Onora O'Neill: What we don't understand about trust

260,792 views ใƒป 2013-09-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So I'm going to talk about trust,
0
12120
2095
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ,
00:14
and I'm going to start by reminding you
1
14215
2280
ื•ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
00:16
of the standard views that people have about trust.
2
16495
4081
ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
00:20
I think these are so commonplace,
3
20576
2239
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช,
00:22
they've become clichรฉs of our society.
4
22815
2288
ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงืœื™ืฉืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:25
And I think there are three.
5
25103
2026
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
00:27
One's a claim: there has been a great decline in trust,
6
27129
4832
ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื”: ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ,
00:31
very widely believed.
7
31961
1908
ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘.
00:33
The second is an aim: we should have more trust.
8
33869
4507
ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื”: ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื•ืŸ.
00:38
And the third is a task: we should rebuild trust.
9
38376
5490
ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื”: ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
00:43
I think that the claim, the aim and the task
10
43866
4338
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
00:48
are all misconceived.
11
48204
2170
ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช.
00:50
So what I'm going to try to tell you today
12
50374
1649
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:52
is a different story about a claim, an aim and a task
13
52023
4690
ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื”, ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
00:56
which I think give one quite a lot better purchase on the matter.
14
56713
4627
ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืงื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
01:01
First the claim: Why do people think trust has declined?
15
61340
4766
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ?
01:06
And if I really think about it on the basis of my own evidence,
16
66106
3801
ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™,
01:09
I don't know the answer.
17
69907
1774
ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
01:11
I'm inclined to think it may have declined
18
71681
3809
ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื”
01:15
in some activities or some institutions
19
75490
3506
ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
01:18
and it might have grown in others.
20
78996
1804
ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:20
I don't have an overview.
21
80800
1944
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืงื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
01:22
But, of course, I can look at the opinion polls,
22
82744
4337
ืื•ืœื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ,
01:27
and the opinion polls are supposedly
23
87081
2368
ื•ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:29
the source of a belief that trust has declined.
24
89449
3952
ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ.
01:33
When you actually look at opinion polls across time,
25
93401
3857
ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
01:37
there's not much evidence for that.
26
97258
1798
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืš.
01:39
That's to say, the people who were mistrusted
27
99056
2590
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืืžื•ืŸ
01:41
20 years ago,
28
101646
1611
ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
01:43
principally journalists and politicians, are still mistrusted.
29
103257
4553
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ.
01:47
And the people who were highly trusted 20 years ago
30
107810
3370
ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืจืžืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”
01:51
are still rather highly trusted: judges, nurses.
31
111180
3445
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘: ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:54
The rest of us are in between,
32
114625
1904
ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
01:56
and by the way, the average person in the street
33
116529
3070
ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
01:59
is almost exactly midway.
34
119599
2024
ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš.
02:01
But is that good evidence?
35
121623
2233
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?
02:03
What opinion polls record is, of course, opinions.
36
123856
4156
ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื“ืขื•ืช.
02:08
What else can they record?
37
128012
1567
ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืขื“?
02:09
So they're looking at the generic attitudes
38
129579
3541
ืื– ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช
02:13
that people report when you ask them certain questions.
39
133120
3539
ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
02:16
Do you trust politicians? Do you trust teachers?
40
136659
3930
ื”ืื ืืชื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื? ื”ืื ืืชื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื?
02:20
Now if somebody said to you, "Do you trust greengrocers?
41
140589
3632
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื›ื, "ื”ืื ืืชื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจืงื ื™ื?
02:24
Do you trust fishmongers?
42
144221
1897
ื”ืื ืืชื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ ื“ื’ื™ื?
02:26
Do you trust elementary school teachers?"
43
146118
2632
ื”ืื ืืชื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™?
02:28
you would probably begin by saying, "To do what?"
44
148750
3591
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘-" ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”?"
02:32
And that would be a perfectly sensible response.
45
152341
3214
ื•ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:35
And you might say, when you understood the answer to that,
46
155555
5125
ื•ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš,
02:40
"Well, I trust some of them, but not others."
47
160680
3440
"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื."
02:44
That's a perfectly rational thing.
48
164120
1918
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:46
In short, in our real lives,
49
166038
3122
ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
02:49
we seek to place trust in a differentiated way.
50
169160
3650
ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ.
02:52
We don't make an assumption that the level of trust
51
172810
3576
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ
02:56
that we will have in every instance of a certain type
52
176386
3496
ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื
02:59
of official or office-holder or type of person
53
179882
3915
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจืฉืžื™, ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื“ื
03:03
is going to be uniform.
54
183797
1945
ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”.
03:05
I might, for example, say that I certainly trust
55
185742
3723
ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืกื•ืžื›ืช
03:09
a certain elementary school teacher I know
56
189465
2445
ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื”
03:11
to teach the reception class to read,
57
191910
2626
ืฉืชืœืžื“ ืืช ื›ื™ืชื” ื' ืœืงืจื•ื,
03:14
but in no way to drive the school minibus.
58
194536
3648
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื”ืกืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
03:18
I might, after all, know that she wasn't a good driver.
59
198184
3101
ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื”ื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
03:21
I might trust my most loquacious friend
60
201285
3277
ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™,
03:24
to keep a conversation going
61
204562
2092
ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš
03:26
but not -- but perhaps not to keep a secret.
62
206654
9659
ืื‘ืœ ืœื - ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืกื•ื“.
03:36
Simple.
63
216313
1249
ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:37
So if we've got those evidence in our ordinary lives
64
217562
4906
ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:42
of the way that trust is differentiated,
65
222468
2116
ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ,
03:44
why do we sort of drop all that intelligence
66
224584
3251
ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:47
when we think about trust more abstractly?
67
227835
3623
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜?
03:51
I think the polls are very bad guides
68
231458
2744
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืื“
03:54
to the level of trust that actually exists,
69
234202
3057
ืœืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
03:57
because they try to obliterate the good judgment
70
237259
3572
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘
04:00
that goes into placing trust.
71
240831
3407
ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ.
04:04
Secondly, what about the aim?
72
244238
2192
ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”?
04:06
The aim is to have more trust.
73
246430
2620
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื•ืŸ.
04:09
Well frankly, I think that's a stupid aim.
74
249050
3329
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื˜ืคืฉื™ืช.
04:12
It's not what I would aim at.
75
252379
1947
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืคืช ืืœื™ื•.
04:14
I would aim to have more trust in the trustworthy
76
254326
3463
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืคืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ
04:17
but not in the untrustworthy.
77
257789
3017
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ.
04:20
In fact, I aim positively to try not to trust the untrustworthy.
78
260806
6542
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ.
04:27
And I think, of those people who, for example,
79
267348
3612
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืืœื”, ืฉืœืžืฉืœ
04:30
placed their savings with the very aptly named Mr. Madoff,
80
270960
4701
ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืืฆืœ ื–ื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืžืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื•ืฃ
04:35
who then made off with them,
81
275661
2639
ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ืฃ ืœื”ื.
04:38
and I think of them, and I think, well, yes,
82
278300
2330
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืŸ,
04:40
too much trust.
83
280630
1863
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืืžื•ืŸ.
04:42
More trust is not an intelligent aim in this life.
84
282493
3857
ืžืชืŸ ื™ืชืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:46
Intelligently placed and intelligently refused trust
85
286350
3994
ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืื• ืžืกื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™
04:50
is the proper aim.
86
290344
2467
ื–ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
04:52
Well once one says that, one says, yeah, okay,
87
292811
3463
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ, ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
04:56
that means that what matters in the first place
88
296274
3144
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ
04:59
is not trust but trustworthiness.
89
299418
3141
ืื™ื ื• ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืืœื ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช.
05:02
It's judging how trustworthy people are
90
302559
2918
ื–ื” ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืžื”ื• ื˜ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื
05:05
in particular respects.
91
305477
1929
ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
05:07
And I think that judgment requires us to look at three things.
92
307406
3348
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:10
Are they competent? Are they honest? Are they reliable?
93
310754
5212
ื”ืื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื?
05:15
And if we find that a person is competent
94
315966
2072
ื•ืื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ
05:18
in the relevant matters,
95
318038
1736
ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
05:19
and reliable and honest,
96
319774
1921
ื•ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจ,
05:21
we'll have a pretty good reason to trust them,
97
321695
2294
ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื,
05:23
because they'll be trustworthy.
98
323989
2211
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ื ื™ื.
05:26
But if, on the other hand, they're unreliable, we might not.
99
326200
3666
ืื‘ืœ ืื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื.
05:29
I have friends who are competent and honest,
100
329866
2244
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื™ื,
05:32
but I would not trust them to post a letter,
101
332110
1787
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื•ืžื›ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื›ืชื‘,
05:33
because they're forgetful.
102
333897
2572
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื›ื—ื ื™ื.
05:36
I have friends who are very confident
103
336469
2672
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
05:39
they can do certain things,
104
339141
1963
ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
05:41
but I realize that they overestimate their own competence.
105
341104
4408
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:45
And I'm very glad to say, I don't think I have many friends
106
345512
2655
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
05:48
who are competent and reliable but extremely dishonest.
107
348167
3634
ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื, ื•ืืžื™ื ื™ื ืืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืฉืจื™ื.
05:51
(Laughter)
108
351801
840
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:52
If so, I haven't yet spotted it.
109
352641
3387
ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”
05:56
But that's what we're looking for:
110
356028
2294
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื:
05:58
trustworthiness before trust.
111
358322
2198
ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืืžื•ืŸ.
06:00
Trust is the response.
112
360520
1908
ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
06:02
Trustworthiness is what we have to judge.
113
362428
2340
ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืคื•ื˜.
06:04
And, of course, it's difficult.
114
364768
1731
ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืงืฉื”.
06:06
Across the last few decades, we've tried to construct
115
366499
3349
ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
06:09
systems of accountability for all sorts of institutions
116
369848
3273
ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
06:13
and professionals and officials and so on
117
373121
2096
ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
06:15
that will make it easier for us to judge their trustworthiness.
118
375217
4606
ืฉื™ืงืœื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:19
A lot of these systems have the converse effect.
119
379823
3272
ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
06:23
They don't work as they're supposed to.
120
383095
1876
ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช.
06:24
I remember I was talking with a midwife who said,
121
384971
4415
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ืฉืืžืจื”,
06:29
"Well, you see, the problem is it takes longer
122
389386
2332
"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื”, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ
06:31
to do the paperwork than to deliver the baby."
123
391718
3501
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืœื“ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง."
06:35
And all over our public life, our institutional life,
124
395219
3771
ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:38
we find that problem,
125
398990
1850
ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
06:40
that the system of accountability
126
400840
2413
ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
06:43
that is meant to secure trustworthiness
127
403253
2329
ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืžื™ื ื•ืช
06:45
and evidence of trustworthiness
128
405582
2750
ื•ืœืกืคืง ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช
06:48
is actually doing the opposite.
129
408332
1864
ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
06:50
It is distracting people who have to do difficult tasks,
130
410196
4637
ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื—ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
06:54
like midwives, from doing them
131
414833
2313
ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื
06:57
by requiring them to tick the boxes, as we say.
132
417146
2958
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ื "ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช", ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
07:00
You can all give your own examples there.
133
420104
2734
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื›ื ืฉื.
07:02
So so much for the aim.
134
422838
1910
ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
07:04
The aim, I think, is more trustworthiness,
135
424748
2890
ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช,
07:07
and that is going to be different
136
427638
2159
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”
07:09
if we are trying to be trustworthy
137
429797
1949
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื™ื
07:11
and communicate our trustworthiness to other people,
138
431746
3026
ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:14
and if we are trying to judge whether other people
139
434772
2904
ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:17
or office-holders or politicians are trustworthy.
140
437676
3172
ืื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืฉืจื” ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื.
07:20
It's not easy. It is judgment, and simple reaction,
141
440848
4374
ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜, ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
07:25
attitudes, don't do adequately here.
142
445222
4862
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
07:30
Now thirdly, the task.
143
450084
3565
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
07:33
Calling the task rebuilding trust, I think,
144
453649
3572
ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
07:37
also gets things backwards.
145
457221
1739
ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
07:38
It suggests that you and I should rebuild trust.
146
458960
4855
ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืžื•ืŸ.
07:43
Well, we can do that for ourselves.
147
463815
2453
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
07:46
We can rebuild a bit of trustworthiness.
148
466268
2398
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
07:48
We can do it two people together trying to improve trust.
149
468666
3632
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ.
07:52
But trust, in the end, is distinctive
150
472298
3204
ืื‘ืœ ืืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
07:55
because it's given by other people.
151
475502
2760
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:58
You can't rebuild what other people give you.
152
478262
3177
ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื›ื.
08:01
You have to give them the basis
153
481439
2727
ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
08:04
for giving you their trust.
154
484166
3183
ืœื ืชื™ื ืช ืืžื•ื ื ื‘ื›ื.
08:07
So you have to, I think, be trustworthy.
155
487349
3192
ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ.
08:10
And that, of course, is because you can't fool
156
490541
2384
ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช
08:12
all of the people all of the time, usually.
157
492925
3586
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
08:16
But you also have to provide usable evidence
158
496511
4646
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช
08:21
that you are trustworthy.
159
501157
1554
ืฉืืชื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื.
08:22
How to do it?
160
502711
1542
ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
08:24
Well every day, all over the place, it's being done
161
504253
3210
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื”
08:27
by ordinary people, by officials, by institutions,
162
507463
3014
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
08:30
quite effectively.
163
510477
1840
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื™.
08:32
Let me give you a simple commercial example.
164
512317
3513
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
08:35
The shop where I buy my socks says I may take them back,
165
515830
3890
ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ื•ืช,
08:39
and they don't ask any questions.
166
519720
2252
ื•ื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
08:41
They take them back and give me the money
167
521972
1761
ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
08:43
or give me the pair of socks of the color I wanted.
168
523733
2632
ืื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™.
08:46
That's super. I trust them
169
526365
2189
ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ื”ื
08:48
because they have made themselves vulnerable to me.
170
528554
3331
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื•ืœื™.
08:51
I think there's a big lesson in that.
171
531885
1993
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:53
If you make yourself vulnerable to the other party,
172
533878
3054
ืื ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:56
then that is very good evidence that you are trustworthy
173
536932
3903
ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื
09:00
and you have confidence in what you are saying.
174
540835
3018
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
09:03
So in the end, I think what we are aiming for
175
543853
2172
ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื
09:06
is not very difficult to discern.
176
546025
3540
ืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืœืื‘ื—ื ื”
09:09
It is relationships in which people are trustworthy
177
549565
4205
ืืœื” ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ
09:13
and can judge when and how the other person
178
553770
3875
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ
09:17
is trustworthy.
179
557645
1288
ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืŸ.
09:18
So the moral of all this is,
180
558933
3858
ืื– ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื,
09:22
we need to think much less about trust,
181
562791
3154
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ
09:25
let alone about attitudes of trust
182
565945
3535
ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ
09:29
detected or mis-detected by opinion polls,
183
569480
3686
ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืงืจื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ,
09:33
much more about being trustworthy,
184
573166
2614
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื•ืŸ
09:35
and how you give people adequate, useful
185
575780
3905
ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื ืื•ืชื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช
09:39
and simple evidence that you're trustworthy.
186
579685
2744
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืืชื ืืžื™ื ื™ื.
09:42
Thanks.
187
582429
1061
ืชื•ื“ื”.
09:43
(Applause)
188
583490
2344
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7