When ideas have sex | Matt Ridley

389,968 views ・ 2010-07-19

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μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: DaJeong Lee κ²€ν† : Nancy Schultz
00:16
When I was a student here in Oxford in the 1970s,
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μ œκ°€ 1970λ…„λŒ€μ— 이곳 μ˜₯μŠ€ν¬λ“œμ˜ 학생일 λ•Œμ—λŠ”
00:19
the future of the world was bleak.
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μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λ―Έλž˜λŠ” μ–΄λ‘μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
The population explosion was unstoppable.
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인ꡬ의 μ¦κ°€λŠ” ν†΅μ œ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°,
00:24
Global famine was inevitable.
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세계적인 κΈ°μ•„λŠ” ν”Όν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 운λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
A cancer epidemic caused by chemicals in the environment
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ν™˜κ²½ λ‚΄ ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ μ•ΌκΈ°λœ μ•”μ˜ 확산은
00:29
was going to shorten our lives.
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인λ₯˜μ˜ 삢을 λ‹¨μΆ•μ‹œν‚¬ 것이라 μ—¬κ²¨μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
The acid rain was falling on the forests.
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μˆ²μ—λŠ” μ‚°μ„±λΉ„κ°€ 내리고,
00:35
The desert was advancing by a mile or two a year.
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μ‚¬λ§‰ν™”λŠ” μ—°κ°„ 1~2λ§ˆμΌμ”© μ§„μ „λ˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
The oil was running out,
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μ„μœ λŠ” κ³ κ°ˆλ˜μ–΄κ°€κ³ ,
00:39
and a nuclear winter would finish us off.
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ν•΅ μ „μŸμœΌλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ ν•œλž­ν™” ν˜„μƒμ€ 인λ₯˜μ˜ 쒅말을 μ•ΌκΈ°ν•  것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:42
None of those things happened,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœ„μ˜ 어떀일도 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ 
00:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:46
and astonishingly, if you look at what actually happened in my lifetime,
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„, 제 생애 λ™μ•ˆ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 일듀은
00:49
the average per-capita income
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 보톡 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜
00:52
of the average person on the planet,
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인당 ν‰κ· μ†Œλ“μ€
00:54
in real terms, adjusted for inflation,
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μΈν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ…˜μ΄ κ°μ•ˆλœ ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ
00:56
has tripled.
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μ„Έλ°°κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Lifespan is up by 30 percent in my lifetime.
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평균 수λͺ…은 제 생애 λ™μ•ˆ 30%κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€κ³ ,
01:01
Child mortality is down by two-thirds.
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μœ μ•„ 사망λ₯ μ€ 2/3둜 μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
Per-capita food production
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인당 μ‹λŸ‰ μƒμ‚°λŸ‰μ€
01:06
is up by a third.
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μ„Έλ°°λ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
And all this at a time when the population has doubled.
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이런 진전이 μžˆλŠ” 와쀑 μΈκ΅¬λŠ” λ‘λ°°λ‘œ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
How did we achieve that, whether you think it's a good thing or not?
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이런 ν˜„μƒμ˜ 옳고 그름은 개개인의 νŒλ‹¨μ— μ’Œμš°ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ,
01:13
How did we achieve that?
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우린 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  ν˜„μƒμ„ μ„±μ·¨ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:15
How did we become
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
01:17
the only species
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인λ₯˜μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ” μ¦κ°€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
01:19
that becomes more prosperous
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점점 λ²ˆμ˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
01:21
as it becomes more populous?
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μœ μΌν•œ 쒅이 λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:23
The size of the blob in this graph represents the size of the population,
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ—μ„œ μ›μ˜ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 인λ₯˜μ˜ 수λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
and the level of the graph
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그리고 μ„Έλ‘œ 좕은
01:28
represents GDP per capita.
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인당 GDPλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ£ .
01:30
I think to answer that question
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질문의 닡을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:32
you need to understand
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λ¨Όμ € 이해해야 ν•  점은
01:34
how human beings bring together their brains
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 인λ₯˜κ°€ 머리λ₯Ό λ§žλ°μ–΄
01:37
and enable their ideas to combine and recombine,
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μ„œλ‘œμ˜ 아이디어λ₯Ό μ„žκ³  또 μ„žμ–΄
01:40
to meet and, indeed, to mate.
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아이디어듀이 μ„žμ—¬, μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ λ˜λŠλƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
In other words, you need to understand
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즉, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
01:45
how ideas have sex.
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μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ„ΉμŠ€μ˜ 방법을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
I want you to imagine
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자, 생각해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
01:50
how we got from making objects like this
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ν•œλ•Œ 이런 μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€λ˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
01:53
to making objects like this.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 물체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λλŠ”μ§€λ₯Όμš”. (이젠 이런 μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€) [μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 μ œν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€]
01:56
These are both real objects.
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두 λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ‹€μž¬μ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
One is an Acheulean hand axe from half a million years ago
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜€μ‹­λ§Œλ…„ 전에 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ†λ„λΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
of the kind made by Homo erectus.
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호λͺ¨ μ—λ ‰νˆ¬μŠ€μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 것이죠.
02:03
The other is obviously a computer mouse.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 컴퓨터 마우슀죠
02:05
They're both exactly the same size and shape to an uncanny degree.
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두 μ œν’ˆμ€ μš”μƒν•˜κ²Œλ„ ν¬κΈ°λ‚˜ λͺ¨μ–‘이 μ°Έ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ£ .
02:08
I've tried to work out which is bigger,
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μ €λŠ” 두 개 쀑 무엇이 더 큰지 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
02:11
and it's almost impossible.
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κ·Έ 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μΌμ΄λ”κ΅°μš”.
02:13
And that's because they're both designed to fit the human hand.
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그것은 두 개 λͺ¨λ‘ μΈκ°„μ˜ 손에 잘 λ§žλ„λ‘ λ””μžμΈλ˜μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
They're both technologies. In the end, their similarity is not that interesting.
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그것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 기술이죠. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 두 μ œν’ˆμ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ΄ ν₯미둜운 점은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
It just tells you they were both designed to fit the human hand.
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두 물체 λͺ¨λ‘ 인λ₯˜μ˜ 손에 잘 λ§žλ„λ‘ λ””μžμΈλ˜μ—ˆμ„ 뿐이죠.
02:20
The differences are what interest me,
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μ €λ₯Ό ν₯미둭게 ν•˜λŠ” 것은 이 λ‘˜μ˜ μ°¨μ΄μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
because the one on the left was made to a pretty unvarying design
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μ™Όμͺ½μ˜ μ œν’ˆμ€ κ½€λ‚˜ λ³€ν•¨μ—†λŠ” λ””μžμΈμ„ μ‹€ν˜„ν–ˆμ£ .
02:25
for about a million years --
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λ°±λ§Œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ΄λ‚˜ 말이죠.
02:27
from one-and-a-half million years ago to half a million years ago.
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즉 λ°± μ˜€μ‹­λ§Œλ…„ μ „λΆ€ν„° μ˜€μ‹­λ§Œ λ…„ μ „κΉŒμ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Homo erectus made the same tool
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호λͺ¨ μ—λ ‰νˆ¬μŠ€λŠ” μ•½ 3만 μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό κ±°μ³μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ
02:33
for 30,000 generations.
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같은 도ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
Of course there were a few changes,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
02:37
but tools changed slower than skeletons in those days.
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λ„κ΅¬μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” 우리 뼈의 진화보닀도 느린 μ†λ„λ‘œ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
There was no progress, no innovation.
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λ°œμ „μ΄λ‚˜ ν˜μ‹ μ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
It's an extraordinary phenomenon, but it's true.
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맀우 λ†€λΌμš΄ ν˜„μƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
Whereas the object on the right is obsolete after five years.
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반면, 였λ₯Έμͺ½ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” 단 5λ…„ ν›„κ°€ 되면 μ™„μ „ ꡬ식 λͺ¨λΈμ΄ 되죠.
02:47
And there's another difference too,
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그리고 λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ 차이점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
which is the object on the left is made from one substance.
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μ™Όμͺ½μ˜ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 물질둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ,
02:51
The object on the right is made from
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ˜ λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ”
02:53
a confection of different substances,
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μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜κ³Ό κΈˆμ†, ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λ“± λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€κ°„μ˜
02:55
from silicon and metal and plastic and so on.
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μ‘°ν•©μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
And more than that, it's a confection of different ideas,
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 그것은 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ“€μ˜ μ‘°ν•©, 즉
03:01
the idea of plastic, the idea of a laser,
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ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± 아이디어, 레이져 아이디어,
03:03
the idea of transistors.
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νŠΈλžœμ§€μŠ€ν„° μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ“€μ˜ μ‘°ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
They've all been combined together in this technology.
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그것듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 이 기술 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ ν•¨κ»˜ μ‘°ν•©λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
And it's this combination,
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그리고 λ°”λ‘œ 이 μ‘°ν•©,
03:10
this cumulative technology, that intrigues me,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΆ•μ λœ 기술이 μ €λ₯Ό λ§€ν˜Ήμ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
because I think it's the secret to understanding
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ €λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 이것이
03:16
what's happening in the world.
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세계에 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 일듀을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 비밀이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
My body's an accumulation of ideas too:
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제 신체도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ“€μ˜ μ‘°ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.
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피뢀세포 아이디어, λ‘λ‡Œμ„Έν¬ 아이디어, κ°„ 세포 아이디어듀이
03:24
They've come together.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λͺ¨μΈ 것이죠.
03:26
How does evolution do cumulative, combinatorial things?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ§„ν™”λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§‘μ λ˜κ³ , μ‘°ν•©λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
03:29
Well, it uses sexual reproduction.
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μœ μ„± 생식을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
In an asexual species, if you get two different mutations in different creatures,
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λ¬΄μ„±μ˜ μ’…μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μ—μ„œ 두 개의 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
03:35
a green one and a red one,
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λ…Ήμƒ‰μ˜ 것과 λΉ¨κ°„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 말이죠
03:37
then one has to be better than the other.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λ³΄λ‹€ μš°μ„Έν•œ 것일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
One goes extinct for the other to survive.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ 살아남기 μœ„ν•΄ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ©Έμ’…ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
But if you have a sexual species,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μœ μ„± 생식을 ν•˜λŠ” 쒅을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄,
03:43
then it's possible for an individual
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각 κ°œμ²΄λŠ”
03:45
to inherit both mutations
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
03:47
from different lineages.
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μ–‘ 츑의 λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό 물렀받을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:49
So what sex does is it enables the individual
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μ„ΉμŠ€λ₯Ό 톡해 인λ₯˜λŠ”
03:52
to draw upon
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이루어낼 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
the genetic innovations of the whole species.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ’…μ˜ μœ μ „μ  λ°œμ „μ„ 말이죠
03:57
It's not confined to its own lineage.
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μ΄λŠ” 고유의 계톡에 ν•œμ •λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
What's the process that's having the same effect
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문화적 μ§„λ³΄μ—μ„œ
04:01
in cultural evolution
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생물학적 μ§„ν™”μ—μ„œμ˜
04:03
as sex is having in biological evolution?
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μ„ΉμŠ€μ™€ 같은 효과λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€λŠ” 과정은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:06
And I think the answer is exchange,
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μ €λŠ” κ΅ν™˜μ΄ κ·Έ 닡이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
the habit of exchanging one thing for another.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³ , λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” μ£Όκ³ λ°›κΈ°λŠ”
04:11
It's a unique human feature.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ κ³ μœ ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
No other animal does it.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ 동물도 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
04:15
You can teach them in the laboratory to do a little bit of exchange --
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λ¬Όλ‘  당신은 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ•½κ°„μ˜ κ΅ν™˜μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
and indeed there's reciprocity in other animals --
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그리고 사싀 μƒν˜Έ 관계λ₯Ό λ§ΊλŠ” 동물듀이 μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
04:19
But the exchange of one object for another never happens.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 물건을 μ£Όκ³  λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” κ΅ν™˜μ€ μ ˆλŒ€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
As Adam Smith said, "No man ever saw a dog
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μ•„λ‹΄ μŠ€λ―ΈμŠ€λ„ λ§ν–ˆμ£ , "λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œμ™€ λΌˆλ‹€κ·€λ₯Ό 가지고
04:24
make a fair exchange of a bone with another dog."
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κ³΅μ •ν•œ κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ°œλŠ” μ—†λ‹€"κ³ μš”.
04:27
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:30
You can have culture without exchange.
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κ΅ν™˜μ΄ 없이도 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό 이룰 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
You can have, as it were, asexual culture.
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무성 문화와 같은 것이죠.
04:34
Chimpanzees, killer whales, these kinds of creatures, they have culture.
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μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€, λ²”κ³ λž˜μ™€ 같은 생물듀은 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
They teach each other traditions
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그듀은 μ„œλ‘œμ˜ 전톡을 κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°
04:39
which are handed down from parent to offspring.
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그것듀은 ν›„μ„Έλ‘œ μ „μˆ˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
In this case, chimpanzees teaching each other
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이런 κ²½μš°μ—, μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€λ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ
04:43
how to crack nuts with rocks.
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돌맹이λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—΄λ§€λ₯Ό κΉ¨λœ¨λ¦¬λŠ” 방법을 μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ£ .
04:45
But the difference is
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 차이점은 λ°”λ‘œ
04:47
that these cultures never expand, never grow,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 문화듀은 κ²°μ½” ν™•μž₯λ˜κ±°λ‚˜, μžλΌλ‚˜κ³ 
04:49
never accumulate, never become combinatorial,
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μΆ•μ λ˜κ±°λ‚˜, μ‘°ν•©λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
and the reason is because
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그리고 κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ
04:53
there is no sex, as it were,
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μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄κ°„μ˜ κ΅ν™˜μ΄ μ—†κ³ ,
04:55
there is no exchange of ideas.
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이λ₯Έλ°” μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄κ°„μ˜ μ„ΉμŠ€κ°€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:57
Chimpanzee troops have different cultures in different troops.
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μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€ λ¬΄λ¦¬λŠ” 무리간 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
There's no exchange of ideas between them.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 무리간 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ κ΅ν™˜μ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
And why does exchange raise living standards?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, μ™œ κ΅ν™˜μ΄ μƒν™œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ λ†’μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
05:05
Well, the answer came from David Ricardo in 1817.
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이 해닡은 David Ricardoκ°€ 1817λ…„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
And here is a Stone Age version of his story,
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그의 이둠의 μ„κΈ°μ‹œλŒ€ 버젼 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
although he told it in terms of trade between countries.
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비둝 κ·Έκ°€ κ΅­κ°€ κ°„ λ¬Όλ¬Όκ΅ν™˜μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ 말이죠.
05:13
Adam takes four hours to make a spear and three hours to make an axe.
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아담은 창을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° 4μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리고, 도끼λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° 3μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Oz takes one hour to make a spear and two hours to make an axe.
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μ˜€μ¦ˆλŠ” 창을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° 1μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리고, 도끼λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° 2μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리죠.
05:19
So Oz is better at both spears and axes than Adam.
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μ˜€μ¦ˆλŠ” μ°½κ³Ό 도끼λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ 아담보닀 잘 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
He doesn't need Adam.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 아담이 ν•„μš”μΉ˜ μ•Šμ£ .
05:24
He can make his own spears and axes.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 슀슀둜 μ°½κ³Ό 도끼λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
Well no, because if you think about it,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ’€ 더 생각해보면
05:28
if Oz makes two spears and Adam make two axes,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ˜€μ¦ˆκ°€ λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ°½λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  아담이 λ‘κ°œμ˜ 도끼λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ,
05:30
and then they trade,
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μ„œλ‘œ κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
05:32
then they will each have saved an hour of work.
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그듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ˜ μž‘μ—…μ„ 쀄일 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
And the more they do this, the more true it's going to be,
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그리고 그듀이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν• μˆ˜λ‘ νš¨μš©μ€ κ·ΉλŒ€ν™”λ  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:38
because the more they do this, the better Adam is going to get at making axes
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ•„λ‹΄κ³Ό μ˜€μ¦ˆκ°€ κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν•  수둝 아담은 도끼λ₯Ό λ”μš± 잘 λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ 될 것이고
05:41
and the better Oz is going to get at making spears.
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μ˜€μ¦ˆλŠ” 창을 더 잘 λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
So the gains from trade are only going to grow.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν†΅ν•œ 이득은 점점 더 μ»€μ§€κ²Œ 되죠.
05:45
And this is one of the beauties of exchange,
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그리고 κ΅ν™˜μ˜ λ°±λ―ΈλŠ”
05:47
is it actually creates the momentum
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μ „λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ λͺ¨λ©˜ν…€μ΄
05:49
for more specialization,
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μ°½μΆœλœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
which creates the momentum for more exchange and so on.
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그리고 μ „λ¬Έν™”λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ κ΅ν™˜μ„ 톡해 λͺ¨λ©˜ν…€μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ 되죠.
05:54
Adam and Oz both saved an hour of time.
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μ•„λ‹΄κ³Ό μ˜€μ¦ˆλŠ” λ‘˜ λ‹€ ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 쀄일 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
That is prosperity, the saving of time
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 더 짧은 μ‹œκ°„μ•ˆμ—
05:58
in satisfying your needs.
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μ›ν•˜λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것, 즉 μ§„λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
Ask yourself how long you would have to work
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 일해야 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
06:03
to provide for yourself
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 밀에 λ…μ„œλ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λΆˆλΉ›μ„
06:06
an hour of reading light this evening to read a book by.
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μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 말이죠.
06:09
If you had to start from scratch, let's say you go out into the countryside.
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λ§Œμ•½ μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ΅μ™Έλ‘œ λ‚˜κ°„λ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
06:12
You find a sheep. You kill it. You get the fat out of it.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 양을 μ°Ύμ•„ 죽일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 그것을 톡해 비계λ₯Ό 얻을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:14
You render it down. You make a candle, etc. etc.
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지방을 λ…Ήμ—¬ μ •μ œν•  것이고, 등등을 톡해 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ–‘μ΄ˆλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
How long is it going to take you? Quite a long time.
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이런 μž‘μ—…λ“€μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦΄κΉŒμš”? κ½€λ‚˜ κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„μΌ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
How long do you actually have to work
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 일해야 ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:21
to earn an hour of reading light
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λ…μ„œμš© λž¨ν”„λ₯Ό ν•œμ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ° 말이죠
06:23
if you're on the average wage in Britain today?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œ 평균적인 μž„κΈˆμ„ λ°›λŠ”λ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
And the answer is about half a second.
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닡은 0.5μ΄ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
Back in 1950,
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1950λ…„μ—λŠ”
06:30
you would have had to work for eight seconds on the average wage
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 평균 μž„κΈˆμ—μ„œ 8μ΄ˆκ°„ μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
to acquire that much light.
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같은 μ •λ„μ˜ λΆˆμ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 말이죠
06:34
And that's seven and a half seconds of prosperity that you've gained
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ°”λ‘œ 7.5μ΄ˆλΌλŠ” 진보λ₯Ό νšλ“ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
since 1950, as it were,
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1950년을 κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ λ΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:39
because that's seven and a half seconds in which you can do something else,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 7.5초 κ°„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
or you can acquire another good or service.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒν’ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό 얻을 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
06:44
And back in 1880,
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1880λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ”
06:46
it would have been 15 minutes
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μ•„λ§ˆ 15뢄이 걸렸을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
to earn that amount of light on the average wage.
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평균적인 μž„κΈˆμ—μ„œ 그와 같은 λΆˆλΉ›μ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 말이죠
06:50
Back in 1800,
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1800λ…„μ—λŠ”
06:52
you'd have had to work six hours
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ 6μ‹œκ°„μ€ μΌν–ˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
to earn a candle that could burn for an hour.
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ν•œμ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ νƒœμšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ” μ–‘μ΄ˆλ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 말이죠.
06:57
In other words, the average person on the average wage
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즉, ν‰κ· μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 평균 μž„κΈˆμœΌλ‘œλŠ”
06:59
could not afford a candle in 1800.
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1800λ…„μ—λŠ” μ–‘μ΄ˆλ₯Ό μ‚΄ ν˜•νŽΈμ΄ μ•ˆλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
07:02
Go back to this image of the axe and the mouse,
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도끼와 λ§ˆμš°μŠ€κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 이 이미지λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
07:05
and ask yourself: "Who made them and for who?"
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그리고 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€, "λˆ„κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 이것듀을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„κΉŒ?"
07:08
The stone axe was made by someone for himself.
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λŒλ„λΌλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
It was self-sufficiency.
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μžκΈ‰μžμ‘±μ μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
07:12
We call that poverty these days.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  그것을 빈곀이라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
But the object on the right
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ” λ¬Όμ²΄λŠ”
07:16
was made for me by other people.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀이 λ‚˜λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
How many other people?
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:21
Tens? Hundreds? Thousands?
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μˆ˜μ‹­λͺ…? 수백λͺ…? 수천λͺ…?
07:23
You know, I think it's probably millions.
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제 생각엔 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 수백만λͺ…일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
Because you've got to include the man who grew the coffee,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ„μœ  κ΅΄μ°©μž₯치 일을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ€€λΉ„λœ
07:27
which was brewed for the man who was on the oil rig,
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컀피λ₯Ό μž¬λ°°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ,
07:30
who was drilling for oil, which was going to be made into the plastic, etc.
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그리고 ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± 제쑰λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ„μœ  κ΅΄μ°© 일을 ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ 등등이
07:33
They were all working for me,
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그듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ μ €λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜κ³  있죠.
07:35
to make a mouse for me.
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μ €μ—κ²Œ 마우슀λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ£ΌκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
And that's the way society works.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
That's what we've achieved as a species.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ’…μœΌλ‘œμ¨ νšλ“ν•œ 점이죠.
07:44
In the old days, if you were rich,
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μ˜›λ‚  μ˜›μ μ—, λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λΆ€μžμ˜€λ‹€λ©΄
07:46
you literally had people working for you.
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
That's how you got to be rich; you employed them.
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그것이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λΆ€μžκ°€ λ˜λŠ” 방식이죠, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 그듀을 κ³ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
Louis XIV had a lot of people working for him.
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루이 14μ„ΈλŠ” μžμ‹ μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 일해쀄 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
They made his silly outfits, like this,
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그듀은 루이 14μ„Έλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ›ƒκΈ°κ²Œ 생긴 μ˜·μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
07:54
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:56
and they did his silly hairstyles, or whatever.
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그리고 그듀은 우슀꽝슀러운 λ¨Έλ¦¬μŠ€νƒ€μΌμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ£ΌκΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
07:59
He had 498 people
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κ·ΈλŠ” 498λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
08:01
to prepare his dinner every night.
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맀일 λ°€ 그의 저녁을 μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
But a modern tourist going around the palace of Versailles
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ² λ₯΄μ‚¬μœ  κ΄‘μž₯을 돌고
08:05
and looking at Louis XIV's pictures,
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루이 14μ„Έμ˜ 그림을 λ³΄λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ 관광객 μ—­μ‹œ
08:08
he has 498 people doing his dinner tonight too.
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그듀을 μœ„ν•΄ 저녁을 μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” 498λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
They're in bistros and cafes and restaurants
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그듀은 λΉ„μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œμ™€ 카페, λ ˆμŠ€ν† λž‘κ³Ό 상점 λ“±
08:12
and shops all over Paris,
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파리 전역에 걸쳐 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
and they're all ready to serve you at an hour's notice with an excellent meal
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그리고 그듀은 ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ§Œμ— ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 저녁을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ œκ³΅ν•  μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
that's probably got higher quality
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그리고 μ•„λ§ˆ κ·Έ μ‹μ‚¬λŠ” 루이 14μ„Έκ°€ λ¨Ήμ—ˆλ˜ 것보닀
08:19
than Louis XIV even had.
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더 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 것일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
And that's what we've done, because we're all working for each other.
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄μ˜¨ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ„œλ‘œκ°€ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:24
We're able to draw upon specialization and exchange
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 전문화와 κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
08:27
to raise each other's living standards.
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각자의 μƒν™œ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
Now, you do get other animals working for each other too.
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자, λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀도 μ„œλ‘œκ°€ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:33
Ants are a classic example; workers work for queens and queens work for workers.
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κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ λ°”λ‘œ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ μ—¬μ™•κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜κ³ , μ—¬μ™•κ°œλ―Έλ“€μ€ μΌκ°œλ―Έλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜μ£ .
08:36
But there's a big difference,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 큰 차이점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
which is that it only happens within the colony.
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ ν•œ 집단 λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ§Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:40
There's no working for each other across the colonies.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§‘λ‹¨κ°„μ—λŠ” μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
08:42
And the reason for that is because there's a reproductive division of labor.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” 노동을 μœ„ν•œ λ²ˆμ‹μ˜ 방이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
That is to say, they specialize with respect to reproduction.
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즉, 그듀은 λ²ˆμ‹μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬λŠ” μ „λ¬Έν™”λ˜μ–΄μžˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
The queen does it all.
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μ—¬μ™•κ°œλ―Έκ°€ μ „λΆ€ ν•˜μ£ .
08:50
In our species, we don't like doing that.
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우리 인간은, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜κΈΈ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
It's the one thing we insist on doing for ourselves, is reproduction.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μš°λ¦¬μžμ‹ μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 직접 ν•˜κΈΈ κ³ μ§‘ν•˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 것이 λ°”λ‘œ λ²ˆμ‹μ΄μ£ .
08:55
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:58
Even in England, we don't leave reproduction to the Queen.
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μ˜κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ‘°μ°¨ 우린 μ—¬μ™•λ‹˜κ»˜ λ²ˆμ‹μ„ λ§‘κΈ°μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:05
So when did this habit start?
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그럼 이런 μŠ΅μ„±μ€ μ–Έμ œλΆ€ν„° 생긴 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
09:07
And how long has it been going on? And what does it mean?
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그리고, μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ§€μ†λ˜μ–΄ 온 κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”? 그리고 μ΄λŠ” 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν• κΉŒμš”?
09:09
Well, I think, probably, the oldest version of this
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제 생각에 μ•„λ§ˆλ„, μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 였래된 버젼은
09:12
is probably the sexual division of labor.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ…Έλ™μ˜ μ„± μ—­ν• μ˜ ꡬ뢄일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
But I've got no evidence for that.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ €μ—κ²Œ 그것에 λŒ€ν•œ μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
It just looks like the first thing we did
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κ·Έμ € 인λ₯˜κ°€ 졜초둜 ν•œ 일이
09:18
was work male for female and female for male.
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남성이 여성을 μœ„ν•΄ μΌν•˜κ³  여성이 남성이 μΌν•œ 일이라고 λ³΄μ—¬μ§ˆ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
In all hunter-gatherer societies today,
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수렡 채취 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œλŠ”
09:23
there's a foraging division of labor
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사λƒ₯을 ν•˜λŠ” 남성과
09:25
between, on the whole, hunting males and gathering females.
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채취λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬μ„±κ°„μ˜ 노동 ꡬ뢄이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:27
It isn't always quite that simple,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 일은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
but there's a distinction between
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 남성과 μ—¬μ„±μ˜ μ „λ¬Έν™”λœ μ—­ν• κ°„μ—λŠ”
09:31
specialized roles for males and females.
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λΆ„λͺ…ν•œ 차이점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
And the beauty of this system
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그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ λ°±λ―ΈλŠ”
09:35
is that it benefits both sides.
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μ–‘ 츑에 λͺ¨λ‘ 이득을 μ€€λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
The woman knows
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여성듀은 μ•Œκ³ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
that, in the Hadzas' case here --
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Hadzas의 κ²½μš°μ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄
09:42
digging roots to share with men in exchange for meat --
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고기와 κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 뿌리λ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•˜λŠ” 일, 즉
09:44
she knows that all she has to do to get access to protein
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ³΄μΆ©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ 일은
09:47
is to dig some extra roots and trade them for meat.
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μ—¬λΆ„μ˜ 뿌리λ₯Ό μ±„μ·¨ν•˜κ³  고기와 κ΅ν™˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž„μ„ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:50
And she doesn't have to go on an exhausting hunt
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그리고 여성듀은 힘겨운 사λƒ₯을 λ‚˜κ°€μ„œ
09:52
and try and kill a warthog.
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멧돼지λ₯Ό μ£½μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
And the man knows that he doesn't have to do any digging
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그리고 남성듀은 땅을 νŒ” ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μŒμ„ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
to get roots.
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ν’€λΏŒλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 말이죠
09:58
All he has to do is make sure that when he kills a warthog
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹€λ§Œ 멧돼지λ₯Ό 죽일 λ•Œ
10:00
it's big enough to share some.
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타인과 λ‚˜λˆ„κΈ°μ— μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 큰 κ°€λ₯Ό ν™•μ‹€νžˆ ν•΄μ•Όν•  λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
And so both sides raise each other's standards of living
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이에 따라 남성과 여성은 성에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ…Έλ™μ˜ κ΅¬λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ
10:05
through the sexual division of labor.
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각자의 μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
When did this happen? We don't know, but it's possible
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μ–Έμ œλΆ€ν„°μ˜€μ„κΉŒμš”? μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν™•μ‹€νžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
10:10
that Neanderthals didn't do this.
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λ„€μ•ˆλ°λ₯΄νƒˆμΈμ€ 성에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ…Έλ™μ˜ ꡬ뢄을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜κ²ƒ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
They were a highly cooperative species.
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그듀은 맀우 ν˜‘λ ₯적인 μ’…μ΄μ—ˆκ³ ,
10:14
They were a highly intelligent species.
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지λŠ₯도 맀우 λ†’μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
Their brains on average, by the end, were bigger than yours and mine
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ”, λ©Έμ’… μ¦ˆμŒμ—λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 우리의 λ‘λ‡Œλ³΄λ‹€λ„
10:18
in this room today.
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μ»ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
They were imaginative. They buried their dead.
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그듀은 상상λ ₯이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ , 죽은 이λ₯Ό 땅에 λ¬»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:22
They had language, probably,
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
because we know they had the FOXP2 gene of the same kind as us,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 같은 FOXP2 λΌλŠ” μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
10:26
which was discovered here in Oxford.
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그것은 이곳 μ˜₯μŠ€ν¬λ“œμ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λμ—ˆμ£ .
10:28
And so it looks like they probably had linguistic skills.
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그듀은 언어학적인 λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜λ“― ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
They were brilliant people. I'm not dissing the Neanderthals.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ 인λ₯˜μ˜€μ£ . μ €λŠ” λ„€μ•ˆλ°λ₯΄νƒˆμΈμ„ κΉ”λ³΄λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
But there's no evidence
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 그듀이
10:37
of a sexual division of labor.
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성에 ꡬ뢄에 λ”°λ₯Έ 노동을 ν–ˆμœΌλ¦¬λž€ μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
There's no evidence of gathering behavior by females.
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여성듀에 μ˜ν•œ μ±„μ§‘ν™œλ™μ˜ 증거가 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
It looks like the females were cooperative hunters with the men.
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사싀 κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ 여성듀은 남성듀과 ν˜‘λ ₯적인 사λƒ₯κΎΌμ΄μ—ˆλ˜κ²ƒ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
And the other thing there's no evidence for
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λ˜ν•œ 집단 κ°„ κ΅ν™˜ν™œλ™μ— λŒ€ν•œ
10:48
is exchange between groups,
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증거도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
because the objects that you find in Neanderthal remains,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ„€μ•ˆλ°λ₯΄νƒˆμΈμ΄ μ‚΄λ˜ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 발견된 λ¬Όκ±΄μ΄λ‚˜,
10:54
the tools they made,
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그듀이 λ§Œλ“  도ꡬ듀은
10:56
are always made from local materials.
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항상 κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ λ‚˜λŠ” 물질둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
For example, in the Caucasus
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄, μ½”μ»€μ„œμŠ€ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ
11:00
there's a site where you find local Neanderthal tools.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ„€μ•ˆλ°λ₯΄νƒˆμΈμ΄ λ§Œλ“  도ꡬλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 있죠.
11:03
They're always made from local chert.
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그것듀은 κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ˜ κ·œμ§ˆμ•”μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
In the same valley there are modern human remains
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같은 μ§€μ—­μ˜ ν˜‘κ³‘μ—λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μΈκ°„μ˜ 유적이
11:07
from about the same date, 30,000 years ago,
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3λ§Œλ…„ μ΄μ „μ˜ 것뢀터 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:09
and some of those are from local chert,
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유적 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ˜ κ·œμ§ˆμ•”μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
11:11
but more -- but many of them are made
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κ·Έ 보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ 것듀은
11:13
from obsidian from a long way away.
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멀리 떨어진 곳의 ν‘μš”μ•”μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
And when human beings began
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그리고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 인λ₯˜κ°€ 물체λ₯Ό
11:17
moving objects around like this,
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μ΄λ™ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ
11:19
it was evidence that they were exchanging between groups.
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집단 κ°„ κ΅ν™˜ν™œλ™μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것이죠.
11:22
Trade is 10 times as old as farming.
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κ΅μ—­ν™œλ™μ€ 농업보닀 10λ°°λŠ” 였래된 ν™œλ™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
People forget that. People think of trade as a modern thing.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ’…μ’… κ·Έ 점을 μžŠμ–΄λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. ꡐ역이 ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ ν™œλ™μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
11:28
Exchange between groups has been going on
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집단 κ°„ κ΅μ—­ν™œλ™μ€
11:30
for a hundred thousand years.
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이미 μ‹­λ§Œλ…„μ „λΆ€ν„° 이루어져 μ™”μ£ 
11:33
And the earliest evidence for it crops up
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 증거둜
11:35
somewhere between 80 and 120,000 years ago in Africa,
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μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ 80λ…„μ—μ„œ 12λ§Œλ…„ 사이에
11:38
when you see obsidian and jasper and other things
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ν‘μš”μ„κ³Ό λ²½μ˜₯ 등을 톡해
11:41
moving long distances in Ethiopia.
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μ—ν‹°μ˜€ν”Όμ•„λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ¨Ό 거리 이동이 μžˆμ—ˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
11:44
You also see seashells --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ˜ν•œ
11:46
as discovered by a team here in Oxford --
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이곳 μ˜₯μŠ€ν¬λ“œμ˜ ν•œ νŒ€μ— μ˜ν•΄ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ–΄
11:48
moving 125 miles inland
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μ•Œμ œλ¦¬μ˜ μ§€μ€‘ν•΄μ•ˆκ°€μ—μ„œ 125마일 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ λ‚΄λ₯™μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•œ
11:50
from the Mediterranean in Algeria.
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쑰개λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
And that's evidence that people
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λ°”λ‘œ 그것이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
11:55
have started exchanging between groups.
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집단간 κ΅μ—­ν™œλ™μ„ ν•΄μ™”λ‹€λŠ” μ¦κ±°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
And that will have led to specialization.
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그리고 κ΅μ—­ν™œλ™μ€ μ „λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:59
How do you know that long-distance movement
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž₯거리의 이동이
12:01
means trade rather than migration?
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이주가 μ•„λ‹Œ κ΅μ—­ν™œλ™μ„ λœ»ν•¨μ„ μ•Œ 수 있죠?
12:04
Well, you look at modern hunter gatherers like aboriginals,
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음. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 원주민과 같은 ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 사λƒ₯, μˆ˜λ ΅κΎΌλ“€μ„ 보면
12:06
who quarried for stone axes at a place called Mount Isa,
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이듀은 이사산이라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κ³³μ—μ„œ λŒλ„λΌλ₯Ό μ±„μ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
which was a quarry owned by the Kalkadoon tribe.
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이사산은 칼카둔쑱이 μ†Œμœ ν•œ 채석μž₯μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
They traded them with their neighbors
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그듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 이웃과 그것을 κ΅ν™˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:14
for things like stingray barbs,
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κ°€μ˜€λ¦¬ λΉ„λŠ˜κ³Ό 같은 것과 말이죠.
12:16
and the consequence was that stone axes
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그에 λ”°λ₯Έ 결과둜 λŒλ„λΌλ“€μ€
12:18
ended up over a large part of Australia.
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호주의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 지역에 널리 νΌμ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
So long-distance movement of tools
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ„κ΅¬μ˜ μž₯거리 이동은
12:22
is a sign of trade, not migration.
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이주가 μ•„λ‹Œ κ΅μ—­μ˜ μ§•ν›„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:25
What happens when you cut people off from exchange,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 인λ₯˜μ—μ„œ κ΅μ—­μ΄λ‚˜,
12:28
from the ability to exchange and specialize?
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κ΅ν™˜ν•˜κ³  μ „λ¬Έν™”ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 빼버리면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
12:31
And the answer is that
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그것에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€
12:33
not only do you slow down technological progress,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 기술적 μ§„λ³΄μ˜ 속도가 λŠλ €μ§€λŠ” 것 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:35
you can actually throw it into reverse.
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ν›„ν‡΄ν•˜κ³  말 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
An example is Tasmania.
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νƒ€μ¦ˆλ§€λ‹ˆμ•„κ°€ κ·Έ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
When the sea level rose and Tasmania became an island 10,000 years ago,
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ν•΄μˆ˜λ©΄μ΄ μƒμŠΉν•˜μž, νƒ€μ¦ˆλ§€λ‹ˆμ•„λŠ” 10,000λ…„ μ „ 섬이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
the people on it not only experienced
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κ·Έ 곳의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
12:45
slower progress than people on the mainland,
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λ‚΄λ₯™μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 더 느리게 μ§„λ³΄ν–ˆμ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:48
they actually experienced regress.
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사싀상 μ‡ ν‡΄ν•΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:50
They gave up the ability to make stone tools
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그듀은 도ꡬλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
12:52
and fishing equipment and clothing
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λ‚šμ‹œ 도ꡬ와 μ˜·μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν¬κΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
because the population of about 4,000 people
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ•½ 4,000λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ μΈκ΅¬λ‘œλŠ”
12:57
was simply not large enough
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그듀이 λ³΄μœ ν–ˆλ˜ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ
12:59
to maintain the specialized skills
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전문성을
13:01
necessary to keep the technology they had.
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μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μ› κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ 
13:04
It's as if the people in this room were plonked on a desert island.
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λ§Œμ•½ 이 곡간에 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 뢈λͺ¨μ§€ 섬에 μ •μ°©ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄,
13:06
How many of the things in our pockets
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우리 μ£Όλ¨Έλ‹ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” 것듀 쀑 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ 것듀이
13:08
could we continue to make after 10,000 years?
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10,000λ…„ 후에도 λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
13:12
It didn't happen in Tierra del Fuego --
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 일은 Tierra del Fuego μ„¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:14
similar island, similar people.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 섬이고 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ° 말이죠.
13:16
The reason: because Tierra del Fuego
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” Tierra del Fuego 섬이
13:18
is separated from South America by a much narrower straight,
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남아메리카와 μ•„μ£Ό 얇은 ν•΄ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
and there was trading contact across that straight
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그리고 κ·Έ ν•΄ν˜‘μ˜ κ±΄λ„ˆνŽΈμ—λŠ” κ΅ν™˜μ„ μœ„ν•œ 접점 지역이
13:23
throughout 10,000 years.
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λ§Œλ…„λ™μ•ˆ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ±°μ£ 
13:25
The Tasmanians were isolated.
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νƒ€μ¦ˆλ§€λ‹ˆμ•„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ³ λ¦½λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
13:28
Go back to this image again
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이 그림을 λ‹€μ‹œ λ³΄μ‹œμ£ .
13:30
and ask yourself, not only who made it and for who,
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λˆ„κ°€ λˆ„κ°€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
13:33
but who knew how to make it.
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λˆ„κ°€ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법을 μ•Œμ•˜μ„μ§€ μžλ¬Έν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€
13:36
In the case of the stone axe, the man who made it knew how to make it.
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λŒλ„λΌμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”, λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법을 μ•Œμ•˜λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 그것을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
13:39
But who knows how to make a computer mouse?
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 컴퓨터 마우슀의 κ²½μš°λŠ” μ–΄λ–»μ£ ?
13:42
Nobody, literally nobody.
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마우슀 μ œμ‘°λ°©λ²•μ„ μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 아무도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
There is nobody on the planet who knows how to make a computer mouse.
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이 지ꡬ μƒμ—μ„œ 컴퓨터 마우슀λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법을 μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 아무도 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:48
I mean this quite seriously.
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농담이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”
13:50
The president of the computer mouse company doesn't know.
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컴퓨터 마우슀 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 회μž₯도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
He just knows how to run a company.
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έμ € νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό κ²½μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ•„λŠ” 것이죠.
13:55
The person on the assembly line doesn't know
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쑰립 라인에 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
because he doesn't know how to drill an oil well
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·ΈλŠ” ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
13:59
to get oil out to make plastic, and so on.
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μ„μœ  μ‹œμΆœ 방법과 같은 것듀을 λͺ¨λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:02
We all know little bits, but none of us knows the whole.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ 뢀뢄을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ „λΆ€λ₯Ό μ•Œμ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:05
I am of course quoting from a famous essay
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유λͺ…ν•œ μ—μ„Έμ΄μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό μΈμš©ν•΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
by Leonard Read, the economist in the 1950s,
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1950λ…„λŒ€μ˜ κ²½μ œν•™μžμΈ λ ˆμ˜€λ‚˜λ“œ λ¦¬λ“œλŠ”
14:10
called "I, Pencil"
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"λ‚˜, μ—°ν•„"μ—μ„œ
14:12
in which he wrote about how a pencil came to be made,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 연필이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ„œμˆ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
14:15
and how nobody knows even how to make a pencil,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 아무도 연필을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€μ‘°μ°¨ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 가에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬
14:18
because the people who assemble it don't know how to mine graphite,
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μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 흑연을 μ±„κ΅΄ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
and they don't know how to fell trees and that kind of thing.
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그리고 그듀은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό λ² μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 방법 등을 잘 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:24
And what we've done in human society,
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우리 인λ₯˜κ°€ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ ν•΄μ˜¨ 것듀은 λ°”λ‘œ
14:26
through exchange and specialization,
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κ΅ν™˜κ³Ό μ „λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
14:28
is we've created
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이해쑰차 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것듀은
14:30
the ability to do things that we don't even understand.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
It's not the same with language.
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μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” μ’€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:35
With language we have to transfer ideas
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μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 톡해 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ 이해가 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
14:37
that we understand with each other.
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생각듀을 κ΅ν™˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
But with technology,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
14:42
we can actually do things that are beyond our capabilities.
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우리 λŠ₯λ ₯ μ΄μƒμ˜ 것듀을 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 있죠
14:44
We've gone beyond the capacity of the human mind
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ μ§€μ„±μ˜ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„ 
14:47
to an extraordinary degree.
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λΉ„λ²”ν•œ 단계에 κΉŒμ§€ 도달해 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:49
And by the way,
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덧뢙여 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄,
14:51
that's one of the reasons that I'm not interested
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ œκ°€ 아이큐와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ
14:54
in the debate about I.Q.,
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λ…ΌμŸμ— ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό 가지지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ΄μœ μ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
14:56
about whether some groups have higher I.Q.s than other groups.
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μ–΄λ–€ 집단듀이 λ‹€λ₯Έ 집단듀보닀 더 높은 아이큐λ₯Ό κ°€μ ΈλŠλƒ μ•„λŠλƒ ν•˜λŠ” λ…ΌμŸλ“€ 말이죠
14:59
It's completely irrelevant.
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정말 λΆ€μ§ˆμ—†λŠ” λ…ΌμŸμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:01
What's relevant to a society
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μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
15:04
is how well people are communicating their ideas,
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œμ˜ 생각을 잘 μ†Œν†΅ν•˜λŠλƒμ΄κ³ 
15:07
and how well they're cooperating,
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 잘 ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:09
not how clever the individuals are.
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개개인이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œκ°€κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œκ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ 
15:11
So we've created something called the collective brain.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 집단 μ§€μ„±μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:13
We're just the nodes in the network.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ 맀듭점일 뿐이죠
15:15
We're the neurons in this brain.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§‘λ‹¨μ§€μ„±μ˜ λ‰΄λ‘ λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:18
It's the interchange of ideas,
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아이디어λ₯Ό μ„œλ‘œ κ΅ν™˜ν•˜κ³ ,
15:20
the meeting and mating of ideas between them,
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μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄κ°„μ˜ λ§Œλ‚¨κ³Ό 쑰합이
15:22
that is causing technological progress,
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기술적인 진보λ₯Ό
15:25
incrementally, bit by bit.
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μ μ§„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:27
However, bad things happen.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μœ 일듀도 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:29
And in the future, as we go forward,
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미래의 μ–Έμ  κ°€
15:32
we will, of course, experience terrible things.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  λ”μ°ν•œ 일듀도 κ²ͺ을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:35
There will be wars; there will be depressions;
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μ „μŸλ„ μžˆμ„ 수 있고 경기침체도 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:37
there will be natural disasters.
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μžμ—° μž¬ν•΄λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ£ 
15:39
Awful things will happen in this century, I'm absolutely sure.
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μ €λŠ” 이번 세기에 λ”μ°ν•œ 일듀이 일어날 것이라고 ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:42
But I'm also sure that, because of the connections people are making,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ ν™•μ‹ ν•˜κ±΄λ°, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ§Ίκ³  μžˆλŠ” 연결고리와
15:45
and the ability of ideas
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아이디어λ₯Ό
15:47
to meet and to mate
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κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³  μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯은
15:49
as never before,
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계속 λ°œμ „ν•˜λ¦¬λΌ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:51
I'm also sure
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λ˜ν•œ
15:53
that technology will advance,
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κΈ°μˆ μ€ 진보할 것이고
15:55
and therefore living standards will advance.
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μƒν™œ μˆ˜μ€€μ€ λ”°λΌμ„œ λ‚˜μ•„μ§ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
15:57
Because through the cloud,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 무리,
15:59
through crowd sourcing,
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ν¬λΌμš°λ“œμ†Œμ‹±,
16:01
through the bottom-up world that we've created,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°½μ‘°ν•΄λ‚Έ 상ν–₯식 세계
16:03
where not just the elites but everybody
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즉, μ—˜λ¦¬νŠΈ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λͺ¨λ“  이듀이 ν•¨κ»˜ν•˜λŠ” 이 μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ 인해
16:06
is able to have their ideas
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μ„œλ‘œμ˜ 생각듀은
16:08
and make them meet and mate,
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곡유되고 쑰합될 수 μžˆλŠ” 것이며
16:10
we are surely accelerating the rate of innovation.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΆ„λͺ… ν˜μ‹ μ˜ 속도λ₯Ό λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:13
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
16:15
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)

Original video on YouTube.com
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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