Onora O'Neill: What we don't understand about trust

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Mladen Barešić

So I'm going to talk about trust,

Dakle, govorit ću o povjerenju

and I'm going to start by reminding you

i započet ću podsjećajući vas

of the standard views that people have about trust.

na to kako ljudi obično gledaju na povjerenje.

I think these are so commonplace,

Vjerujem da su pogledi na povjerenje toliko uobičajeni

they've become clichés of our society.

da su postali klišejima današnjega društva.

And I think there are three.

Smatram da postoje tri klišeja.

One's a claim: there has been a great decline in trust,

Prvi je tvrdnja: Došlo je do velikog opadanja povjerenja.

very widely believed.

u to gotovo svi vjeruju.

The second is an aim: we should have more trust.

Drugi je cilj: Trebali bismo imati više povjerenja.

And the third is a task: we should rebuild trust.

A treći je zadatak: Trebali bismo obnoviti povjerenje.

I think that the claim, the aim and the task

Smatram da su i tvrdnja, i cilj, i zadatak

are all misconceived.

pogrešno shvaćeni.

So what I'm going to try to tell you today

Dakle, ono što ću vam danas nastojati reći

is a different story about a claim, an aim and a task

drugačija je priča o tvrdnji, o cilju i o zadatku,

which I think give one quite a lot better purchase on the matter.

i vjerujem da će vam ona pružiti mnogo bolje razumijevanje ove teme.

First the claim: Why do people think trust has declined?

Najprije, tvrdnja: Zašto ljudi smatraju da je povjerenje opalo?

And if I really think about it on the basis of my own evidence,

Razmislim li uistinu o tome na temelju vlastitog iskustva,

I don't know the answer.

ne znam odgovor.

I'm inclined to think it may have declined

Sklona sam misliti da je povjerenje moglo opasti

in some activities or some institutions

u nekim djelatnostima ili u nekim ustanovama,

and it might have grown in others.

a da je u drugima moglo i porasti.

I don't have an overview.

Nemam u to uvid.

But, of course, I can look at the opinion polls,

Ali, naravno, mogu pogledati ankete,

and the opinion polls are supposedly

a ankete su navodno

the source of a belief that trust has declined.

izvor vjerovanja da je povjerenje opalo.

When you actually look at opinion polls across time,

Ako, zapravo, pogledate ankete tijekom proteklih godina,

there's not much evidence for that.

nećete naći osobitog dokaza za to.

That's to say, the people who were mistrusted

Hoću reći, ljudima kojima se nije vjerovalo

20 years ago,

prije 20 godina,

principally journalists and politicians, are still mistrusted.

prije svih, novinarima i političarima, ne vjeruje se ni sada.

And the people who were highly trusted 20 years ago

A ljudima kojima se duboko vjerovalo prije 20 godina

are still rather highly trusted: judges, nurses.

vjeruje se i danas: sucima, medicinskim sestrama...

The rest of us are in between,

Mi ostali smo negdje između.

and by the way, the average person in the street

Uz to, prosječna osoba, slučajni prolaznik,

is almost exactly midway.

gotovo je točno na pola puta.

But is that good evidence?

Ali, je li to dobar dokaz?

What opinion polls record is, of course, opinions.

Ispitivanja javnog mnijenja, naravno, registriraju - mišljenja.

What else can they record?

Što bi drugo i mogle bilježiti?

So they're looking at the generic attitudes

Dakle, bilježe opće stavove

that people report when you ask them certain questions.

koje ljudi iznesu kad im postavljate određena pitanja.

Do you trust politicians? Do you trust teachers?

„Vjerujete li političarima?“ „Vjerujete li učiteljima?“

Now if somebody said to you, "Do you trust greengrocers?

Kad bi vas netko upitao: "Vjerujete li prodavačima voća i povrća?",

Do you trust fishmongers?

"Vjerujete li trgovcima ribom?",

Do you trust elementary school teachers?"

"Vjerujete li učiteljima u osnovnim školama?",

you would probably begin by saying, "To do what?"

vjerojatno biste najprije upitali: „U vezi s čime?“

And that would be a perfectly sensible response.

I to bi bio savršeno razborit odgovor.

And you might say, when you understood the answer to that,

Nakon što biste razumjeli odgovor na svoje pitanje,

"Well, I trust some of them, but not others."

mogli biste reći: „Pa, nekima vjerujem, a nekima i ne.“

That's a perfectly rational thing.

To je savršeno razumno.

In short, in our real lives,

Ukratko, u svakodnevnom životu

we seek to place trust in a differentiated way.

iskazujemo svoje povjerenje na različite načine.

We don't make an assumption that the level of trust

Ne pretpostavljamo da će razina povjerenja

that we will have in every instance of a certain type

koje ćemo imati prema svakom

of official or office-holder or type of person

dužnosniku, službeniku ili tipu osobe

is going to be uniform.

biti uvijek jednaka.

I might, for example, say that I certainly trust

Mogu, primjerice, reći da uistinu vjerujem

a certain elementary school teacher I know

određenoj učiteljici u osnovnoj školi, koju poznajem,

to teach the reception class to read,

da će svoj razred naučiti čitati,

but in no way to drive the school minibus.

ali joj nipošto ne vjerujem da će znati voziti školski autobus.

I might, after all, know that she wasn't a good driver.

Na koncu, mogu znati da ona nije dobra vozačica.

I might trust my most loquacious friend

Mogu vjerovati svojoj najbrbljavijoj prijateljici

to keep a conversation going

da će održavati dinamiku razgovora,

but not -- but perhaps not to keep a secret.

ali možda ne i da će sačuvati neku tajnu.

Simple.

Jednostavno.

So if we've got those evidence in our ordinary lives

Dakle, ako smo u svakodnevnom životu iskusili

of the way that trust is differentiated,

da se povjerenje očituje na različite načine,

why do we sort of drop all that intelligence

zašto odbacujemo sve to razumijevanje

when we think about trust more abstractly?

kad o povjerenju razmišljamo na malo apstraktniji način?

I think the polls are very bad guides

Smatram da nas ankete lako mogu zavesti

to the level of trust that actually exists,

u razumijevanju koliko povjerenja istinski postoji,

because they try to obliterate the good judgment

jer prikrivaju dobar, zdravi razum

that goes into placing trust.

koji ide uz davanje povjerenja.

Secondly, what about the aim?

Drugo, što je s ciljem?

The aim is to have more trust.

Cilj je imati više povjerenja.

Well frankly, I think that's a stupid aim.

Iskreno, smatram da je to glup cilj.

It's not what I would aim at.

To nije ono na što bih ja ciljala.

I would aim to have more trust in the trustworthy

Ciljala bih na to da imamo više povjerenja u vjerodostojne,

but not in the untrustworthy.

ali ne i u one koji to nisu.

In fact, I aim positively to try not to trust the untrustworthy.

Zapravo, izričito ciljam na to da ne vjerujemo nevjerodostojnima.

And I think, of those people who, for example,

Mislim na sve one ljude koji su, na primjer,

placed their savings with the very aptly named Mr. Madoff,

povjerili svoju ušteđevinu čovjeku koji se vrlo prikladno zove gospodin Madoff,

who then made off with them,

koji ih je onda pokrao. [Madoff - made off, op.p.]

and I think of them, and I think, well, yes,

I razmišljam o njima, i mislim:

too much trust.

da, previše povjerenja.

More trust is not an intelligent aim in this life.

Više povjerenja nije inteligentan cilj u ovom životu.

Intelligently placed and intelligently refused trust

Inteligentno pruženo i inteligentno uskraćeno povjerenje

is the proper aim.

pravi je cilj.

Well once one says that, one says, yeah, okay,

Jednom kad netko to kaže, kad kaže,da, dobro,

that means that what matters in the first place

to znači da ono što je bitno

is not trust but trustworthiness.

nije povjerenje, već vjerodostojnost.

It's judging how trustworthy people are

To je prosuđivanje koliko su ljudi vjerodostojni

in particular respects.

u određenim okolnostima.

And I think that judgment requires us to look at three things.

Smatram da nam prosuđivanje nalaže da sagledamo tri stvari.

Are they competent? Are they honest? Are they reliable?

Jesu li sposobni? Jesu li iskreni? Jesu li pouzdani?

And if we find that a person is competent

Uvjerimo li se da je osoba sposobna

in the relevant matters,

u važnim stvarima,

and reliable and honest,

te pouzdana i iskrena,

we'll have a pretty good reason to trust them,

imat ćemo poprilično dobar razlog vjerovati joj,

because they'll be trustworthy.

jer bit će vjerodostojna.

But if, on the other hand, they're unreliable, we might not.

Ali, ako je netko nepouzdan, nećemo mu vjerovati.

I have friends who are competent and honest,

Imam prijatelje koji su sposobni i iskreni,

but I would not trust them to post a letter,

ali ne bih im povjerila niti pismo da pošalju

because they're forgetful.

jer su zaboravni.

I have friends who are very confident

Imam prijatelje koji su uvjereni

they can do certain things,

da mogu učiniti određene stvari,

but I realize that they overestimate their own competence.

ali uviđam da precjenjuju svoje sposobnosti.

And I'm very glad to say, I don't think I have many friends

I vrlo mi je drago reći da ne smatram da imam mnogo prijatelja

who are competent and reliable but extremely dishonest.

koji su sposobni i pouzdani, a izrazito neiskreni.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

If so, I haven't yet spotted it.

Ako i imam, nisam to još primijetila.

But that's what we're looking for:

Ali, to je ono što tražimo:

trustworthiness before trust.

vjerodostojnost prije povjerenja.

Trust is the response.

Povjerenje je odgovor.

Trustworthiness is what we have to judge.

Vjerodostojnost je ono što trebamo procijeniti.

And, of course, it's difficult.

I to je, naravno, teško.

Across the last few decades, we've tried to construct

Tijekom nekoliko prošlih desetljeća, nastojali smo izgraditi

systems of accountability for all sorts of institutions

sustave odgovornosti za sve vrste institucija,

and professionals and officials and so on

profesionalaca, službenika i drugih,

that will make it easier for us to judge their trustworthiness.

kako bismo lakše prosuđivali njihovu vjerodostojnost.

A lot of these systems have the converse effect.

Mnogo ovih sustava ima suprotan učinak.

They don't work as they're supposed to.

Ne djeluju onako kako bi trebali.

I remember I was talking with a midwife who said,

Sjećam se razgovora s primaljom koja je rekla:

"Well, you see, the problem is it takes longer

„Vidite, problem je u tome što mi papirologija oduzima

to do the paperwork than to deliver the baby."

više vremena od samog porođaja.“

And all over our public life, our institutional life,

Posvuda u našoj zajednici i u našim institucijama

we find that problem,

nalazimo ovaj problem:

that the system of accountability

sustav odgovornosti

that is meant to secure trustworthiness

koji bi trebao osigurati vjerodostojnost

and evidence of trustworthiness

te dokaze vjerodostojnosti,

is actually doing the opposite.

zapravo, radi suprotno.

It is distracting people who have to do difficult tasks,

Ometa ljude koji trebaju odraditi zahtjevne zadatke,

like midwives, from doing them

poput primalja, u obavljanju tih poslova

by requiring them to tick the boxes, as we say.

zahtijevajući od njih da se bave sporednim stvarima.

You can all give your own examples there.

Svi možete navesti slične primjere.

So so much for the aim.

Toliko o cilju.

The aim, I think, is more trustworthiness,

Mislim da je cilj više vjerodostojnosti,

and that is going to be different

a to će biti drugačije

if we are trying to be trustworthy

ako nastojimo biti vjerodostojni

and communicate our trustworthiness to other people,

i izražavamo svoju vjerodostojnost prema drugim ljudima,

and if we are trying to judge whether other people

i ako nastojimo prosuditi jesu li drugi ljudi,

or office-holders or politicians are trustworthy.

službenici ili političari, vjerodostojni.

It's not easy. It is judgment, and simple reaction,

To nije lako. To je prosudba, i jednostavna reakcija,

attitudes, don't do adequately here.

stavovi, nisu u ovom slučaju primjereni.

Now thirdly, the task.

I treće - zadatak.

Calling the task rebuilding trust, I think,

Mislim da reći kako je zadatak obnova povjerenja

also gets things backwards.

također otežava cijelu ovu priču.

It suggests that you and I should rebuild trust.

Sugerira se da bismo vi i ja trebali obnoviti povjerenje.

Well, we can do that for ourselves.

Pa, možemo to napraviti sami za sebe.

We can rebuild a bit of trustworthiness.

Možemo obnoviti djelić vjerodostojnosti.

We can do it two people together trying to improve trust.

Možemo to učiniti kao dvoje ljudi koji zajedno nastoje unaprijediti povjerenje.

But trust, in the end, is distinctive

No, na koncu, povjerenje se razlikuje po tome

because it's given by other people.

što nam ga drugi poklanjaju.

You can't rebuild what other people give you.

Ne možete obnoviti nešto što vam drugi ljudi daju.

You have to give them the basis

Morate im dati razloga

for giving you their trust.

da oni vama poklone svoje povjerenje.

So you have to, I think, be trustworthy.

Dakle, mislim da morate biti vjerodostojni.

And that, of course, is because you can't fool

I to, naravno, zato što obično ne možete

all of the people all of the time, usually.

zavaravati sve ljude sve vrijeme.

But you also have to provide usable evidence

Već im morate pružiti upotrebljiv dokaz

that you are trustworthy.

da vi jeste vjerodostojni.

How to do it?

Kako to učiniti?

Well every day, all over the place, it's being done

Svakoga dana posvuda to čine

by ordinary people, by officials, by institutions,

obični ljudi, službenici, ustanove,

quite effectively.

i to poprilično učinkovito.

Let me give you a simple commercial example.

Dat ću vam jednostavan komercijalan primjer:

The shop where I buy my socks says I may take them back,

u trgovini u kojoj kupujem čarape tvrde da te čarape mogu vratiti,

and they don't ask any questions.

a oni neće postavljati nikakva pitanja.

They take them back and give me the money

Oni ih prihvate i vrate mi novac,

or give me the pair of socks of the color I wanted.

ili mi daju par čarapa u boji koju želim.

That's super. I trust them

To je odlično. Vjerujem im

because they have made themselves vulnerable to me.

jer su se preda mnom učinili ranjivima.

I think there's a big lesson in that.

Vjerujem da se tu krije bitna pouka.

If you make yourself vulnerable to the other party,

Ako priznate drugome svoju ranjivost,

then that is very good evidence that you are trustworthy

to je vrlo dobar pokazatelj vaše vjerodostojnosti,

and you have confidence in what you are saying.

vaše vjere u ono što govorite.

So in the end, I think what we are aiming for

Na koncu, smatram da ono čemu težimo

is not very difficult to discern.

nije preteško raspoznati.

It is relationships in which people are trustworthy

To su odnosi u kojima su ljudi vjerodostojni

and can judge when and how the other person

te mogu prosuditi kada i koliko je

is trustworthy.

vjerodostojna i druga osoba.

So the moral of all this is,

Dakle, pouka svega ovoga jest:

we need to think much less about trust,

Trebamo mnogo manje razmišljati o povjerenju,

let alone about attitudes of trust

osobito o stavovima o povjerenju

detected or mis-detected by opinion polls,

na kakve nam ispravno ili neispravno ukazuju ankete,

much more about being trustworthy,

već više o tome kako biti vjerodostojan

and how you give people adequate, useful

i kako ljudima dati odgovarajuće,

and simple evidence that you're trustworthy.

korisne i jednostavne dokaze da ste vi vrijedni povjerenja.

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)