Onora O'Neill: What we don't understand about trust

260,156 views ใƒป 2013-09-25

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Mira Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:12
So I'm going to talk about trust,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
and I'm going to start by reminding you
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๋จผ์ € ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜
00:16
of the standard views that people have about trust.
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๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:20
I think these are so commonplace,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํˆฌ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ
00:22
they've become clichรฉs of our society.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
And I think there are three.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
00:27
One's a claim: there has been a great decline in trust,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” '์ฃผ์žฅ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด์—์š”.
00:31
very widely believed.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:33
The second is an aim: we should have more trust.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” '๋ชฉํ‘œ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ์Œ“์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:38
And the third is a task: we should rebuild trust.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” '๊ณผ์ œ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Œ“์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
I think that the claim, the aim and the task
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€
00:48
are all misconceived.
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์ž˜๋ชป ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
So what I'm going to try to tell you today
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
00:52
is a different story about a claim, an aim and a task
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์ฃผ์žฅ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
which I think give one quite a lot better purchase on the matter.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ์ด ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
01:01
First the claim: Why do people think trust has declined?
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, '์ฃผ์žฅ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:06
And if I really think about it on the basis of my own evidence,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฒฌ์ฃผ์–ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:09
I don't know the answer.
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
I'm inclined to think it may have declined
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
01:15
in some activities or some institutions
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:18
and it might have grown in others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
I don't have an overview.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
01:22
But, of course, I can look at the opinion polls,
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์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:27
and the opinion polls are supposedly
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์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
01:29
the source of a belief that trust has declined.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
When you actually look at opinion polls across time,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:37
there's not much evidence for that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
That's to say, the people who were mistrusted
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
01:41
20 years ago,
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20๋…„์ „์— ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
01:43
principally journalists and politicians, are still mistrusted.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
01:47
And the people who were highly trusted 20 years ago
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20๋…„ ์ „์—๋„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜
01:51
are still rather highly trusted: judges, nurses.
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ํŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
The rest of us are in between,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
and by the way, the average person in the street
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
01:59
is almost exactly midway.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ฏค์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:01
But is that good evidence?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:03
What opinion polls record is, of course, opinions.
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์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
What else can they record?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋ญ˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:09
So they're looking at the generic attitudes
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
02:13
that people report when you ask them certain questions.
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ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
Do you trust politicians? Do you trust teachers?
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์ •์น˜์ธ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”? ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:20
Now if somebody said to you, "Do you trust greengrocers?
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ "์ฒญ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
02:24
Do you trust fishmongers?
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์ƒ์„  ์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
02:26
Do you trust elementary school teachers?"
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์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:28
you would probably begin by saying, "To do what?"
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„์€ ์•„๋งˆ "๋ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
And that would be a perfectly sensible response.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์ฃ .
02:35
And you might say, when you understood the answer to that,
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๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:40
"Well, I trust some of them, but not others."
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"๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ˆ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
02:44
That's a perfectly rational thing.
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์ด๊ฑด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์ฃ .
02:46
In short, in our real lives,
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ถ์—์„œ
02:49
we seek to place trust in a differentiated way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํšŒ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ณ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
We don't make an assumption that the level of trust
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ง์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
02:56
that we will have in every instance of a certain type
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:59
of official or office-holder or type of person
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:03
is going to be uniform.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
I might, for example, say that I certainly trust
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š”
03:09
a certain elementary school teacher I know
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์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
03:11
to teach the reception class to read,
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์ฝ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
but in no way to drive the school minibus.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ํ†ตํ•™ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
03:18
I might, after all, know that she wasn't a good driver.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์šด์ „์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชปํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:21
I might trust my most loquacious friend
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๋˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
03:24
to keep a conversation going
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐˆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋งŒ
03:26
but not -- but perhaps not to keep a secret.
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๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
Simple.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ .
03:37
So if we've got those evidence in our ordinary lives
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ถ ์†์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด
03:42
of the way that trust is differentiated,
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์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
why do we sort of drop all that intelligence
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
03:47
when we think about trust more abstractly?
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์ด์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
03:51
I think the polls are very bad guides
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„
03:54
to the level of trust that actually exists,
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ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์€ ์žฃ๋Œ€๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
because they try to obliterate the good judgment
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š”
04:00
that goes into placing trust.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:04
Secondly, what about the aim?
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
04:06
The aim is to have more trust.
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๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Well frankly, I think that's a stupid aim.
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์ „ ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
It's not what I would aim at.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
04:14
I would aim to have more trust in the trustworthy
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์ œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ณ 
04:17
but not in the untrustworthy.
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๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
In fact, I aim positively to try not to trust the untrustworthy.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And I think, of those people who, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ €์ถ•์„ ๋งˆ๋„ํ”„์”จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธด
04:30
placed their savings with the very aptly named Mr. Madoff,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:35
who then made off with them,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งˆ๋„ํ”„์”จ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์„ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
and I think of them, and I think, well, yes,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
04:40
too much trust.
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๋ณด๋‚ธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:42
More trust is not an intelligent aim in this life.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
Intelligently placed and intelligently refused trust
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ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:50
is the proper aim.
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
Well once one says that, one says, yeah, okay,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
04:56
that means that what matters in the first place
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:59
is not trust but trustworthiness.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:02
It's judging how trustworthy people are
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
05:05
in particular respects.
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๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:07
And I think that judgment requires us to look at three things.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Are they competent? Are they honest? Are they reliable?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋งŒํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ •์งํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ๊ฐ€? ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:15
And if we find that a person is competent
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
05:18
in the relevant matters,
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:19
and reliable and honest,
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๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด
05:21
we'll have a pretty good reason to trust them,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ข‹์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:23
because they'll be trustworthy.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:26
But if, on the other hand, they're unreliable, we might not.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏฟ์„์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:29
I have friends who are competent and honest,
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์ €๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •์งํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:32
but I would not trust them to post a letter,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์น  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
because they're forgetful.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๊นœ๋นก๊นœ๋นก ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:36
I have friends who are very confident
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:39
they can do certain things,
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์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์— ์ฐจ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:41
but I realize that they overestimate their own competence.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ฃ .
05:45
And I'm very glad to say, I don't think I have many friends
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—
05:48
who are competent and reliable but extremely dishonest.
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๋‹คํ–‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:52
If so, I haven't yet spotted it.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์žˆ๋‹คํ•ด๋„ ์•„์ง ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋„ค์š”.
05:56
But that's what we're looking for:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
trustworthiness before trust.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ ์ด์ „์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ.
06:00
Trust is the response.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
06:02
Trustworthiness is what we have to judge.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
And, of course, it's difficult.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
Across the last few decades, we've tried to construct
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:09
systems of accountability for all sorts of institutions
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์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
and professionals and officials and so on
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:15
that will make it easier for us to judge their trustworthiness.
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:19
A lot of these systems have the converse effect.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
They don't work as they're supposed to.
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์˜๋„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:24
I remember I was talking with a midwife who said,
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ํ•œ ์‚ฐํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
"Well, you see, the problem is it takes longer
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"๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ญ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:31
to do the paperwork than to deliver the baby."
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๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ "
06:35
And all over our public life, our institutional life,
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๊ณต์  ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ
06:38
we find that problem,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์ฃ .
06:40
that the system of accountability
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
06:43
that is meant to secure trustworthiness
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜๋„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
06:45
and evidence of trustworthiness
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
06:48
is actually doing the opposite.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
It is distracting people who have to do difficult tasks,
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์‚ฐํŒŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:54
like midwives, from doing them
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ์ž”๋œฉ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
06:57
by requiring them to tick the boxes, as we say.
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๋ณธ์—…์— ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:00
You can all give your own examples there.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
So so much for the aim.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
The aim, I think, is more trustworthiness,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
and that is going to be different
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด
07:09
if we are trying to be trustworthy
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์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
and communicate our trustworthiness to other people,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
and if we are trying to judge whether other people
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด๋‚˜
07:17
or office-holders or politicians are trustworthy.
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์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
It's not easy. It is judgment, and simple reaction,
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์ด๊ฑด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘,
07:25
attitudes, don't do adequately here.
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ํƒœ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
Now thirdly, the task.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
Calling the task rebuilding trust, I think,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Œ“๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
07:37
also gets things backwards.
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
It suggests that you and I should rebuild trust.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
07:43
Well, we can do that for ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
We can rebuild a bit of trustworthiness.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
We can do it two people together trying to improve trust.
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๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
But trust, in the end, is distinctive
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
07:55
because it's given by other people.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
You can't rebuild what other people give you.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:01
You have to give them the basis
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ
08:04
for giving you their trust.
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์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
So you have to, I think, be trustworthy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:10
And that, of course, is because you can't fool
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
08:12
all of the people all of the time, usually.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:16
But you also have to provide usable evidence
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”
08:21
that you are trustworthy.
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์“ธ๋งŒํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
How to do it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
08:24
Well every day, all over the place, it's being done
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๋งค์ผ, ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋‚˜,
08:27
by ordinary people, by officials, by institutions,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค, ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:30
quite effectively.
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์•„์ฃผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
08:32
Let me give you a simple commercial example.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
The shop where I buy my socks says I may take them back,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์–‘๋ง์„ ํ™˜๋ถˆํ•  ๋•Œ
08:39
and they don't ask any questions.
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
They take them back and give me the money
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
08:43
or give me the pair of socks of the color I wanted.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ฃผ์ฃ .
08:46
That's super. I trust them
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜์ฃ . ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€
08:48
because they have made themselves vulnerable to me.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
I think there's a big lesson in that.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํฐ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
If you make yourself vulnerable to the other party,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:56
then that is very good evidence that you are trustworthy
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
and you have confidence in what you are saying.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:03
So in the end, I think what we are aiming for
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:06
is not very difficult to discern.
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
It is relationships in which people are trustworthy
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ์ง€,
09:13
and can judge when and how the other person
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์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋Š”
09:17
is trustworthy.
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๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
So the moral of all this is,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:22
we need to think much less about trust,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
let alone about attitudes of trust
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์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ
09:29
detected or mis-detected by opinion polls,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„์š”.
09:33
much more about being trustworthy,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
and how you give people adequate, useful
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ• ๋งŒํ•œ
09:39
and simple evidence that you're trustworthy.
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์ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:42
Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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