Onora O'Neill: What we don't understand about trust

260,156 views ・ 2013-09-25

TED


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00:12
So I'm going to talk about trust,
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and I'm going to start by reminding you
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of the standard views that people have about trust.
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I think these are so commonplace,
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they've become clichΓ©s of our society.
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And I think there are three.
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One's a claim: there has been a great decline in trust,
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very widely believed.
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The second is an aim: we should have more trust.
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And the third is a task: we should rebuild trust.
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I think that the claim, the aim and the task
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are all misconceived.
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So what I'm going to try to tell you today
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is a different story about a claim, an aim and a task
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which I think give one quite a lot better purchase on the matter.
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First the claim: Why do people think trust has declined?
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And if I really think about it on the basis of my own evidence,
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I don't know the answer.
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I'm inclined to think it may have declined
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in some activities or some institutions
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and it might have grown in others.
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I don't have an overview.
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But, of course, I can look at the opinion polls,
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and the opinion polls are supposedly
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the source of a belief that trust has declined.
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When you actually look at opinion polls across time,
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there's not much evidence for that.
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That's to say, the people who were mistrusted
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20 years ago,
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principally journalists and politicians, are still mistrusted.
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And the people who were highly trusted 20 years ago
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are still rather highly trusted: judges, nurses.
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The rest of us are in between,
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and by the way, the average person in the street
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is almost exactly midway.
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But is that good evidence?
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What opinion polls record is, of course, opinions.
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What else can they record?
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So they're looking at the generic attitudes
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that people report when you ask them certain questions.
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Do you trust politicians? Do you trust teachers?
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Now if somebody said to you, "Do you trust greengrocers?
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Do you trust fishmongers?
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Do you trust elementary school teachers?"
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you would probably begin by saying, "To do what?"
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And that would be a perfectly sensible response.
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And you might say, when you understood the answer to that,
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"Well, I trust some of them, but not others."
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That's a perfectly rational thing.
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In short, in our real lives,
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we seek to place trust in a differentiated way.
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We don't make an assumption that the level of trust
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that we will have in every instance of a certain type
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of official or office-holder or type of person
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is going to be uniform.
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I might, for example, say that I certainly trust
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a certain elementary school teacher I know
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to teach the reception class to read,
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but in no way to drive the school minibus.
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I might, after all, know that she wasn't a good driver.
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I might trust my most loquacious friend
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to keep a conversation going
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but not -- but perhaps not to keep a secret.
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Simple.
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So if we've got those evidence in our ordinary lives
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of the way that trust is differentiated,
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why do we sort of drop all that intelligence
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when we think about trust more abstractly?
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I think the polls are very bad guides
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to the level of trust that actually exists,
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because they try to obliterate the good judgment
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that goes into placing trust.
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Secondly, what about the aim?
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The aim is to have more trust.
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Well frankly, I think that's a stupid aim.
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It's not what I would aim at.
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I would aim to have more trust in the trustworthy
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but not in the untrustworthy.
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In fact, I aim positively to try not to trust the untrustworthy.
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And I think, of those people who, for example,
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placed their savings with the very aptly named Mr. Madoff,
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who then made off with them,
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and I think of them, and I think, well, yes,
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too much trust.
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More trust is not an intelligent aim in this life.
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Intelligently placed and intelligently refused trust
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is the proper aim.
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Well once one says that, one says, yeah, okay,
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that means that what matters in the first place
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is not trust but trustworthiness.
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It's judging how trustworthy people are
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in particular respects.
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And I think that judgment requires us to look at three things.
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Are they competent? Are they honest? Are they reliable?
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And if we find that a person is competent
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in the relevant matters,
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and reliable and honest,
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we'll have a pretty good reason to trust them,
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because they'll be trustworthy.
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But if, on the other hand, they're unreliable, we might not.
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I have friends who are competent and honest,
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but I would not trust them to post a letter,
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because they're forgetful.
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I have friends who are very confident
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they can do certain things,
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but I realize that they overestimate their own competence.
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And I'm very glad to say, I don't think I have many friends
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who are competent and reliable but extremely dishonest.
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(Laughter)
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If so, I haven't yet spotted it.
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But that's what we're looking for:
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trustworthiness before trust.
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Trust is the response.
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Trustworthiness is what we have to judge.
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And, of course, it's difficult.
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Across the last few decades, we've tried to construct
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systems of accountability for all sorts of institutions
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and professionals and officials and so on
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that will make it easier for us to judge their trustworthiness.
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A lot of these systems have the converse effect.
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They don't work as they're supposed to.
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I remember I was talking with a midwife who said,
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"Well, you see, the problem is it takes longer
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to do the paperwork than to deliver the baby."
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And all over our public life, our institutional life,
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we find that problem,
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that the system of accountability
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that is meant to secure trustworthiness
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and evidence of trustworthiness
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is actually doing the opposite.
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It is distracting people who have to do difficult tasks,
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like midwives, from doing them
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by requiring them to tick the boxes, as we say.
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You can all give your own examples there.
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So so much for the aim.
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The aim, I think, is more trustworthiness,
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and that is going to be different
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if we are trying to be trustworthy
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and communicate our trustworthiness to other people,
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and if we are trying to judge whether other people
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or office-holders or politicians are trustworthy.
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It's not easy. It is judgment, and simple reaction,
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attitudes, don't do adequately here.
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Now thirdly, the task.
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Calling the task rebuilding trust, I think,
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also gets things backwards.
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It suggests that you and I should rebuild trust.
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Well, we can do that for ourselves.
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We can rebuild a bit of trustworthiness.
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We can do it two people together trying to improve trust.
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But trust, in the end, is distinctive
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because it's given by other people.
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You can't rebuild what other people give you.
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You have to give them the basis
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for giving you their trust.
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So you have to, I think, be trustworthy.
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And that, of course, is because you can't fool
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all of the people all of the time, usually.
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But you also have to provide usable evidence
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that you are trustworthy.
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How to do it?
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Well every day, all over the place, it's being done
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by ordinary people, by officials, by institutions,
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quite effectively.
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Let me give you a simple commercial example.
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The shop where I buy my socks says I may take them back,
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and they don't ask any questions.
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They take them back and give me the money
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or give me the pair of socks of the color I wanted.
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That's super. I trust them
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because they have made themselves vulnerable to me.
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I think there's a big lesson in that.
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If you make yourself vulnerable to the other party,
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then that is very good evidence that you are trustworthy
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and you have confidence in what you are saying.
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So in the end, I think what we are aiming for
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is not very difficult to discern.
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It is relationships in which people are trustworthy
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and can judge when and how the other person
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is trustworthy.
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So the moral of all this is,
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we need to think much less about trust,
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let alone about attitudes of trust
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detected or mis-detected by opinion polls,
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much more about being trustworthy,
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and how you give people adequate, useful
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and simple evidence that you're trustworthy.
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Thanks.
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(Applause)
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