000 years ago in Africa,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 80 ืœ- 120,000 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
11:38
when you see obsidian and jasper and other things
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉืคื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
11:41
moving long distances in Ethiopia.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
11:44
You also see seashells --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช -
11:46
as discovered by a team here in Oxford --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืืŸ ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ -
11:48
moving 125 miles inland
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ืฉื ืขื•ืช 125 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
11:50
from the Mediterranean in Algeria.
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ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจ.
11:53
And that's evidence that people
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ื•ื–ืืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
11:55
have started exchanging between groups.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
11:57
And that will have led to specialization.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.
11:59
How do you know that long-distance movement
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:01
means trade rather than migration?
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”?
12:04
Well, you look at modern hunter gatherers like aboriginals,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ืœื™ื,
12:06
who quarried for stone axes at a place called Mount Isa,
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ืฉื—ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’ืจื–ื ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืจืื” 'ื”ืจ ืื™ืกื',
12:09
which was a quarry owned by the Kalkadoon tribe.
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ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื—ืฆื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงืืœืงืื“ื•ืŸ.
12:12
They traded them with their neighbors
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ื”ื ืกื—ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื
12:14
for things like stingray barbs,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืงืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื.
12:16
and the consequence was that stone axes
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ืจื–ื ื™ ืื‘ืŸ
12:18
ended up over a large part of Australia.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
12:20
So long-distance movement of tools
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ืื– ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื
12:22
is a sign of trade, not migration.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžืกื—ืจ, ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
12:25
What happens when you cut people off from exchange,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ,
12:28
from the ability to exchange and specialize?
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ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช?
12:31
And the answer is that
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
12:33
not only do you slow down technological progress,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืืชื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
12:35
you can actually throw it into reverse.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
12:38
An example is Tasmania.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื”.
12:40
When the sea level rose and Tasmania became an island 10,000 years ago,
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ื›ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœื” ื•ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื™ ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
12:43
the people on it not only experienced
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื•
12:45
slower progress than people on the mainland,
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
12:48
they actually experienced regress.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”.
12:50
They gave up the ability to make stone tools
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ื”ื ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ื
12:52
and fishing equipment and clothing
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“
12:54
because the population of about 4,000 people
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 4,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
12:57
was simply not large enough
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
12:59
to maintain the specialized skills
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช
13:01
necessary to keep the technology they had.
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ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื.
13:04
It's as if the people in this room were plonked on a desert island.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืœืคื™ื ืœืื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™.
13:06
How many of the things in our pockets
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
13:08
could we continue to make after 10,000 years?
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื?
13:12
It didn't happen in Tierra del Fuego --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘-ื˜ื™ื™ืจื” ื“ืœ ืคื•ืื’ื• -
13:14
similar island, similar people.
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ืื™ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
13:16
The reason: because Tierra del Fuego
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืจื” ื“ืœ ืคื•ืื’ื•
13:18
is separated from South America by a much narrower straight,
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจ.
13:21
and there was trading contact across that straight
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”
13:23
throughout 10,000 years.
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ืœืื•ืจืš 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
13:25
The Tasmanians were isolated.
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ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
13:28
Go back to this image again
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ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘
13:30
and ask yourself, not only who made it and for who,
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ื•ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™?
13:33
but who knew how to make it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
13:36
In the case of the stone axe, the man who made it knew how to make it.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
13:39
But who knows how to make a computer mouse?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘?
13:42
Nobody, literally nobody.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ืชืจืชื™-ืžืฉืžืข, ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
13:45
There is nobody on the planet who knows how to make a computer mouse.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
13:48
I mean this quite seriously.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
13:50
The president of the computer mouse company doesn't know.
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ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
13:52
He just knows how to run a company.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:55
The person on the assembly line doesn't know
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ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข
13:57
because he doesn't know how to drill an oil well
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื‘ืืจ ื ืคื˜
13:59
to get oil out to make plastic, and so on.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืคื˜ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
14:02
We all know little bits, but none of us knows the whole.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืœื.
14:05
I am of course quoting from a famous essay
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืžืืžืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื
14:07
by Leonard Read, the economist in the 1950s,
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ืžืืช ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ืจื™ื“, ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50',
14:10
called "I, Pencil"
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ืฉื ืงืจื " ืื ื™, ืขืคืจื•ืŸ"
14:12
in which he wrote about how a pencil came to be made,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”,
14:15
and how nobody knows even how to make a pencil,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ,
14:18
because the people who assemble it don't know how to mine graphite,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืืคื™ื˜.
14:21
and they don't know how to fell trees and that kind of thing.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
14:24
And what we've done in human society,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
14:26
through exchange and specialization,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช,
14:28
is we've created
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•
14:30
the ability to do things that we don't even understand.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
14:33
It's not the same with language.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉืคื”.
14:35
With language we have to transfer ideas
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจืง ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
14:37
that we understand with each other.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
14:40
But with technology,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:42
we can actually do things that are beyond our capabilities.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:44
We've gone beyond the capacity of the human mind
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
14:47
to an extraordinary degree.
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
14:49
And by the way,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
14:51
that's one of the reasons that I'm not interested
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:54
in the debate about I.Q.,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ื™.ืงื™ื•.,
14:56
about whether some groups have higher I.Q.s than other groups.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™.ืงื™ื•. ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื—ืจื•ืช.
14:59
It's completely irrelevant.
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš.
15:01
What's relevant to a society
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
15:04
is how well people are communicating their ideas,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
15:07
and how well they're cooperating,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
15:09
not how clever the individuals are.
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ืœื ื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื.
15:11
So we've created something called the collective brain.
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
15:13
We're just the nodes in the network.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช.
15:15
We're the neurons in this brain.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
15:18
It's the interchange of ideas,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
15:20
the meeting and mating of ideas between them,
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื,
15:22
that is causing technological progress,
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
15:25
incrementally, bit by bit.
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ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
15:27
However, bad things happen.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
15:29
And in the future, as we go forward,
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ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืœืš ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
15:32
we will, of course, experience terrible things.
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืชื ืกื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื.
15:35
There will be wars; there will be depressions;
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื.
15:37
there will be natural disasters.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
15:39
Awful things will happen in this century, I'm absolutely sure.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื™ืงืจื• ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
15:42
But I'm also sure that, because of the connections people are making,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
15:45
and the ability of ideas
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
15:47
to meet and to mate
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ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’
15:49
as never before,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ืงืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื,
15:51
I'm also sure
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
15:53
that technology will advance,
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ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืชืงื“ื,
15:55
and therefore living standards will advance.
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืขืœื”.
15:57
Because through the cloud,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ืขื ืŸ,
15:59
through crowd sourcing,
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ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
16:01
through the bottom-up world that we've created,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื-ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•,
16:03
where not just the elites but everybody
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืขืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื
16:06
is able to have their ideas
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
16:08
and make them meet and mate,
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’,
16:10
we are surely accelerating the rate of innovation.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
16:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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