Daniel H. Cohen: For argument's sake

260,613 views ใƒป 2013-08-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
ืฉืžื™ ื“ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืืงื“ืžืื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
00:13
My name is Dan Cohen and I am an academic, as he said.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—.
00:16
And what that means is that I argue.
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00:19
It's an important part of my life.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—.
00:21
And I like to argue.
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00:22
And I'm not just an academic, I'm a philosopher,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืืงื“ืžืื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ,
ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
00:26
so I like to think that I'm actually pretty good at arguing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
00:29
But I also like to think a lot about arguing.
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00:32
And in thinking about arguing, I've come across some puzzles.
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
00:35
And one of the puzzles is that,
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
00:37
as I've been thinking about arguing over the years --
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื -
ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื - ื”ืฉืชืคืจืชื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
00:40
and it's been decades now --
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00:41
I've gotten better at arguing.
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00:43
But the more that I argue and the better I get at arguing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื. ื•ื–ื• ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”.
00:47
the more that I lose.
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00:48
And that's a puzzle.
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00:50
And the other puzzle is that I'm actually okay with that.
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ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
00:53
Why is it that I'm okay with losing
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ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื
00:55
and why is it that I think good arguers are actually better at losing?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื?
00:58
Well, there are some other puzzles.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
01:00
One is: why do we argue?
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื? ืžื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื ืฉื›ืจ ืžื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื?
01:02
Who benefits from arguments?
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01:04
When I think about arguments, I'm talking about --
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ...
01:06
let's call them academic arguments or cognitive arguments --
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ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื "ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื" ืื• "ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื",
01:09
where something cognitive is at stake:
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
01:11
Is this proposition true? Is this theory a good theory?
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ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”? ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
01:14
Is this a viable interpretation of the data or the text? And so on.
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ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜?
01:18
I'm not interested really in arguments about whose turn it is to do the dishes
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื”
ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ื›ืœื™ื ืื• ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืืฉืคื”.
01:22
or who has to take out the garbage.
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01:24
Yeah, we have those arguments, too.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
01:26
I tend to win those arguments, because I know the tricks.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ื”ื, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ืกื™ืกื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:29
But those aren't the important arguments.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื,
01:31
I'm interested in academic arguments,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื™ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
01:33
and here are the things that puzzle me.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—?
01:36
First, what do good arguers win when they win an argument?
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01:39
What do I win if I convince you
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ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
01:42
that utilitarianism isn't really the right framework
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ืฉืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ?
01:44
for thinking about ethical theories?
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ืื– ื‘ืžื” ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—?
01:46
What do we win when we win an argument?
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”, ืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™
01:48
Even before that,
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01:49
what does it matter to me
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืื ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
01:51
whether you have this idea that Kant's theory works
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01:54
or Mill is the right ethicist to follow?
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœ?
ืžื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:57
It's no skin off my back
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01:58
whether you think functionalism is a viable theory of mind.
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ืฉืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?
02:02
So why do we even try to argue?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—?
02:04
Why do we try to convince other people
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื—ืจื™ื
02:06
to believe things they don't want to believe,
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ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื?
02:08
and is that even a nice thing to do?
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ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืคื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ
02:10
Is that a nice way to treat another human being,
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืš ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื•
02:12
try and make them think something they don't want to think?
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•?
02:15
Well, my answer is going to make reference to three models for arguments.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช
ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
02:20
The first model -- let's call it the dialectical model --
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ืงืจื ืœื• "ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™",
02:22
is we think of arguments as war; you know what that's like --
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ืืœ ืงืจื‘, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื”.
ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืฆืขืงื•ืช,
02:25
a lot of screaming and shouting and winning and losing.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“,
ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
02:28
That's not a very helpful model for arguing,
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02:30
but it's a pretty common and entrenched model for arguing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
02:33
But there's a second model for arguing: arguments as proofs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—: ื”ืฆื’ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”.
02:36
Think of a mathematician's argument.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™:
02:38
Here's my argument. Does it work? Is it any good?
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื”ื•?
02:41
Are the premises warranted? Are the inferences valid?
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื•ืช? ื”ืื ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื?
ื”ืื ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช?
02:46
Does the conclusion follow from the premises?
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02:48
No opposition, no adversariality --
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ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช,
02:51
not necessarily any arguing in the adversarial sense.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ืช.
02:56
But there's a third model to keep in mind
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
02:58
that I think is going to be very helpful,
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ื•ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“,
03:00
and that is arguments as performances, arguments in front of an audience.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ื”ื•ืคืขื”,
ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ.
03:05
We can think of a politician trying to present a position,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื•,
03:08
trying to convince the audience of something.
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
03:11
But there's another twist on this model that I really think is important;
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
03:14
namely, that when we argue before an audience,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ,
03:18
sometimes the audience has a more participatory role in the argument;
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžืžืœื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
03:22
that is, arguments are also [performances] in front of juries,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื
03:27
who make a judgment and decide the case.
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ืฉืคื•ืกืง ื•ื—ื•ืจืฅ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™",
03:30
Let's call this the rhetorical model,
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03:31
where you have to tailor your argument to the audience at hand.
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ื•ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื.
03:35
You know, presenting a sound, well-argued,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ,
03:38
tight argument in English before a francophone audience
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ื•ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื“ืง ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
03:41
just isn't going to work.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—.
03:43
So we have these models -- argument as war, argument as proof
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื: ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ืงืจื‘,
ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ื”ื•ืคืขื”.
03:47
and argument as performance.
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื, ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ืงืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜.
03:50
Of those three, the argument as war is the dominant one.
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03:54
It dominates how we talk about arguments,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื,
03:57
it dominates how we think about arguments,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื,
03:59
and because of that, it shapes how we argue,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื,
04:02
our actual conduct in arguments.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
04:03
Now, when we talk about arguments,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื,
04:05
we talk in a very militaristic language.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืื“.
04:07
We want strong arguments, arguments that have a lot of punch,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืžืื“,
04:10
arguments that are right on target.
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื”.
04:12
We want to have our defenses up and our strategies all in order.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:15
We want killer arguments.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
04:18
That's the kind of argument we want.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื ื•.
04:21
It is the dominant way of thinking about arguments.
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ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
04:23
When I'm talking about arguments,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™
04:25
that's probably what you thought of, the adversarial model.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื. ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ืช.
04:28
But the war metaphor,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™, ื”ืœืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™,
04:30
the war paradigm or model for thinking about arguments,
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ืื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
04:33
has, I think, deforming effects on how we argue.
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
04:37
First, it elevates tactics over substance.
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04:40
You can take a class in logic, argumentation.
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ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืžืงื”,
ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
04:43
You learn all about the subterfuges
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04:44
that people use to try and win arguments -- the false steps.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—, ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื.
04:47
It magnifies the us-versus them aspect of it.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ "ืื ื—ื ื•-ื ื’ื“ื".
04:50
It makes it adversarial; it's polarizing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:54
And the only foreseeable outcomes are triumph -- glorious triumph --
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”
ื”ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืืจ, ืื• ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืžื—ืคื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืœื”.
05:00
or abject, ignominious defeat.
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05:03
I think those are deforming effects,
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช, ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื›ืœ,
05:05
and worst of all, it seems to prevent things like negotiation
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ,
05:08
or deliberation or compromise or collaboration.
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ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืฉืจื”,
ืื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”.
05:14
Think about that one -- have you ever entered an argument thinking,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื”ืื ืื™-ืคืขื ื ื›ื ืกืชื ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, "ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
05:17
"Let's see if we can hash something out, rather than fight it out.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“?"
05:20
What can we work out together?"
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05:22
I think the argument-as-war metaphor
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ืงืจื‘,
ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
05:25
inhibits those other kinds of resolutions to argumentation.
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05:29
And finally -- this is really the worst thing --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
05:32
arguments don't seem to get us anywhere; they're dead ends.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืกืชื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื
05:34
They are like roundabouts or traffic jams or gridlock in conversation.
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ืื• ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืฆืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—.
05:40
We don't get anywhere.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
05:42
And one more thing.
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ืื”, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ื ืš,
05:43
And as an educator, this is the one that really bothers me:
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™:
05:46
If argument is war,
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ืื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืงืจื‘, ืžืฉืชืžืขืช ืžืžื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”
05:48
then there's an implicit equation of learning with losing.
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ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืกื“.
05:53
And let me explain what I mean.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™.
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
05:56
Suppose you and I have an argument.
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05:58
You believe a proposition, P, and I don't.
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ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ื', ื•ืื ื™ ืœื.
06:02
And I say, "Well, why do you believe P?"
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ, "ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘-ื'?"
06:04
And you give me your reasons.
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ื•ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ืืช ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื›ื.
06:05
And I object and say, "Well, what about ...?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ...?"
06:08
And you answer my objection.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
06:09
And I have a question: "Well, what do you mean?
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉืืœื”: "ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื›ื?
06:12
How does it apply over here?"
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ?" ื•ืืชื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืืœืชื™.
06:14
And you answer my question.
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06:15
Now, suppose at the end of the day,
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ืื– ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
06:17
I've objected, I've questioned,
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืคืงืคืงืชื™,
06:19
I've raised all sorts of counter counter-considerations
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ืื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื,
06:22
and in every case you've responded to my satisfaction.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืขื ื™ืชื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™.
06:25
And so at the end of the day, I say,
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ืื– ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
06:28
"You know what? I guess you're right: P."
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"ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. ื'."
06:32
So, I have a new belief.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืืžื•ื ื”,
06:34
And it's not just any belief;
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ืืœื ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื”,
06:36
it's well-articulated, examined -- it's a battle-tested belief.
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ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืฆืจืคื” ื‘ืงืจื‘.
06:43
Great cognitive gain.
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ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื™ื•ืคื™. ืื– ืžื™ ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—?
06:44
OK, who won that argument?
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06:47
Well, the war metaphor seems to force us into saying you won,
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ
ืฉืืชื ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืง ืื ื™ ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:51
even though I'm the only one who made any cognitive gain.
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ืžื” ื”ืฉื’ืชื, ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื›ืš ืฉืฉื›ื ืขืชื ืื•ืชื™?
06:54
What did you gain, cognitively, from convincing me?
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06:57
Sure, you got some pleasure out of it, maybe your ego stroked,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืงืชื ืžื›ืš ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’, ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ืœืื’ื•,
07:00
maybe you get some professional status
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืคืจืชื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื›ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”.
07:02
in the field -- "This guy's a good arguer."
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"ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—."
07:05
But just from a cognitive point of view,
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ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืžื™ ื”ืžื ืฆื—?
07:08
who was the winner?
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07:09
The war metaphor forces us into thinking that you're the winner and I lost,
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
ืฉืืชื ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™,
07:14
even though I gained.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™.
07:16
And there's something wrong with that picture.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืื ืื•ื›ืœ.
07:19
And that's the picture I really want to change if we can.
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07:21
So, how can we find ways
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื
07:25
to make arguments yield something positive?
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ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™?
07:29
What we need is new exit strategies for arguments.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
07:33
But we're not going to have new exit strategies for arguments
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื
07:36
until we have new entry approaches to arguments.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—.
07:39
We need to think of new kinds of arguments.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
07:43
In order to do that, well --
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07:45
I don't know how to do that.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:48
That's the bad news.
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ืืœื” ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช.
07:49
The argument-as-war metaphor is just ... it's a monster.
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ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื›ืงืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืœืฆืช.
07:52
It's just taken up habitation in our mind,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื ื” ืœื• ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
07:54
and there's no magic bullet that's going to kill it.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•.
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื˜ื” ืงืกืžื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขืœื.
07:57
There's no magic wand that's going to make it disappear.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
08:00
I don't have an answer.
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08:01
But I have some suggestions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช,
08:02
Here's my suggestion:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™.
08:05
If we want to think of new kinds of arguments,
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ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
08:07
what we need to do is think of new kinds of arguers.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
08:11
So try this:
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ื ืกื• ืืช ื–ื”.
08:14
Think of all the roles that people play in arguments.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
08:19
There's the proponent and the opponent
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื•ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“
08:22
in an adversarial, dialectical argument.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืชื ืฆื—, ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™.
08:24
There's the audience in rhetorical arguments.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™.
08:26
There's the reasoner in arguments as proofs.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžื ืžืง, ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”,
08:30
All these different roles.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืื– ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
08:32
Now, can you imagine an argument in which you are the arguer,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืงื”ืœ
08:35
but you're also in the audience, watching yourself argue?
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ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื?
08:39
Can you imagine yourself watching yourself argue,
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื,
ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
08:43
losing the argument, and yet still, at the end of the argument, saying,
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื•ื•ืื•! ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžืขื•ืœื”."
08:47
"Wow, that was a good argument!"
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืŸ.
08:51
Can you do that?
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08:52
I think you can, and I think if you can imagine that kind of argument,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
08:55
where the loser says to the winner and the audience and the jury can say,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื ืฆื—,
ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
08:59
"Yeah, that was a good argument,"
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"ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘",
09:01
then you have imagined a good argument.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:03
And more than that,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” - ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื
09:04
I think you've imagined a good arguer,
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ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืื•ื™
09:06
an arguer that's worthy of the kind of arguer you should try to be.
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ืœื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
09:11
Now, I lose a lot of arguments.
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ืื ื™ ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื.
09:14
It takes practice to become a good arguer,
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘
09:16
in the sense of being able to benefit from losing, but fortunately,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืกื“,
ืืš ืœืžื–ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“
09:19
I've had many, many colleagues who have been willing to step up
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
09:22
and provide that practice for me.
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09:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:25
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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