Susan Lim: Transplant cells, not organs

73,353 views ใƒป 2011-04-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: J J LEE ๊ฒ€ํ† : sungchul lim
00:16
So I was privileged to train in transplantation
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ถ„์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
00:20
under two great surgical pioneers:
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์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜๊ด‘์„ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
Thomas Starzl,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ 1967๋…„์—
00:24
who performed the world's first successful liver transplant
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๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋„ํ•œ
00:27
in 1967,
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ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์Šคํƒ€์ฆ๊ณผ
00:29
and Sir Roy Calne,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์—,
00:31
who performed the first liver transplant in the U.K.
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์˜๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ง‘๋„ํ•œ
00:34
in the following year.
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๋กœ์ด ์นธ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
I returned to Singapore
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๊ณ ,
00:39
and, in 1990,
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1990๋…„,
00:41
performed Asia's first successful
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
00:43
cadaveric liver transplant procedure,
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ฒด ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž
00:46
but against all odds.
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๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
Now when I look back,
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์ด์ œ์™€ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:51
the transplant was actually the easiest part.
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์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Next, raising the money to fund the procedure.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:59
But perhaps the most challenging part
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
01:03
was to convince the regulators --
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์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์—๊ฒŒ
01:05
a matter which was debated in the parliament --
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€
01:09
that a young female surgeon
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ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ œ๋‹น๊ตญ์„
01:11
be allowed the opportunity
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๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
to pioneer for her country.
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์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ๋„ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์ฃ .
01:16
But 20 years on,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 20๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜,
01:18
my patient, Surinder,
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž ์Šˆ๋ฆฐ๋”๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€
01:20
is Asia's longest surviving
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์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
01:22
cadaveric liver transplant to date.
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์‚ฌ์ฒด ๊ณต์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
01:29
And perhaps more important,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
01:32
I am the proud godmother
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 14์‚ด ๋‚œ ๊ทธ๋…€ ์•„๋“ค์˜
01:34
to her 14 year-old son.
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์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Œ€๋ชจ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
01:40
But not all patients on the transplant wait list
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด
01:42
are so fortunate.
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šด์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
The truth is,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
01:46
there are just simply not enough donor organs
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์ด์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
01:48
to go around.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
As the demand for donor organs
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋…ธ๋ นํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ
01:52
continues to rise,
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๊ณต์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:54
in large part due to the aging population,
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์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:57
the supply has remained relatively constant.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์€ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
In the United States alone,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ,
02:03
100,000 men, women and children
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100,000๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด
02:07
are on the waiting list for donor organs,
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๊ณต์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:10
and more than a dozen die each day
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๊ณต์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ
02:13
because of a lack of donor organs.
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์‹ญ ์—ฌ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
The transplant community
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด์‹๊ณ„๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:18
has actively campaigned in organ donation.
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ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
And the gift of life
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์‚ถ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์€
02:23
has been extended
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๋‡Œ์‚ฌ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์—์„œ
02:25
from brain-dead donors
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€
02:27
to living, related donors --
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ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
relatives who might donate an organ
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
02:32
or a part of an organ,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์นœ์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜
02:34
like a split liver graft,
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์—๊ฒŒ
02:36
to a relative or loved one.
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๊ธฐ์ฆํ•  ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:39
But as there was still a dire shortage of donor organs,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณต์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชน์‹œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
02:42
the gift of life was then extended
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์‚ถ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์ฒ™ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋“ค์—์„œ
02:44
from living, related donors
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์ฒ™์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋กœ
02:46
to now living, unrelated donors.
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ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
And this then has given rise
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋ก€์—†๊ณ 
02:52
to unprecedented and unexpected
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์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋…ผ๋ž€์„
02:55
moral controversy.
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
How can one distinguish
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฆ๊ณผ
03:01
a donation that is voluntary and altruistic
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
03:04
from one that is forced or coerced
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์ˆœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž, ํ•˜์ธ,
03:07
from, for example,
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์ธ์ฒ™, ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
03:09
a submissive spouse, an in-law,
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๊ฐ•์••์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
03:12
a servant, a slave,
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์ดํƒ€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์„
03:14
an employee?
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๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:16
Where and how can we draw the line?
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์–ด๋””์—, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:20
In my part of the world,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
03:23
too many people live below the poverty line.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋นˆ๊ณค์„  ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
And in some areas,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”,
03:28
the commercial gifting of an organ
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์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์กฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
03:30
in exchange for monetary reward
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๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
03:33
has led to a flourishing trade
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์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”
03:35
in living, unrelated donors.
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๋งค๋งค๊ฐ€ ์„ฑํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant,
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์ฒซ ๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ง‘๋„ํ•œ ์งํ›„,
03:42
I received my next assignment,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
and that was to go to the prisons
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:47
to harvest organs
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์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
03:49
from executed prisoners.
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์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ยฎ
03:52
I was also pregnant at the time.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ €๋Š” ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘์ด ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Pregnancies are meant
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์ž„์‹ ์ด๋ž€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์—์„œ
03:57
to be happy and fulfilling moments
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
04:00
in any woman's life.
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์‹œ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
But my joyful period
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €์˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š”
04:04
was marred by solemn and morbid thoughts --
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์‚ผ์—„ํ•œ
04:09
thoughts of walking through
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑท๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”
04:11
the prison's high-security death row,
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์•”์šธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
as this was the only route
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์ด ๊ธธ์ด ์ž„์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
04:16
to take me to the makeshift operating room.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And at each time,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค ๋ฒˆ,
04:22
I would feel the chilling stares
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์ €๋Š” ์œ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์€
04:25
of condemned prisoners' eyes follow me.
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์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜ค์‹นํ•œ ์‹œ์„ ์ด ๋Š๊ปด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
And for two years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
04:31
I struggled with the dilemma
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์ €๋Š” ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 4:30๋ถ„์—
04:33
of waking up at 4:30 am
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜, ๊ฐ์˜ฅ๊นŒ์ง€
04:35
on a Friday morning,
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์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ,
04:37
driving to the prison,
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€
04:39
getting down, gloved and scrubbed,
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์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์†์„ ์”ป๊ณ ๋Š”
04:41
ready to receive the body
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์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„
04:44
of an executed prisoner,
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์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ถœํ•ด
04:46
remove the organs
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์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„
04:48
and then transport these organs
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์ˆ˜๋ นํ•  ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†กํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:50
to the recipient hospital
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ์˜คํ›„์—
04:52
and then graft the gift of life
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์ˆ˜์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„
04:55
to a recipient the same afternoon.
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์ด์‹ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์™€ ์‹ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
No doubt, I was informed,
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์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด, ์ €๋Š”
05:00
the consent had been obtained.
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๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
But, in my life,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์‚ถ์—์„œ,
05:08
the one fulfilling skill that I had
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์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
05:13
was now invoking feelings of conflict --
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์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
conflict ranging
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๋™ํ‹€๋…˜์— ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜
05:19
from extreme sorrow and doubt at dawn
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๊ทน๋„์˜ ์Šฌํ””๊ณผ ์˜์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:23
to celebratory joy
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ํ•ด์งˆ๋…˜์— ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜
05:25
at engrafting the gift of life at dusk.
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์‚ถ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์‹ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์จ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:29
In my team,
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์ œ ํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š”
05:31
the lives of one or two of my colleagues
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ถ์ด
05:34
were tainted by this experience.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋ฃฉ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Some of us may have been sublimated,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Šนํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:40
but really none of us remained the same.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
I was troubled
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์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋‹นํ•œ ์ฃ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:47
that the retrieval of organs from executed prisoners
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์–ด๋„
05:51
was at least as morally controversial
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
05:54
as the harvesting of stem cells
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์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ
05:56
from human embryos.
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์ €๋ฅผ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
And in my mind,
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์ œ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—์„œ๋Š”,
06:01
I realized as a surgical pioneer
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์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ,
06:04
that the purpose of my position of influence
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์ œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์—†๋Š”
06:07
was surely to speak up
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์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
06:09
for those who have no influence.
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๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
It made me wonder
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€
06:14
if there could be a better way --
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๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
a way to circumvent death
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์„œ๋„,
06:19
and yet deliver the gift of life
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:21
that might exponentially impact
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๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„
06:24
millions of patients worldwide.
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์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
Now just about that time,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—,
06:30
the practice of surgery evolved
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜€๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:32
from big to small,
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๋„“์€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
06:34
from wide open incisions
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์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜
06:36
to keyhole procedures,
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๊ตญ์†Œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋กœ
06:38
tiny incisions.
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๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
And in transplantation, concepts shifted
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์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ „ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—์„œ
06:44
from whole organs to cells.
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์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
In 1988, at the University of Minnesota,
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1988๋…„, ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
06:50
I participated in a small series
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์ €๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ทŒ์žฅ ์ด์‹์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—
06:53
of whole organ pancreas transplants.
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์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
I witnessed the technical difficulty.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋‚œ๊ด€์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
And this inspired in my mind
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์ฒด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์—์„œ
07:01
a shift from transplanting whole organs
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:05
to perhaps transplanting cells.
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
I thought to myself,
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์ €๋Š” ์™œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—์„œ
07:09
why not take the individual cells
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์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š”
07:12
out of the pancreas --
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ
07:14
the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes --
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์ด์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ?
07:17
and transplant these cells? --
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
technically a much simpler procedure
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์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š”
07:22
than having to grapple with the complexities
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ํž˜๋“  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:25
of transplanting a whole organ.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
And at that time,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š”
07:30
stem cell research
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
07:32
had gained momentum,
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ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:34
following the isolation of the world's first
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1990๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜
07:37
human embryonic stem cells
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๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
07:39
in the 1990s.
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์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
The observation that stem cells, as master cells,
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๋งŒ๋Šฅ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์„ธํฌ, ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ,
07:45
could give rise
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์ทŒ์žฅ๋„ ์„ธํฌ ๋“ฑ,
07:47
to a whole variety of different cell types --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
07:49
heart cells, liver cells,
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:51
pancreatic islet cells --
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ด
07:53
captured the attention of the media
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์™€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„
07:56
and the imagination of the public.
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์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
I too was fascinated
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์ €๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—
08:01
by this new and disruptive cell technology,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
and this inspired a shift in my mindset,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ด์‹์—์„œ
08:07
from transplanting whole organs
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์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:09
to transplanting cells.
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
And I focused my research on stem cells
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์ด์‹์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜
08:15
as a possible source
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—
08:17
for cell transplants.
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์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
Today we realize
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:22
that there are many different types of stem cells.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
Embryonic stem cells
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๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
08:27
have occupied center stage,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
08:29
chiefly because of their pluripotency --
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์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์„ฑ์งˆ์ธ
08:33
that is their ease in differentiating
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์ „๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ(ๅ…จๅˆ†ๅŒ–่ƒฝ) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:36
into a variety of different cell types.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
But the moral controversy
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
08:43
surrounding embryonic stem cells --
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5์ผ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํƒœ์•„์—์„œ
08:46
the fact that these cells are derived
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์ถ”์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ
08:48
from five-day old human embryos --
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์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด
08:51
has encouraged research
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
08:53
into other types of stem cells.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Now to the ridicule of my colleagues,
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์ด์ œ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋†€๋ฆผ์—๋„,
09:00
I inspired my lab
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด
09:02
to focus on what I thought
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋กœ์„œ
09:05
was the most non-controversial source of stem cells,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์งˆ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—
09:09
adipose tissue, or fat, yes fat --
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์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
nowadays available in abundant supply --
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
09:16
you and I, I think, would be very happy to get rid of anyway.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ €๋Š”, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
Fat-derived stem cells
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
09:23
are adult stem cells.
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์„ฑ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
And adult stem cells
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์„ฑ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
09:27
are found in you and me --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ,
09:29
in our blood, in our bone marrow,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜,
09:31
in our fat, our skin and other organs.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
And as it turns out,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋Œ€๋กœ,
09:36
fat is one of the best sources
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜
09:38
of adult stem cells.
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์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
But adult stem cells
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
09:42
are not embryonic stem cells.
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๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
And here is the limitation:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
adult stem cells are mature cells,
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์„ฑ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ,
09:50
and, like mature human beings,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
09:53
these cells are more restricted in their thought
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ
09:56
and more restricted in their behavior
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๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:59
and are unable to give rise
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๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
10:01
to the wide variety of specialized cell types,
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์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํญ ๋„“์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ
10:04
as embryonic stem cells [can].
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์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
But in 2007,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2007๋…„์—,
10:09
two remarkable individuals,
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์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ ์•ผ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜์นด์™€
10:12
Shinya Yamanaka of Japan
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
10:14
and Jamie Thomson of the United States,
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๋น„๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
10:17
made an astounding discovery.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
They discovered
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฒŒ์„œ
10:22
that adult cells, taken from you and me,
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์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
10:25
could be reprogrammed
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์œ ๋„ ๋‹ค์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜
10:28
back into embryonic-like cells,
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IPS ์„ธํฌ๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”
10:30
which they termed IPS cells,
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๋ฐฐ์•„ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ
10:33
or induced pluripotent stem cells.
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์žฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
And so guess what,
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์ž ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:40
scientists around the world and in the labs
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
10:43
are racing
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฒŒ์„œ
10:45
to convert aging adult cells --
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์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ๋…ธํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ์ธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
10:48
aging adult cells from you and me --
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ์• ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
they are racing to reprogram these cells
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์žฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•ด
10:53
back into more useful IPS cells.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์šฉํ•œ IPS ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
And in our lab,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š”
11:00
we are focused on taking fat
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•ด์„œ
11:02
and reprogramming
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๋งŽ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
11:04
mounds of fat
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜
11:06
into fountains of youthful cells --
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๋” ์ „๋ฌธํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:10
cells that we may use
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์ถ”ํ›„ ์„ธํฌ ์ด์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
11:12
to then form other,
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์ Š์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜
11:14
more specialized, cells,
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์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
11:16
which one day may be used as cell transplants.
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์ง‘์ค‘ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
If this research is successful,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:23
it may then reduce the need
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
11:26
to research and sacrifice
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ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ
11:28
human embryos.
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์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
Indeed, there is a lot of hype, but also hope
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ ์ „๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜
11:35
that the promise of stem cells
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
11:37
will one day provide cures
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘,
11:39
for a whole range of conditions.
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์ฒ™์ถ” ์†์ƒ, ๊ทผ์œก ์œ„์ถ•๋ณ‘,
11:41
Heart disease, stroke, diabetes,
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๋ง๋ง‰ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ
11:44
spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š”
11:46
retinal eye diseases --
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ํฌ๋ง์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
are any of these conditions
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:51
relevant, personally, to you?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
11:54
In May 2006,
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2006๋…„ 5์›”,
11:57
something horrible happened to me.
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์•„์ฃผ ์•ˆ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
I was about to start a robotic operation,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ง‰ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
but stepping out of the elevator
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€
12:04
into the bright and glaring lights of the operating room,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ž,
12:07
I realized
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์ œ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์ด
12:09
that my left visual field
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ
12:11
was fast collapsing into darkness.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Earlier that week,
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ ์ดˆ์—,
12:16
I had taken a rather hard knock
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๋Šฆ ๋ด„ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ฉด์„œ
12:18
during late spring skiing -- yes, I fell.
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์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
And I started to see floaters and stars,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ
12:23
which I casually dismissed
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์•„๋ฌด์ƒ๊ฐ ์—†์ด ๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜
12:25
as too much high-altitude sun exposure.
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๋ณ„๊ณผ ๋ถ€์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ฑ์ด ๋– ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
What happened to me
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์€
12:30
might have been catastrophic,
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ
12:32
if not for the fact
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๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด
12:34
that I was in reach of good surgical access.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
And I had my vision restored,
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์ €๋Š” ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
12:38
but not before a prolonged period of convalescence --
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๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋–จ๊ตฐ ์ฑ„๋กœ 3๋‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
12:41
three months --
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
12:43
in a head down position.
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ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
This experience
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
12:47
taught me to empathize more with my patients,
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ง๋ง‰ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
12:50
and especially those with retinal diseases.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋” ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
37 million people worldwide
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ 3,700๋งŒ๋ช…์ด
12:56
are blind,
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์‹œ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด๊ณ ,
12:58
and 127 million more
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1์–ต2์ฒœ7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด
13:01
suffer from impaired vision.
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์‹œ๋ ฅ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
Stem cell-derived retinal transplants,
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋œ ๋ง๋ง‰ ์ด์‹์€
13:07
now in a research phase,
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์ด์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
13:09
may one day restore vision,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
13:11
or part vision,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:13
to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.
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์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
Indeed, we live
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์ •๋ง๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
13:19
in both challenging
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋งŒํผ
13:21
as well as exciting times.
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๋„์ „์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
As the world population ages,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ นํ™” ๋  ๋•Œ,
13:28
scientists are racing
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:30
to discover new ways
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์ž๊ฐ€ ์น˜์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:32
to enhance the power of the body
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ
13:34
to heal itself through stem cells.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
It is a fact
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€
13:39
that when our organs or tissues are injured,
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์กฐ์ง์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
13:42
our bone marrow
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋Š”
13:44
releases stem cells
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์ˆœํ™˜๊ณ„๋กœ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
13:46
into our circulation.
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๋‚ด์–ด๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
And these stem cells
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
13:50
then float in the bloodstream
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ
13:52
and hone in to damaged organs
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š”
13:55
to release growth factors
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์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด๋†“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:57
to repair the damaged tissue.
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
Stem cells may be used as building blocks
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ
14:02
to repair damaged scaffolds within our body,
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์†์ƒ๋œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ฐ„์„
14:06
or to provide new liver cells
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์น˜์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
14:08
to repair damaged liver.
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์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
As we speak, there are 117 or so clinical trials
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
14:14
researching the use of stem cells
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์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”
14:17
for liver diseases.
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117๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
What lies ahead?
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:21
Heart disease
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:23
is the leading cause of death worldwide.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ 1์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
1.1 million Americans
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1,100๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด
14:27
suffer heart attacks yearly.
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๋งค๋…„ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
4.8 million
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4,800๋งŒ๋ช…์ด
14:32
suffer cardiac failure.
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์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Stem cells may be used
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์†์ƒ๋œ
14:36
to deliver growth factors
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:38
to repair damaged heart muscle
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
14:40
or be differentiated
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ทผ์œก ์„ธํฌ๋กœ
14:42
into heart muscle cells
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„
14:44
to restore heart function.
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์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
There are 170 clinical trials
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์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„
14:49
investigating the role of stem cells in heart disease.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 170๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
While still in a research phase,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
14:56
stem cells may one day herald
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
14:59
a quantum leap in the field of cardiology.
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๋น„์•ฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด๋Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
Stem cells provide hope for new beginnings --
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ฑด๋‚ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
small, incremental steps,
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์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๋“ค,
15:09
cells rather than organs,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ธํฌ,
15:12
repair rather than replacement.
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๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
Stem cell therapies
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š”
15:18
may one day reduce the need for donor organs.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
Powerful new technologies
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€
15:24
always present enigmas.
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
As we speak,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
15:28
the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury
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์ฒ™์ถ” ๋ถ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์‹คํ—˜์ด
15:31
is currently underway
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USFDA์˜ ์Šน์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
15:33
following the USFDA approval.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
And in the U.K.,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
15:38
neural stem cells to treat stroke
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๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
15:40
are being investigated in a phase one trial.
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์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
The research success that we celebrate today
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™์  ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜
15:47
has been made possible
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ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ—Œ, ํ—Œ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ
15:49
by the curiosity and contribution and commitment
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ• 
15:53
of individual scientists
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
15:55
and medical pioneers.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
Each one has his story.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
My story has been about my journey
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜
16:03
from organs to cells --
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์ œ ์—ฌ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
a journey through controversy,
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๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์ด์ž,
16:07
inspired by hope --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ,
16:09
hope that, as we age,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
16:12
you and I may one day celebrate longevity
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ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
16:15
with an improved quality of life.
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ํฌ๋ง์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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