Susan Lim: Transplant cells, not organs

74,647 views ใƒป 2011-04-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Moshe Sayag ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
So I was privileged to train in transplantation
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ื ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช
00:20
under two great surgical pioneers:
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ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื:
00:22
Thomas Starzl,
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ืชื•ืžืก ืกื˜ืืจื–ืœ,
00:24
who performed the world's first successful liver transplant
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ืฉืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:27
in 1967,
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ื‘-1967,
00:29
and Sir Roy Calne,
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ื•ืกืจ ืจื•ื™ ืงืืœืŸ
00:31
who performed the first liver transplant in the U.K.
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ืฉืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
00:34
in the following year.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
00:37
I returned to Singapore
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
00:39
and, in 1990,
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ื•ื‘-1990
00:41
performed Asia's first successful
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ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“
00:43
cadaveric liver transplant procedure,
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืžืชื•ืจื ืžืช,
00:46
but against all odds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื.
00:49
Now when I look back,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืื—ื•ืจื”,
00:51
the transplant was actually the easiest part.
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ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืœ.
00:55
Next, raising the money to fund the procedure.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš.
00:59
But perhaps the most challenging part
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:03
was to convince the regulators --
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื --
01:05
a matter which was debated in the parliament --
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ --
01:09
that a young female surgeon
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ืฉืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืžื ืชื—ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”
01:11
be allowed the opportunity
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ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
01:13
to pioneer for her country.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”.
01:16
But 20 years on,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ 20 ืฉื ื”,
01:18
my patient, Surinder,
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื™, ืกื•ืจื™ื“ืจ,
01:20
is Asia's longest surviving
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื”
01:22
cadaveric liver transplant to date.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืจื ืžืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
01:29
And perhaps more important,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
01:32
I am the proud godmother
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ืื ื™ ื”ืกื ื“ืงื™ืช ื”ื’ืื”
01:34
to her 14 year-old son.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื”-14.
01:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
01:40
But not all patients on the transplant wait list
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”
01:42
are so fortunate.
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ื™ืฉ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ.
01:44
The truth is,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
01:46
there are just simply not enough donor organs
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:48
to go around.
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ืชื•ืจืžื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:50
As the demand for donor organs
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
01:52
continues to rise,
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ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช,
01:54
in large part due to the aging population,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
01:57
the supply has remained relatively constant.
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ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:01
In the United States alone,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื”,
02:03
100,000 men, women and children
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100,000 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:07
are on the waiting list for donor organs,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:10
and more than a dozen die each day
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื™ืกืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:13
because of a lack of donor organs.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”.
02:16
The transplant community
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ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช
02:18
has actively campaigned in organ donation.
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ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:21
And the gift of life
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ื•ืžืชื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:23
has been extended
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ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื”
02:25
from brain-dead donors
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ืžืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™
02:27
to living, related donors --
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ืœืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื --
02:29
relatives who might donate an organ
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจ
02:32
or a part of an organ,
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ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ื‘ืจ,
02:34
like a split liver graft,
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื“,
02:36
to a relative or loved one.
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ืœืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืื”ื•ื‘.
02:39
But as there was still a dire shortage of donor organs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”,
02:42
the gift of life was then extended
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ืžืชื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“
02:44
from living, related donors
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ืžืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื
02:46
to now living, unrelated donors.
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ืœืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:49
And this then has given rise
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขืœื”
02:52
to unprecedented and unexpected
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ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื
02:55
moral controversy.
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ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:58
How can one distinguish
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
03:01
a donation that is voluntary and altruistic
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื
03:04
from one that is forced or coerced
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ืช ืฉื ื›ืคืชื” ืื• ื ืœืงื—ื” ืชื•ืš ืื™ืœื•ืฅ
03:07
from, for example,
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ืž-, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:09
a submissive spouse, an in-law,
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ืื™ืฉื” ื›ื ื•ืขื”, ืžื—ื•ืชื ืช,
03:12
a servant, a slave,
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ืžืฉืจืช, ืขื‘ื“,
03:14
an employee?
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ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“?
03:16
Where and how can we draw the line?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•?
03:20
In my part of the world,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื’ืจื”,
03:23
too many people live below the poverty line.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
03:26
And in some areas,
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
03:28
the commercial gifting of an organ
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ืžืกื™ืจืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช
03:30
in exchange for monetary reward
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืขื ืง ื›ืกืคื™
03:33
has led to a flourishing trade
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ
03:35
in living, unrelated donors.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:39
Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant,
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ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
03:42
I received my next assignment,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื‘ืื”,
03:44
and that was to go to the prisons
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกื•ื”ืจ
03:47
to harvest organs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
03:49
from executed prisoners.
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ืžื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
03:52
I was also pregnant at the time.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:55
Pregnancies are meant
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ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:57
to be happy and fulfilling moments
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ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื”
04:00
in any woman's life.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื”.
04:02
But my joyful period
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืฉืœื™
04:04
was marred by solemn and morbid thoughts --
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ื ืคื’ืžื” ืข"ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช --
04:09
thoughts of walking through
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืขื™ื“ื”
04:11
the prison's high-security death row,
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:14
as this was the only route
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
04:16
to take me to the makeshift operating room.
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืจืขื™.
04:20
And at each time,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื
04:22
I would feel the chilling stares
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืžืจืจื™ื
04:25
of condemned prisoners' eyes follow me.
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื™.
04:29
And for two years,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
04:31
I struggled with the dilemma
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ื ืื‘ืงืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื”
04:33
of waking up at 4:30 am
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 4:30 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
04:35
on a Friday morning,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™,
04:37
driving to the prison,
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ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœื,
04:39
getting down, gloved and scrubbed,
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ืขื˜ื•ื™ืช ื›ืคืคื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืจืฆืคืช,
04:41
ready to receive the body
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ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”
04:44
of an executed prisoner,
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ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’,
04:46
remove the organs
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ืงื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
04:48
and then transport these organs
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ื•ืื– ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื
04:50
to the recipient hospital
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ
04:52
and then graft the gift of life
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉืชื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืชื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
04:55
to a recipient the same afternoon.
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ืœืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ-ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
04:58
No doubt, I was informed,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืื•ืชื™,
05:00
the consent had been obtained.
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ืฉื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื ื™ืชื ื”.
05:06
But, in my life,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
05:08
the one fulfilling skill that I had
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™
05:13
was now invoking feelings of conflict --
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ืขื•ืจืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื --
05:17
conflict ranging
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ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืขื•
05:19
from extreme sorrow and doubt at dawn
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืกืคืง ืขื ืฉื—ืจ
05:23
to celebratory joy
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช
05:25
at engrafting the gift of life at dusk.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžืชื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘.
05:29
In my team,
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ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
05:31
the lives of one or two of my colleagues
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื
05:34
were tainted by this experience.
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ื”ื•ื›ืชืžื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
05:37
Some of us may have been sublimated,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ืฉื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช,
05:40
but really none of us remained the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืช .
05:44
I was troubled
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ืช ืžื›ืš
05:47
that the retrieval of organs from executed prisoners
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’
05:51
was at least as morally controversial
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
05:54
as the harvesting of stem cells
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ืžืืฉืจ ืงืฆื™ืจืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
05:56
from human embryos.
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ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
05:59
And in my mind,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืขืชื™,
06:01
I realized as a surgical pioneer
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื›ื—ืœื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
06:04
that the purpose of my position of influence
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ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™
06:07
was surely to speak up
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื™
06:09
for those who have no influence.
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ื‘ืฉื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
06:12
It made me wonder
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช
06:14
if there could be a better way --
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ --
06:16
a way to circumvent death
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ื“ืจืš ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
06:19
and yet deliver the gift of life
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืชืช ืืช ืžืชื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
06:21
that might exponentially impact
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ืฉืชืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™
06:24
millions of patients worldwide.
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:28
Now just about that time,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ,
06:30
the practice of surgery evolved
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”
06:32
from big to small,
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ืžื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ืŸ
06:34
from wide open incisions
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ืžื—ื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
06:36
to keyhole procedures,
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ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคืชื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
06:38
tiny incisions.
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ื—ื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
06:41
And in transplantation, concepts shifted
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ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืคื•
06:44
from whole organs to cells.
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ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืชืื™ื.
06:47
In 1988, at the University of Minnesota,
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ื‘-1988, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”,
06:50
I participated in a small series
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืงืฆืจื”
06:53
of whole organ pancreas transplants.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
06:56
I witnessed the technical difficulty.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™.
06:59
And this inspired in my mind
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
07:01
a shift from transplanting whole organs
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ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
07:05
to perhaps transplanting cells.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ื.
07:07
I thought to myself,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
07:09
why not take the individual cells
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
07:12
out of the pancreas --
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ --
07:14
the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes --
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ืกื›ืจืช --
07:17
and transplant these cells? --
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืชื? --
07:20
technically a much simpler procedure
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ื”ืœื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช
07:22
than having to grapple with the complexities
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืื‘ืง ืขื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช
07:25
of transplanting a whole organ.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื.
07:28
And at that time,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื,
07:30
stem cell research
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข
07:32
had gained momentum,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื ื•ืคื”,
07:34
following the isolation of the world's first
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื
07:37
human embryonic stem cells
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
07:39
in the 1990s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
07:42
The observation that stem cells, as master cells,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข, ื›ืชืื™ ืื‘,
07:45
could give rise
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
07:47
to a whole variety of different cell types --
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ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
07:49
heart cells, liver cells,
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ืชืื™ ืœื‘, ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“,
07:51
pancreatic islet cells --
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ืชืื™ ืœื‘ืœื‘ --
07:53
captured the attention of the media
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ืœื›ื“ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
07:56
and the imagination of the public.
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ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
07:59
I too was fascinated
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืกืžืช
08:01
by this new and disruptive cell technology,
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ืข"ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ื”ื–ื•,
08:04
and this inspired a shift in my mindset,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื™,
08:07
from transplanting whole organs
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ืžื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
08:09
to transplanting cells.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ื.
08:12
And I focused my research on stem cells
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ื•ืจื™ื›ื–ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
08:15
as a possible source
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™
08:17
for cell transplants.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ื.
08:20
Today we realize
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
08:22
that there are many different types of stem cells.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
08:25
Embryonic stem cells
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื
08:27
have occupied center stage,
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ืชืคืกื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
08:29
chiefly because of their pluripotency --
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืœื•ืจื™-ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื --
08:33
that is their ease in differentiating
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
08:36
into a variety of different cell types.
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ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื.
08:40
But the moral controversy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
08:43
surrounding embryonic stem cells --
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื --
08:46
the fact that these cells are derived
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชืื™ื ืืœื• ื ืœืงื—ื™ื
08:48
from five-day old human embryos --
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ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื --
08:51
has encouraged research
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ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
08:53
into other types of stem cells.
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
08:56
Now to the ridicule of my colleagues,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
09:00
I inspired my lab
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ื”ื ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
09:02
to focus on what I thought
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ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
09:05
was the most non-controversial source of stem cells,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ-ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
09:09
adipose tissue, or fat, yes fat --
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ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืŸ --
09:12
nowadays available in abundant supply --
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืคืข --
09:16
you and I, I think, would be very happy to get rid of anyway.
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ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
09:21
Fat-derived stem cells
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืฉื•ืžืŸ
09:23
are adult stem cells.
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ื”ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
09:25
And adult stem cells
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ื•ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
09:27
are found in you and me --
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ --
09:29
in our blood, in our bone marrow,
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ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
09:31
in our fat, our skin and other organs.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:34
And as it turns out,
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
09:36
fat is one of the best sources
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:38
of adult stem cells.
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ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
09:40
But adult stem cells
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
09:42
are not embryonic stem cells.
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ืื™ื ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื.
09:45
And here is the limitation:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื”:
09:47
adult stem cells are mature cells,
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ืชืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
09:50
and, like mature human beings,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
09:53
these cells are more restricted in their thought
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ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื
09:56
and more restricted in their behavior
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ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื
09:59
and are unable to give rise
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
10:01
to the wide variety of specialized cell types,
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ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื,
10:04
as embryonic stem cells [can].
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ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื.
10:06
But in 2007,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-2007,
10:09
two remarkable individuals,
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ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
10:12
Shinya Yamanaka of Japan
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื” ื™ืžื ืงื” ืžื™ืคืŸ
10:14
and Jamie Thomson of the United States,
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ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžื™ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ืžืืจื”"ื‘
10:17
made an astounding discovery.
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
10:20
They discovered
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•
10:22
that adult cells, taken from you and me,
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ืฉืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ืžืžื ื™,
10:25
could be reprogrammed
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ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
10:28
back into embryonic-like cells,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื,
10:30
which they termed IPS cells,
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืชืื™ iPS,
10:33
or induced pluripotent stem cells.
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ืื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืคืœื•ืจื™-ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
10:38
And so guess what,
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ื•ืชื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”,
10:40
scientists around the world and in the labs
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช
10:43
are racing
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ืžืชื—ืจื™ื
10:45
to convert aging adult cells --
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ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื --
10:48
aging adult cells from you and me --
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ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ืžืžื ื™ --
10:50
they are racing to reprogram these cells
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืืœื”
10:53
back into more useful IPS cells.
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืื™ iPS ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:58
And in our lab,
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ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
11:00
we are focused on taking fat
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ
11:02
and reprogramming
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ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
11:04
mounds of fat
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ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ
11:06
into fountains of youthful cells --
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ืœืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื --
11:10
cells that we may use
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ืชืื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ
11:12
to then form other,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:14
more specialized, cells,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื,
11:16
which one day may be used as cell transplants.
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืชืื™ื.
11:20
If this research is successful,
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ืื ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—,
11:23
it may then reduce the need
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš
11:26
to research and sacrifice
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘
11:28
human embryos.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:32
Indeed, there is a lot of hype, but also hope
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจื–ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืชืงื•ื•ื”
11:35
that the promise of stem cells
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ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
11:37
will one day provide cures
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืกืคืง ืžืจืคื
11:39
for a whole range of conditions.
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ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
11:41
Heart disease, stroke, diabetes,
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ืฅ, ืกื›ืจืช,
11:44
spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy,
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ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
11:46
retinal eye diseases --
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ --
11:49
are any of these conditions
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ื”ืื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:51
relevant, personally, to you?
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ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™?
11:54
In May 2006,
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ื‘ืžืื™ 2006,
11:57
something horrible happened to me.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืงืจื” ืœื™.
12:00
I was about to start a robotic operation,
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜,
12:02
but stepping out of the elevator
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืžืขืœื™ืช
12:04
into the bright and glaring lights of the operating room,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
12:07
I realized
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ืงืœื˜ืชื™
12:09
that my left visual field
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ืฉืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœื™
12:11
was fast collapsing into darkness.
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ืงื•ืจืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
12:14
Earlier that week,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
12:16
I had taken a rather hard knock
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ื—ื˜ืคืชื™ ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
12:18
during late spring skiing -- yes, I fell.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ืกืงื™ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ -- ื›ืŸ, ื ืคืœืชื™.
12:21
And I started to see floaters and stars,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฆืคื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
12:23
which I casually dismissed
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ืฉืื ื™ ืคื˜ืจืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช
12:25
as too much high-altitude sun exposure.
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ื›ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื.
12:28
What happened to me
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื™
12:30
might have been catastrophic,
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ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ,
12:32
if not for the fact
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ืืœืžืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:34
that I was in reach of good surgical access.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:36
And I had my vision restored,
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ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืงืžื”,
12:38
but not before a prolonged period of convalescence --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืžื” --
12:41
three months --
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื --
12:43
in a head down position.
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ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ืช ืจืืฉ ืœืžื˜ื”.
12:45
This experience
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:47
taught me to empathize more with my patients,
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ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™,
12:50
and especially those with retinal diseases.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื• ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
12:54
37 million people worldwide
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37 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
12:56
are blind,
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ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
12:58
and 127 million more
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ื•-127 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
13:01
suffer from impaired vision.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืจืื™ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”.
13:04
Stem cell-derived retinal transplants,
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ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ืžืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
13:07
now in a research phase,
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™,
13:09
may one day restore vision,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืงื ืจืื™ื™ื”,
13:11
or part vision,
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ืื• ืจืื™ื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
13:13
to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:17
Indeed, we live
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
13:19
in both challenging
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื
13:21
as well as exciting times.
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ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื.
13:25
As the world population ages,
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ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื–ื“ืงื ืช,
13:28
scientists are racing
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื
13:30
to discover new ways
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ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
13:32
to enhance the power of the body
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ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
13:34
to heal itself through stem cells.
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ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
13:37
It is a fact
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ืœืžืขืฉื”
13:39
that when our organs or tissues are injured,
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ื›ืฉืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื,
13:42
our bone marrow
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ืžื— ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:44
releases stem cells
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
13:46
into our circulation.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:48
And these stem cells
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ื•ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืืœื”
13:50
then float in the bloodstream
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ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื
13:52
and hone in to damaged organs
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ื•ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข
13:55
to release growth factors
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
13:57
to repair the damaged tissue.
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ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื”.
13:59
Stem cells may be used as building blocks
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:02
to repair damaged scaffolds within our body,
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ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ "ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื" ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•,
14:06
or to provide new liver cells
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ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
14:08
to repair damaged liver.
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ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ืคื’ื•ืข.
14:11
As we speak, there are 117 or so clinical trials
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื›-117 ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื
14:14
researching the use of stem cells
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ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
14:17
for liver diseases.
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“.
14:19
What lies ahead?
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ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
14:21
Heart disease
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘
14:23
is the leading cause of death worldwide.
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ื”ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:25
1.1 million Americans
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1.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
14:27
suffer heart attacks yearly.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
14:30
4.8 million
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4.8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
14:32
suffer cardiac failure.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื™.
14:34
Stem cells may be used
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ
14:36
to deliver growth factors
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ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
14:38
to repair damaged heart muscle
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ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื‘ ืคื’ื•ืข
14:40
or be differentiated
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ืื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื“ืœ
14:42
into heart muscle cells
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘
14:44
to restore heart function.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘.
14:46
There are 170 clinical trials
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ื™ืฉื ื 170 ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื
14:49
investigating the role of stem cells in heart disease.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
14:53
While still in a research phase,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™,
14:56
stem cells may one day herald
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืฉืจ
14:59
a quantum leap in the field of cardiology.
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ืขืœ ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืขื ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
15:03
Stem cells provide hope for new beginnings --
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช --
15:06
small, incremental steps,
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ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื“ื™ื,
15:09
cells rather than organs,
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ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:12
repair rather than replacement.
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ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœืคื”.
15:15
Stem cell therapies
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
15:18
may one day reduce the need for donor organs.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืจืžื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
15:22
Powerful new technologies
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช
15:24
always present enigmas.
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
15:26
As we speak,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:28
the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื
15:31
is currently underway
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ื ืžืฆื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•
15:33
following the USFDA approval.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ (USFDA).
15:36
And in the U.K.,
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
15:38
neural stem cells to treat stroke
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืฅ
15:40
are being investigated in a phase one trial.
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ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื‘ 1.
15:44
The research success that we celebrate today
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
15:47
has been made possible
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ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
15:49
by the curiosity and contribution and commitment
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช
15:53
of individual scientists
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
15:55
and medical pioneers.
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ื•ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืจืคื•ืื”.
15:57
Each one has his story.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
16:00
My story has been about my journey
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื™
16:03
from organs to cells --
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ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื --
16:05
a journey through controversy,
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ืžืกืข ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช,
16:07
inspired by hope --
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ืžื•ื ืข ืข"ื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” --
16:09
hope that, as we age,
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ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
16:12
you and I may one day celebrate longevity
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื
16:15
with an improved quality of life.
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ืขื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช.
16:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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