Susan Lim: Transplant cells, not organs

73,905 views ・ 2011-04-19

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Prevoditelj: Veronika Rasic Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:16
So I was privileged to train in transplantation
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Imala sam privilegiju da učim o transplantaciji
00:20
under two great surgical pioneers:
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pod dva velika kirurga pionira:
00:22
Thomas Starzl,
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Thomas Starzl,
00:24
who performed the world's first successful liver transplant
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koji je izveo prvu uspješnu transplantaciju jetre u svijetu
00:27
in 1967,
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1967. godine,
00:29
and Sir Roy Calne,
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i Sir Roy Calne,
00:31
who performed the first liver transplant in the U.K.
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koji je izveo prvu transplantaciju jetre u U.K.
00:34
in the following year.
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slijedeće godine.
00:37
I returned to Singapore
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Vratila sam se u Singapur
00:39
and, in 1990,
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i 1990. godine
00:41
performed Asia's first successful
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izvela prvu uspješnu transplantaciju
00:43
cadaveric liver transplant procedure,
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jetre od kadavera u Aziji,
00:46
but against all odds.
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ali protiv svih očekivanja.
00:49
Now when I look back,
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Kada sada pogledam nazad na to,
00:51
the transplant was actually the easiest part.
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transplantacija je zapravo bila lakši dio.
00:55
Next, raising the money to fund the procedure.
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Slijedeće, sakupljanje novaca da financiram operaciju.
00:59
But perhaps the most challenging part
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Ali možda je najteži dio bio
01:03
was to convince the regulators --
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uvjeravanje regulatora --
01:05
a matter which was debated in the parliament --
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stvar koja se debatirala u parlamentu --
01:09
that a young female surgeon
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da bi mladoj ženskoj kirurginji
01:11
be allowed the opportunity
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dopustili takvu šansu
01:13
to pioneer for her country.
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da postane pionir za svoju zemlju.
01:16
But 20 years on,
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Ali nakon 20 godina,
01:18
my patient, Surinder,
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moja pacijentica, Surinder,
01:20
is Asia's longest surviving
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je u Aziji najduža živuća
01:22
cadaveric liver transplant to date.
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kadaverična transplantacija jetre do danas.
01:25
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
01:29
And perhaps more important,
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Možda važnije od toga,
01:32
I am the proud godmother
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ja sam ponosna krsna kuma
01:34
to her 14 year-old son.
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njezinog 14 godišnjeg sina.
01:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
01:40
But not all patients on the transplant wait list
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Ali nisu svi pacijenti na listi čekanja za transplantaciju
01:42
are so fortunate.
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tako sretni.
01:44
The truth is,
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Istina je,
01:46
there are just simply not enough donor organs
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da jednostavno nema dovoljno donora organa
01:48
to go around.
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za sve njih.
01:50
As the demand for donor organs
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Kako potražnja za donorima organa
01:52
continues to rise,
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stalno raste,
01:54
in large part due to the aging population,
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velikim dijelom zbog sve starije populacije,
01:57
the supply has remained relatively constant.
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ponuda je ostala relativno konstantna.
02:01
In the United States alone,
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Samo u Sjedinjenim Državama ,
02:03
100,000 men, women and children
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100.000 muškaraca, žena i djece
02:07
are on the waiting list for donor organs,
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čeka na listi za donora organa,
02:10
and more than a dozen die each day
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i više od 12 umire svaki dan
02:13
because of a lack of donor organs.
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zato što nema dovoljno donora.
02:16
The transplant community
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Transplantacijska zajednica
02:18
has actively campaigned in organ donation.
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je vodila aktivne kampanje za donaciju organa.
02:21
And the gift of life
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Dar života
02:23
has been extended
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se proširio
02:25
from brain-dead donors
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s donora s moždanom smrću
02:27
to living, related donors --
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na živuće, srodne donore --
02:29
relatives who might donate an organ
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srodnici koji bi možda donirali organ
02:32
or a part of an organ,
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ili dio organa,
02:34
like a split liver graft,
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kao što je rascjepljeni graft jetre,
02:36
to a relative or loved one.
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svom srodniku ili voljenoj osobi.
02:39
But as there was still a dire shortage of donor organs,
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Ali zato što još uvijek postoji manjak donora organa,
02:42
the gift of life was then extended
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dar života je onda proširen
02:44
from living, related donors
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sa živućih, srodnih donora
02:46
to now living, unrelated donors.
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sada na živuće, nesrodne donore.
02:49
And this then has given rise
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Onda je ovo dalo maha
02:52
to unprecedented and unexpected
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neviđenoj i neočekivanoj
02:55
moral controversy.
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moralnoj kontroverzi.
02:58
How can one distinguish
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Kako može netko razlikovati
03:01
a donation that is voluntary and altruistic
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donaciju koja je volonterska i altruistička
03:04
from one that is forced or coerced
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od one koja je učinjena pod prisilom
03:07
from, for example,
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od, na primjer,
03:09
a submissive spouse, an in-law,
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pokorne supruge, rodbine,
03:12
a servant, a slave,
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sluge, roba,
03:14
an employee?
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zaposlenika?
03:16
Where and how can we draw the line?
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Gdje i kako možemo povući crtu?
03:20
In my part of the world,
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U mojem dijelu svijeta,
03:23
too many people live below the poverty line.
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previše ljudi živi ispod granice siromaštva.
03:26
And in some areas,
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Na nekim područjima,
03:28
the commercial gifting of an organ
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komercijalno poklanjanje organa
03:30
in exchange for monetary reward
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u zamjenu za novčanu nagradu
03:33
has led to a flourishing trade
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je dovelo do cvatuće trgovine
03:35
in living, unrelated donors.
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živućih, nesrodnih donora.
03:39
Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant,
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Ubrzo nakon što sam izvela prvu transplantaciju jetre,
03:42
I received my next assignment,
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dobila sam svoj slijedeći zadatak,
03:44
and that was to go to the prisons
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a to je bilo da odem do zatvora
03:47
to harvest organs
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kako bih vadila organe
03:49
from executed prisoners.
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zatvorenicima koji su bili pogubljeni.
03:52
I was also pregnant at the time.
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U to vrijema sam bila i trudna.
03:55
Pregnancies are meant
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Trudnoća bi trebala biti
03:57
to be happy and fulfilling moments
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razdoblje sretnih i ispunjavajućih doživljaja
04:00
in any woman's life.
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u životu svake žene.
04:02
But my joyful period
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Ali je moje sretno razdoblje
04:04
was marred by solemn and morbid thoughts --
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bilo opterećeno teškim i morbidnim mislima --
04:09
thoughts of walking through
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mislima o hodanju kroz
04:11
the prison's high-security death row,
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dio zatvora gdje se nalaze oni koji čekaju smrtnu kaznu,
04:14
as this was the only route
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kako je ovo bila jedina ruta
04:16
to take me to the makeshift operating room.
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koja me je vodila do improvizirane operacijske sale.
04:20
And at each time,
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I svaki puta
04:22
I would feel the chilling stares
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bi osjetila kako me hladni pogledi
04:25
of condemned prisoners' eyes follow me.
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osuđenih zatvorenika prate.
04:29
And for two years,
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Dvije godine
04:31
I struggled with the dilemma
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sam se mučila s dilemom
04:33
of waking up at 4:30 am
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buđenja u 4:30
04:35
on a Friday morning,
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u petak ujutro,
04:37
driving to the prison,
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vožnje do zatvora,
04:39
getting down, gloved and scrubbed,
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spuštanje, stavljanja rukavica,
04:41
ready to receive the body
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pripreme da primim tijelo
04:44
of an executed prisoner,
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pogubljenog zatvorenika,
04:46
remove the organs
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izvadim organe
04:48
and then transport these organs
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i onda te organe prevezem
04:50
to the recipient hospital
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do odgovarajuće bolnice
04:52
and then graft the gift of life
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i onda presadim dar života
04:55
to a recipient the same afternoon.
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u primaoca tog istog popodneva.
04:58
No doubt, I was informed,
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Nema sumnje, bila sam informirana,
05:00
the consent had been obtained.
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suglasnost je bila dana.
05:06
But, in my life,
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Ali u mom žvotu,
05:08
the one fulfilling skill that I had
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jedina ispunjavajuća vještina koju sam posjedovala
05:13
was now invoking feelings of conflict --
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je sada izazivala osjećaje konflikta --
05:17
conflict ranging
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konflikt koji je bio u rasponu
05:19
from extreme sorrow and doubt at dawn
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od ekstremne tuge i sumnje u zoru
05:23
to celebratory joy
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do slavljeničke sreće
05:25
at engrafting the gift of life at dusk.
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kada bi dala dar života u sumrak.
05:29
In my team,
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U mojoj ekipi,
05:31
the lives of one or two of my colleagues
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život jedno ili dvoje mojih kolega
05:34
were tainted by this experience.
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je bio pokvaren ovim iskustvom.
05:37
Some of us may have been sublimated,
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Neki od nas su možda to sublimirali,
05:40
but really none of us remained the same.
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ali nitko od nas nije ostao isti.
05:44
I was troubled
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Bila sam uznemirena
05:47
that the retrieval of organs from executed prisoners
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da je vađenje organa iz pogubljenih zatvorenika
05:51
was at least as morally controversial
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barem jednako kontroverzno kao i
05:54
as the harvesting of stem cells
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vađenje matičnih stanica
05:56
from human embryos.
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iz ljudskih embrija.
05:59
And in my mind,
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Svojom glavom
06:01
I realized as a surgical pioneer
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sam shvatila da kao kirurški pionir
06:04
that the purpose of my position of influence
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svrha moje utjecajne pozicije
06:07
was surely to speak up
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je bio da dignem glas
06:09
for those who have no influence.
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za one koji nemaju utjecaja.
06:12
It made me wonder
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Zapitala sam se
06:14
if there could be a better way --
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da li može postojati bolji način --
06:16
a way to circumvent death
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način da se zaobiđe smrt
06:19
and yet deliver the gift of life
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a još uvijek pruži dar života
06:21
that might exponentially impact
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koji bi mogao eksponencionalno utjecati
06:24
millions of patients worldwide.
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na milijune pacijenata širom svijeta.
06:28
Now just about that time,
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Baš oko tog vremena
06:30
the practice of surgery evolved
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je kirurška struka evoluirala
06:32
from big to small,
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iz velike u malu,
06:34
from wide open incisions
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od široko otvorenih incizija
06:36
to keyhole procedures,
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na majušne zahvate,
06:38
tiny incisions.
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sitne incizije.
06:41
And in transplantation, concepts shifted
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I u transplataciji, koncepti su se mijenjali
06:44
from whole organs to cells.
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sa cijelih organa na stanice.
06:47
In 1988, at the University of Minnesota,
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1988 godine, na Sveučilištu u Minnesoti,
06:50
I participated in a small series
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sudjelovala sam u maloj seriji
06:53
of whole organ pancreas transplants.
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transplantacija cijelih gušterača.
06:56
I witnessed the technical difficulty.
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Svjedočila sam tehničkim poteškočama.
06:59
And this inspired in my mind
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I ovo je inspiriralo u meni
07:01
a shift from transplanting whole organs
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pomak od transplantacije cijelih organa
07:05
to perhaps transplanting cells.
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na možda transplantiranje stanica.
07:07
I thought to myself,
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Pomislila sam
07:09
why not take the individual cells
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zašto ne uzeti individualne stanice
07:12
out of the pancreas --
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iz gušterače --
07:14
the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes --
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stanice koje izlučuju inzulin kako bi izliječili dijabetes --
07:17
and transplant these cells? --
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i transplantirati te stanice? --
07:20
technically a much simpler procedure
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tehnički puno jednostavniji postupak
07:22
than having to grapple with the complexities
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nego da morate se boriti s kompleksnim
07:25
of transplanting a whole organ.
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postupkom transplantiranja cijelog organa.
07:28
And at that time,
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U to vrijeme
07:30
stem cell research
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istraživanje matičnih stanica
07:32
had gained momentum,
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je dobilo momentum,
07:34
following the isolation of the world's first
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nakon prve svjetske izolacije
07:37
human embryonic stem cells
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ljudskih embrijskih matičnih stanica
07:39
in the 1990s.
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u 90-tima.
07:42
The observation that stem cells, as master cells,
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Obzervacija da su matične stanice, kao "vodeće" stanice,
07:45
could give rise
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bi mogla otvoriti put
07:47
to a whole variety of different cell types --
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prema cijeloj paleti različitih tipova stanica --
07:49
heart cells, liver cells,
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srčanih stanica, jetrenih stanica,
07:51
pancreatic islet cells --
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stanica otočića gušterače --
07:53
captured the attention of the media
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uhvatila je pažnju medija
07:56
and the imagination of the public.
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i imaginaciju publike.
07:59
I too was fascinated
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Ja sam također bila fascinirana
08:01
by this new and disruptive cell technology,
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ovom novom i disruptivnom staničnom tehnologijom
08:04
and this inspired a shift in my mindset,
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i to me inspiriralo da promjenim svoj način razmišljanja,
08:07
from transplanting whole organs
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s transplantacije cijelih organa
08:09
to transplanting cells.
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na transplantaciju stanica.
08:12
And I focused my research on stem cells
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I fokusirala sam svoja istraživanja na matične stanice
08:15
as a possible source
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kao mogući izvor
08:17
for cell transplants.
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za transplantaciju stanica.
08:20
Today we realize
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Danas shavaćamo
08:22
that there are many different types of stem cells.
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da postoje mnoge različite vrste matičnih stanica.
08:25
Embryonic stem cells
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Embrijonalne matične stanice
08:27
have occupied center stage,
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su zauzele središte pozornosti,
08:29
chiefly because of their pluripotency --
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uglavnom zbog svoje pluripotentnosti --
08:33
that is their ease in differentiating
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to je njihova sposobnost da diferenciraju
08:36
into a variety of different cell types.
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u široku paletu različitih staničnih vrsta.
08:40
But the moral controversy
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Ali moralna kontroverza
08:43
surrounding embryonic stem cells --
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koja okružuje embrijonalne matične stanice --
08:46
the fact that these cells are derived
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činjenica da su te stanice derivirane
08:48
from five-day old human embryos --
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iz pet dana starih ljudskih embrija --
08:51
has encouraged research
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je potaknula istraživanja
08:53
into other types of stem cells.
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drugih vrsta matičnih stanica.
08:56
Now to the ridicule of my colleagues,
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Sada čak i s podrugivanjem svojih kolega,
09:00
I inspired my lab
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inspiriram svoj laboratorij
09:02
to focus on what I thought
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da se fokusira na ono što sam ja smatrala
09:05
was the most non-controversial source of stem cells,
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da je najmanje kotroverzni izvor matičnih stanica,
09:09
adipose tissue, or fat, yes fat --
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adipozno tkivo, ili masno tkivo, da mast --
09:12
nowadays available in abundant supply --
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u današnje vrijeme je vrlo dostupno --
09:16
you and I, I think, would be very happy to get rid of anyway.
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mislim da bi i vi i ja bili vrlo sretni da ga se riješimo.
09:21
Fat-derived stem cells
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Matične stanice dobivene iz masnog tkiva
09:23
are adult stem cells.
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su zrele matične stanice.
09:25
And adult stem cells
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I zrele matične stanice
09:27
are found in you and me --
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se nalaze u vama i u meni --
09:29
in our blood, in our bone marrow,
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u našoj krvi, u našoj koštanoj srži,
09:31
in our fat, our skin and other organs.
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u našem masnom tkivu, u našoj koži i drugim organima.
09:34
And as it turns out,
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I ispada da
09:36
fat is one of the best sources
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je masno tkivo jedan od najboljih izvora
09:38
of adult stem cells.
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zrelih matičnih stanica.
09:40
But adult stem cells
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Ali zrele matične stanice
09:42
are not embryonic stem cells.
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nisu embrijonalne matične stanice.
09:45
And here is the limitation:
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I tu nastaju ograničenja:
09:47
adult stem cells are mature cells,
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zrele matične stanice su razvijene stanice,
09:50
and, like mature human beings,
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i kao razvijena ljudska bića,
09:53
these cells are more restricted in their thought
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ove stanice su više ograničene u svome razmišljanju
09:56
and more restricted in their behavior
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i više ograničene u svome ponašanju
09:59
and are unable to give rise
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i ne mogu se diferencirati
10:01
to the wide variety of specialized cell types,
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u široku paletu specijaliziranih vrsta stanica,
10:04
as embryonic stem cells [can].
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kao što to mogu embrijonalne matične stanice.
10:06
But in 2007,
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Ali 2007. godine
10:09
two remarkable individuals,
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dvoje izvanrednih individualaca,
10:12
Shinya Yamanaka of Japan
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Shinya Yamanaka iz Japana
10:14
and Jamie Thomson of the United States,
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i Jamie Thompson iz Sjedinjenih Država,
10:17
made an astounding discovery.
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su napravili iznenađujuće otkriće.
10:20
They discovered
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Oni su otkrili
10:22
that adult cells, taken from you and me,
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da adultne stanice, uzete od vas ili mene,
10:25
could be reprogrammed
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mogu biti reprogramirane
10:28
back into embryonic-like cells,
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nazad u stanice slične embrijskim stanicama,
10:30
which they termed IPS cells,
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i to su nazvali IPS stanice,
10:33
or induced pluripotent stem cells.
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ili inducirane pluripotentne matične stanice.
10:38
And so guess what,
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I pogodite što se dogodilo,
10:40
scientists around the world and in the labs
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znanstvenici širom svijeta i u laboratorijima
10:43
are racing
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se žure
10:45
to convert aging adult cells --
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konvertirati zrele stanice koje stare --
10:48
aging adult cells from you and me --
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zrele stanice od vas i mene koje stare --
10:50
they are racing to reprogram these cells
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žure se reprogramirati ove stanice
10:53
back into more useful IPS cells.
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nazad u više korisne IPS stanice.
10:58
And in our lab,
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I u našem laboratoriju,
11:00
we are focused on taking fat
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mi smo fokusirani na uzimanje masnog tkiva
11:02
and reprogramming
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i reprogramiranju
11:04
mounds of fat
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brda masti
11:06
into fountains of youthful cells --
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u fontane mladolikih stanica --
11:10
cells that we may use
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stanice koje se mogu koristiti
11:12
to then form other,
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kako bi oblikovali druge,
11:14
more specialized, cells,
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više specijalizirane stanice,
11:16
which one day may be used as cell transplants.
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koje bi se jednog dana mogle koristiti kao stanice za transplantaciju.
11:20
If this research is successful,
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Ako je ovo istraživanje uspješno,
11:23
it may then reduce the need
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moglo bi reducirati potrebu
11:26
to research and sacrifice
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da se istražuju i žrtvuju
11:28
human embryos.
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ljudski embriji.
11:32
Indeed, there is a lot of hype, but also hope
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Naravno, digla se prašina, ali i nada
11:35
that the promise of stem cells
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da obećanja koja sa sobom nose matične stanice
11:37
will one day provide cures
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da će jednog dana omogućiti izlječenje
11:39
for a whole range of conditions.
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za veliki broj raznih stanja.
11:41
Heart disease, stroke, diabetes,
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Srčane bolesti, moždanog udara, dijabetesa,
11:44
spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy,
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oštečenja leđne moždine, mišićne distrofije,
11:46
retinal eye diseases --
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retinalne distrofije --
11:49
are any of these conditions
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da li je jedno od ovih stanja
11:51
relevant, personally, to you?
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vama osobno relevantno?
11:54
In May 2006,
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U svibnju 2006. godine,
11:57
something horrible happened to me.
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nešto strašno mi se dogodilo.
12:00
I was about to start a robotic operation,
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Upravo sam trebala započeti operaciju s robotom,
12:02
but stepping out of the elevator
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ali kada sam izašla iz dizala
12:04
into the bright and glaring lights of the operating room,
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u jaka i blješteća svjetla operacijske sale,
12:07
I realized
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shvatila sam
12:09
that my left visual field
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da moje lijevo vidno polje
12:11
was fast collapsing into darkness.
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je vrlo brzo padalo u mrak.
12:14
Earlier that week,
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Ranije tog tjedna,
12:16
I had taken a rather hard knock
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doživjela sam jači udarac
12:18
during late spring skiing -- yes, I fell.
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tijekom kasno proljetnog skijanja -- da, pala sam.
12:21
And I started to see floaters and stars,
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I počela sam viđati lebdeće čestice i zvjezdice,
12:23
which I casually dismissed
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koje sam nemarno odbacila
12:25
as too much high-altitude sun exposure.
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kao posljedicu prevelike izloženosti suncu na visinama.
12:28
What happened to me
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Ono što mi se dogodilo
12:30
might have been catastrophic,
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je moglo biti katastrofalno
12:32
if not for the fact
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da nije činjenica
12:34
that I was in reach of good surgical access.
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da sam imala dobar pristup kirurgiji.
12:36
And I had my vision restored,
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I vratili su mi vid,
12:38
but not before a prolonged period of convalescence --
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ali ne prije produženog perioda konvalescencije --
12:41
three months --
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tri mjeseca --
12:43
in a head down position.
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u poziciji s glavom prema dolje.
12:45
This experience
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Ovo iskustvo
12:47
taught me to empathize more with my patients,
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me naučilo da pokažem više empatije prema svojim pacijentima,
12:50
and especially those with retinal diseases.
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pogotovo onima s retinalnim bolestima.
12:54
37 million people worldwide
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37 milijuna ljudi širem svijeta
12:56
are blind,
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je slijepo,
12:58
and 127 million more
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i još 127 milijuna
13:01
suffer from impaired vision.
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pati od poremećaja vida.
13:04
Stem cell-derived retinal transplants,
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Retinalni transplantati derivirani iz matičnih stanica
13:07
now in a research phase,
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koji su sada u fazi istraživanja,
13:09
may one day restore vision,
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mogli bi jednog dana vratiti vid,
13:11
or part vision,
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ili dio vida,
13:13
to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.
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milijunima pacijenata s retinalnim bolestima širom svijeta.
13:17
Indeed, we live
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Stvarno živimo
13:19
in both challenging
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u kako izazovnom
13:21
as well as exciting times.
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toliko i uzbudljivom vremenu.
13:25
As the world population ages,
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Kako svjetska populacija stari,
13:28
scientists are racing
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znanstvenici se žure
13:30
to discover new ways
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otkriti nove načine
13:32
to enhance the power of the body
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na koje bi povećali moć tijela
13:34
to heal itself through stem cells.
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kako bi se ono samo zacijelilo kroz matične stanice.
13:37
It is a fact
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Činjenica je
13:39
that when our organs or tissues are injured,
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da kada su naši organi ili tkiva ozljeđeni,
13:42
our bone marrow
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naša koštana srž
13:44
releases stem cells
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otpušta matične stanice
13:46
into our circulation.
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u našu cirkulaciju.
13:48
And these stem cells
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I ove matične stanice
13:50
then float in the bloodstream
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onda plove našim krvotokom
13:52
and hone in to damaged organs
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i nastane se u oštećenim organima
13:55
to release growth factors
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kako bi otpustili faktore rasta
13:57
to repair the damaged tissue.
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da bi popravili uništena tkiva.
13:59
Stem cells may be used as building blocks
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Matične stanice se mogu koristiti kao građevni elementi
14:02
to repair damaged scaffolds within our body,
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da bi popravili oštećene skele unutar naših tijela,
14:06
or to provide new liver cells
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ili da osiguraju nove jetrene stanice
14:08
to repair damaged liver.
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koje bi popravile oštećenu jetru.
14:11
As we speak, there are 117 or so clinical trials
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Dok tu govorimo, postoji oko 117 kliničkih ispitivanja
14:14
researching the use of stem cells
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koja istražuju korištenje matičnih stanica
14:17
for liver diseases.
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za bolesti jetre.
14:19
What lies ahead?
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Što je ispred nas?
14:21
Heart disease
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Srčane bolesti
14:23
is the leading cause of death worldwide.
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su vodeći uzrok smrti širom svijeta.
14:25
1.1 million Americans
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1,1 milijun amerikanaca
14:27
suffer heart attacks yearly.
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doživi srčani udar svake godine.
14:30
4.8 million
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4,8 milijuna
14:32
suffer cardiac failure.
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doživi zatajenje srca.
14:34
Stem cells may be used
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Matične stanice bi se mogle koristiti
14:36
to deliver growth factors
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da dostave faktore rasta
14:38
to repair damaged heart muscle
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da poprave oštećeni srčani mišić
14:40
or be differentiated
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ili biti diferencirani
14:42
into heart muscle cells
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u stanice srčanog mišića
14:44
to restore heart function.
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kako bi vratili srčanu funkciju.
14:46
There are 170 clinical trials
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Postoji 170 kliničkih ispitivanja
14:49
investigating the role of stem cells in heart disease.
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koja ispituju ulogu matičnih stanica u srčanoj bolesti.
14:53
While still in a research phase,
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Dok su sada još u fazi istraživanja
14:56
stem cells may one day herald
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matične stanice bi jednog dana mogle biti predvodnici
14:59
a quantum leap in the field of cardiology.
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kvantnog skoka u području kardiologije.
15:03
Stem cells provide hope for new beginnings --
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Matične stanice omogućuju nove početke --
15:06
small, incremental steps,
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male, inkrementalne korake,
15:09
cells rather than organs,
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stanice umjesto organa,
15:12
repair rather than replacement.
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popravak umjesto zamjene.
15:15
Stem cell therapies
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Terapija matičnim stanicama
15:18
may one day reduce the need for donor organs.
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bi jednog dana mogla smanjiti potrebu za donorima organa.
15:22
Powerful new technologies
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Moćne nove tehnologije
15:24
always present enigmas.
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uvijek predstavljaju enigme.
15:26
As we speak,
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Dok ovdje govorimo,
15:28
the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury
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prvo u svijetu ispitivanje ljudskih embrijonalnih matičnih stanica za ozljedu leđne moždine
15:31
is currently underway
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je u tijeku
15:33
following the USFDA approval.
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nakon odobrenja od strane USFDA-a.
15:36
And in the U.K.,
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U U.K.-u,
15:38
neural stem cells to treat stroke
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neuralne matične stanice koje bi liječile moždani udar
15:40
are being investigated in a phase one trial.
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se istražuju i trenutno su u prvoj fazi ispitivanja.
15:44
The research success that we celebrate today
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Uspijeh istraživanja koji danas slavimo
15:47
has been made possible
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je omogućen
15:49
by the curiosity and contribution and commitment
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radoznalošću i doprinosima i odanosti
15:53
of individual scientists
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individualnih znanstvenika
15:55
and medical pioneers.
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i medicinskih pionira.
15:57
Each one has his story.
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Svaki od njih ima svoju priču.
16:00
My story has been about my journey
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Moja priča je bila o mom putovanju
16:03
from organs to cells --
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od organa do stanica --
16:05
a journey through controversy,
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putovanje kroz kontroverze,
16:07
inspired by hope --
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inspirirano nadom --
16:09
hope that, as we age,
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nadom da, kako starimo,
16:12
you and I may one day celebrate longevity
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vi i ja možemo jednog dana slaviti dugovječnost
16:15
with an improved quality of life.
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s poboljšanom kavalitetom života.
16:17
Thank you.
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Hvala.
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