Where good ideas come from | Steven Johnson

1,661,986 views ใƒป 2010-09-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Fifty-two minutes ago, I took this picture about 10 blocks from here.
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•
ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 10 ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ.
00:20
This is the Grand Cafรฉ here in Oxford.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงืคื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
00:23
I took this picture
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื”
00:24
because this turns out to be the first coffeehouse to open in England,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคืชื—
ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘-1650.
00:29
in 1650.
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00:30
That's its great claim to fame.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•.
00:32
And I wanted to show it to you,
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”,
00:34
not because I want to give you the Starbucks tour
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืœื›ื ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกื˜ืืจื‘ื•ืงืก
00:36
of historic England --
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ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
00:37
(Laughter)
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
00:39
but rather because the English coffeehouse was crucial
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ืฉื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
00:42
to the development and spread of one of the great intellectual flowerings
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื”
ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:47
of the last 500 years,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื "ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”".
00:49
what we now call the Enlightenment.
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00:51
And the coffeehouse played such a big role in the birth of the Enlightenment
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื” ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืฉืœ "ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”",
00:55
in part because of what people were drinking there.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืฉื.
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื
00:58
Because, before the spread of coffee and tea through British culture,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื” ื•ื”ืชื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,
01:03
what people drank -- both elite and mass folks drank --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื• -- ื’ื ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื --
01:06
day in and day out, from dawn until dusk,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื•, ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื“ ืขืจื‘,
01:08
was alcohol.
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ื”ื™ื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
01:10
Alcohol was the daytime beverage of choice.
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:12
You would drink a little beer with breakfast
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช-ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืงืฆืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช-ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
01:14
and have a little wine at lunch,
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01:15
a little gin, particularly around 1650,
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ื•ืงืฆืช ื’'ื™ืŸ -- ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1650 --
01:18
and top it off with a little beer and wine at the end of the day.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
01:21
That was the healthy choice, because the water wasn't safe to drink.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื.
01:24
And so, effectively, until the rise of the coffeehouse,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืขื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืงืคื”,
01:27
you had an entire population that was effectively drunk all day.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืชื•ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:30
(Laughter)
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01:32
And you can imagine what that would be like in your own life --
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœื›ื --
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืงื›ื --
01:35
and I know this is true of some of you -- if you were drinking all day --
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:38
(Laughter)
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01:39
and then you switched from a depressant to a stimulant in your life.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื ื”ืจื’ืขื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžืจื™ืฅ,
ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:43
You would have better ideas.
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01:44
You would be sharper and more alert.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:46
So it's not an accident that a great flowering of innovation happened
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืชื” ื•ืงืคื”.
01:50
as England switched to tea and coffee.
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01:52
But the other thing that makes the coffeehouse important
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:55
is the architecture of the space.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
01:57
It was a space where people would get together,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื
01:59
from different backgrounds, different fields of expertise,
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ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:02
and share.
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02:03
It was a space, as Matt Ridley talked about, where ideas could have sex.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื—ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืื˜ ืจื™ื“ืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืฉื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:07
This was their conjugal bed, in a sense; ideas would get together there.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื.
02:10
And an astonishing number of innovations from this period
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ื•ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
02:13
have a coffeehouse somewhere in their story.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืคื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื.
ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™-ืงืคื”
02:17
I've been spending a lot of time thinking about coffeehouses
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02:19
for the last five years
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:21
because I've been kind of on this quest
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
02:24
to investigate this question of where good ideas come from.
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื.
02:27
What are the environments that lead to unusual levels of innovation,
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
ืœืจืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
02:33
unusual levels of creativity?
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02:35
What's the kind of environmental -- what is the space of creativity?
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ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --
ืžื”ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
02:39
And what I've done is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื,
02:41
I've looked at both environments like the coffeehouse,
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื”;
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
02:44
I've looked at media environments like the World Wide Web,
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ;
02:46
that have been extraordinarily innovative;
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช;
02:48
I've gone back to the history of the first cities;
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
02:51
I've even gone to biological environments, like coral reefs and rain forests,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื,
ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช;
02:55
that involve unusual levels of biological innovation.
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02:57
And what I've been looking for is shared patterns,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื–ื” ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช,
03:00
signature behavior that shows up again and again
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ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”
ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:04
in all of these environments.
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03:05
Are there recurring patterns that we can learn from,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืŸ,
03:08
that we can take and apply to our own lives
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื•,
03:10
or our own organizations or our own environments
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ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
ืื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื›ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช?
03:13
to make them more creative and innovative?
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืžื”.
03:15
And I think I've found a few.
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03:16
But what you have to do to make sense of this
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ
03:19
and to really understand these principles is,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
03:21
you have to do away with
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
03:23
the way in which our conventional metaphors and language steers us
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ
03:27
towards certain concepts of idea creation.
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ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:30
We have this very rich vocabulary to describe moments of inspiration.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื”,
03:35
We have the "flash" of insight,
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03:37
the "stroke" of insight,
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ืžื›ืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช,
03:39
we have "epiphanies,"
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื’ืขื™ "ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืžืฆืืชื™!",
03:40
we have eureka moments,
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03:42
we have the "light bulb" moments, right?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืืจื”.
03:44
All of these concepts, as rhetorically florid as they are,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื,
03:49
share this basic assumption,
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
03:51
which is that an idea is a single thing.
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ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื“,
03:54
It's something that happens often in a wonderful, illuminating moment.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืงืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื”.
03:59
But, in fact, what I would argue and what you really need to begin with
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื™ืชื•,
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืจืฉืช
04:03
is this idea that an idea is a network on the most elemental level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:07
I mean, this is what is happening inside your brain.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•.
04:09
An idea -- a new idea -- is a new network of neurons
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘
04:12
firing in sync with each other inside your brain.
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ื”ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•.
04:14
It's a new configuration that has never formed before.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
04:18
And the question is: How do you get your brain into environments
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
04:21
where these new networks are going to be more likely to form?
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ืฉืฉื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื ื”?
04:24
And it turns out that, in fact, the network patterns of the outside world
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
ืžื—ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช
04:28
mimic a lot of the network patterns of the internal world of a human brain.
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:32
So the metaphor I'd like to use,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ,
ืืงื— ืื•ืชื•
04:35
I can take from a story of a great idea that's quite recent --
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ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ --
04:39
a lot more recent than the 1650s.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ 1650.
04:43
A wonderful guy named Timothy Prestero
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ืื“ื ื ืคืœื ืฉืฉืžื• ื˜ื™ืžื•ืชื™ ืคืจืกื˜ืจื•,
04:45
has an organization called Design That Matters.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช.... ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžื• "ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ".
04:48
They decided to tackle this really pressing problem
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื•ื—ืฆืช
04:52
of the terrible problems we have with infant mortality rates
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
04:55
in the developing world.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
04:57
One of the things that's very frustrating about this
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืกื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:00
is that we know by getting modern neonatal incubators into any context,
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ืฉืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ืœื•ื“ื™ื
ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื,
05:05
if we can keep premature babies warm, basically -- it's very simple --
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ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ื -- ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ --
05:08
we can halve infant mortality rates in those environments.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•.
05:11
So the technology is there.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
05:13
These are standard in all the industrialized worlds.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉ.
05:16
The problem is, if you buy a $40,000 incubator,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘-40,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
05:19
and you send it off to a midsized village in Africa,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•
ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
05:23
it will work great for a year or two years,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืฉื ื”, ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
05:25
and then something will go wrong and it will break,
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืชืงืœืงืœ,
05:28
and it will remain broken forever,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ืœืชืžื™ื“,
05:30
because you don't have a whole system of spare parts,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ,
05:33
and you don't have the on-the-ground expertise
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
05:35
to fix this $40,000 piece of equipment.
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” 40,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:37
So you end up having this problem where you spend all this money
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
05:40
getting aid and all these advanced electronics to these countries,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
05:43
and it ends up being useless.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืคืจืกื˜ืจื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:45
So what Prestero and his team decided to do
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช: ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข
05:47
was to look around and see: What are the abundant resources
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
05:50
in these developing world contexts?
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05:51
And what they noticed was,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื“ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™.,
05:53
they don't have a lot of DVRs, they don't have a lot of microwaves,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื,
05:56
but they seem to do a pretty good job of keeping their cars on the road.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
05:59
There's a Toyota 4Runner on the street in all these places.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืคื•ืจ-ืจืื ืจ
ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:03
They seem to have the expertise to keep cars working.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืกืขื ื”.
06:06
So they started to think,
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:07
"Could we build a neonatal incubator
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"ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ
06:10
that's built entirely out of automobile parts?"
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช?"
06:13
And this is what they came up with.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื•.
06:15
It's called the NeoNurture device.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืชืงืŸ ื ื™ืื•-ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—.
06:17
From the outside, it looks like a normal little thing
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ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ
06:19
you'd find in a modern Western hospital.
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:22
In the inside, it's all car parts.
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06:23
It's got a fan, it's got headlights for warmth,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืคื ืกื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื,
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื–ืขืงื”.
06:26
it's got door chimes for alarm,
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06:27
it runs off a car battery.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:29
And so all you need is the spare parts from your Toyota
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”
ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืคื ืกื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื,
06:32
and the ability to fix a headlight,
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:34
and you can repair this thing.
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06:35
Now that's a great idea,
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
06:36
but I'd like to say that, in fact,
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06:38
this is a great metaphor for the way ideas happen.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
06:40
We like to think our breakthrough ideas, you know,
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ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฆื™-ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื•,
ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” 40,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
06:43
are like that $40,000, brand-new incubator,
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ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
06:45
state-of-the-art technology.
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06:46
But more often than not, they're cobbled together
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื ื’ืกื™ื
06:48
from whatever parts that happen to be around nearby.
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ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:51
We take ideas from other people,
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ื, ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืคื”,
06:53
people we've learned from, people we run into in the coffee shop,
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ื•ืื ื• ืชื•ืคืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
06:56
and we stitch them together into new forms and we create something new.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
06:59
That's really where innovation happens.
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07:01
And that means we have to change some of our models
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:03
of what innovation and deep thinking really looks like, right?
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ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
07:06
I mean, this is one vision of it.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
07:08
Another is Newton and the apple, when Newton was at Cambridge.
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ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคื•ื—, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'.
07:11
This is a statue from Oxford.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืกืœ ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
07:13
You know, you're sitting there, thinking a deep thought,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ืžืชืขืžืง ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•,
ื•ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื ื•ืคืœ ืžื”ืขืฅ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
07:16
the apple falls from the tree, and you have the theory of gravity.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
07:19
In fact, the spaces that have historically led to innovation tend to look like this.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš.
07:23
This is Hogarth's famous painting of a kind of political dinner at a tavern,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื’ืืจืช', ืžื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคื•ื ื“ืง,
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื ืจืื• ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืงืคื” ืื–.
07:27
but this is what the coffee shops looked like back then.
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07:29
This is the kind of chaotic environment where ideas were likely to come together,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ืช ืฉื›ื–ื•
ืฉื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก,
07:33
where people were likely to have new, interesting, unpredictable collisions,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืœื-ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช -- ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:37
people from different backgrounds.
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07:38
So if we're trying to build organizations that are more innovative,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื ืจืื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
07:42
we have to build spaces that, strangely enough, look a bit more like this.
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ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื›ื,
07:45
This is what your office should look like, it's part of my message here.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ.
ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”
07:49
And one of the problems with this is that, when you research this field,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” -- ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” --
07:52
people are notoriously unreliable
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆืขืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžื™ื ื™ื,
07:54
when they actually self-report on where they have their own good ideas,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื
ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
07:58
or their history of their best ideas.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:00
And a few years ago, a wonderful researcher named Kevin Dunbar
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื ืคืœื ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื‘ืืจ
ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
08:04
decided to go around and basically do the Big Brother approach
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”"ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ"
08:07
to figuring out where good ideas come from.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื.
08:09
He went to a bunch of science labs around the world
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:12
and videotaped everyone as they were doing every little bit of their job:
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ื•ืฆื™ืœื ืฉื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื.
08:15
when they were sitting in front of the microscope,
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
08:18
when they were talking to colleagues at the watercooler ...
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
08:21
And he recorded all these conversations
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ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
08:23
and tried to figure out where the most important ideas happened.
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
08:26
And when we think about the classic image of the scientist in the lab,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
08:29
we have this image -- you know, they're poring over the microscope,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• -- ื”ื•ื ืฉืคื•ืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
08:32
and they see something in the tissue sample,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงืžื”.
08:34
and -- "Eureka!" -- they've got the idea.
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ื•ืื– "ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืžืฆืืชื™!", ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
08:36
What happened, actually, when Dunbar looked at the tape,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื‘ืืจ ืฆืคื” ื‘ื”ืงืœื˜ื”
08:40
is that, in fact, almost all of the important breakthrough ideas
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™-ื”ื“ืจืš
08:43
did not happen alone in the lab, in front of the microscope.
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ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
08:46
They happened at the conference table at the weekly lab meeting,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช,
08:50
when everybody got together and shared their latest data and findings,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื”ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
08:53
oftentimes when people shared the mistakes they were having,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื•
ืืช ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•, ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•.
08:56
the error, the noise in the signal they were discovering.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --
08:59
And something about that environment --
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09:01
and I've started calling it the "liquid network,"
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” "ืจืฉืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื",
09:03
where you have lots of different ideas that are together,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
09:06
different backgrounds, different interests,
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ืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:08
jostling with each other, bouncing off each other --
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ื ืชืงืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ืžืงืคืฆื™ื ืžื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ --
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
09:11
that environment is, in fact, the environment that leads to innovation.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆืื”.
09:14
The other problem that people have is,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื
09:16
they like to condense their stories of innovation
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžืฆืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
09:18
down to shorter time frames.
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ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืจื”.
09:20
So they want to tell the story of the eureka moment.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจื’ืข ื”"ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืžืฆืืชื™!".
09:23
They want to say, "There I was, I was standing there,
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ
09:25
and I had it all, suddenly, clear in my head."
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื›ืœ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ."
09:27
But, in fact, if you go back and look at the historical record,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
09:30
it turns out that a lot of important ideas have very long incubation periods.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
09:36
I call this the "slow hunch."
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช "ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช".
09:38
We've heard a lot recently about hunch and instinct
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื•ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜
09:42
and blink-like sudden moments of clarity,
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ื•ืจื’ืขื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื–ืง,
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
09:46
but, in fact, a lot of great ideas linger on, sometimes for decades,
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ืžืฉืชื”ื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
09:50
in the back of people's minds.
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09:51
They have a feeling that there's an interesting problem,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืชื”.
09:54
but they don't quite have the tools yet to discover them.
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ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
09:57
They spend all this time working on certain problems,
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09:59
but there's another thing lingering there that they're interested in,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืžื“
ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืคื•ืชืจื•.
10:02
but can't quite solve.
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
10:04
Darwin is a great example of this.
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10:05
Darwin himself, in his autobiography,
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
10:07
tells the story of coming up with the idea for natural selection
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ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื”
ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
10:11
as a classic eureka moment.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื’ืข ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ "ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ืžืฆืืชื™!".
10:13
He's in his study, it's October of 1838,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื•,
ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1838,
10:17
and he's reading Malthus, actually, on population.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืžืืœื˜ื”ื•ืก, ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
10:19
And all of a sudden,
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื,
10:21
the basic algorithm of natural selection kind of pops into his head,
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ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฆืฅ ื‘ืจืืฉื•,
10:24
and he says, "Ah, at last, I had a theory with which to work."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื•, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื”."
10:27
That's in his autobiography.
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ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
10:29
About a decade or two ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
10:30
a wonderful scholar named Howard Gruber
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื•ื•ืจื“ ื’ืจื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจ
10:32
went back and looked at Darwin's notebooks from this period.
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ื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
10:36
Darwin kept these copious notebooks,
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ื•ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืœืœื•
10:38
where he wrote down every little idea he had, every little hunch.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•, ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:41
And what Gruber found was that Darwin had the full theory of natural selection
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื”
ืฉืœื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
10:46
for months and months and months
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
10:48
before he had his alleged epiphany reading Malthus in October of 1838.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืืจื”,
ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืžืืœื˜ื”ื•ืก ื‘-1838.
10:53
There are passages where you can read it,
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ื”ื ื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื,
10:55
and you think you're reading from a Darwin textbook,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ-ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
10:58
from the period before he has his epiphany.
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ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœื•.
11:00
And so what you realize is that Darwin, in a sense,
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ื•ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
11:03
had the idea, he had the concept,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื’,
11:05
but was unable to fully think it yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•.
11:08
And that is, actually, how great ideas often happen --
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื;
11:11
they fade into view over long periods of time.
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ื”ื ื ืžื•ื’ื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
11:13
Now the challenge for all of us is:
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื:
11:15
How do you create environments
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
11:17
that allow these ideas to have this long half-life?
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื”?
11:19
It's hard to go to your boss and say,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
11:21
"I have an excellent idea for our organization.
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:23
It will be useful in 2020."
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ื‘-2020.
11:25
(Laughter)
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11:26
"Could you just give me some time to do that?"
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•?"
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
11:29
Now a couple of companies like Google have innovation time off, 20 percent time.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืกืงื™-ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช, 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ,
11:32
In a sense, those are hunch-cultivating mechanisms in an organization.
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ืฉื–ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคืชื—.
11:36
But that's a key thing.
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11:38
And the other thing is to allow those hunches
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
11:40
to connect with other people's hunches;
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ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื; ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:42
that's what often happens.
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11:43
You have half of an idea, somebody else has the other half,
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ืœืš ื™ืฉ ื—ืฆื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
ื•ืื ืืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
11:46
and if you're in the right environment,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื”ื.
11:48
they turn into something larger than the sum of their parts.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
11:51
So in a sense,
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš
11:52
we often talk about the value of protecting intellectual property --
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
11:55
you know, building barricades,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื,
11:57
having secretive R and D labs, patenting everything that we have
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ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
12:00
so that those ideas will remain valuable,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื,
12:03
and people will be incentivized to come up with more ideas,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืžืจืฆื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช.
12:06
and the culture will be more innovative.
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12:08
But I think there's a case to be made
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
12:10
that we should spend at least as much time, if not more,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:13
valuing the premise of connecting ideas
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ื‘ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
12:15
and not just protecting them.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื.
12:17
And I'll leave you with this story,
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ื•ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
12:19
which I think captures a lot of these values.
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ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:21
It's just a wonderful tale of innovation, and how it happens in unlikely ways.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื ืคืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืื”,
ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.
12:27
It's October of 1957,
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1957,
12:30
and Sputnik has just launched.
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ื•ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืฉื•ื’ืจื” ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
12:32
And we're in Laurel, Maryland,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืจืœ ืžืจื™ืœื ื“,
12:34
at the Applied Physics Lab associated with Johns Hopkins University.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช
ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก.
ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™,
12:39
It's Monday morning,
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12:40
and the news has just broken about this satellite
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ืฉื—ื’ ื›ืขืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:43
that's now orbiting the planet.
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12:44
And, of course, this is nerd heaven, right?
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:47
There are all these physics geeks who are there,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
12:49
thinking, "Oh my gosh! This is incredible. I can't believe this has happened."
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"ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื! ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”."
ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื,
12:53
And two of them, two twentysomething researchers at the APL,
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 20 ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
12:56
are there at the cafeteria table,
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื”
12:58
having an informal conversation with a bunch of their colleagues.
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ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื.
13:01
And these two guys are named Guier and Weiffenbach.
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืื™ื™ืจ ื•-ื•ืื™ืคื ื‘ืืš.
13:04
They start talking, and one of them says,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื•ืืœ,
13:05
"Hey, has anybody tried to listen for this thing?
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"ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
13:08
There's this, you know, man-made satellite up there in outer space
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื“ื ื™ืฆืจ, ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืช.
13:12
that's obviously broadcasting some kind of signal.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื•, ืื ื ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ."
13:14
We could probably hear it, if we tune in."
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13:16
So they ask around to a couple of their colleagues,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•, "ืœื, ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:19
and everybody's like, "No, I hadn't thought of doing that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ."
13:21
That's an interesting idea."
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื•ืื™ืคื ื‘ืืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื›ื–ื”
13:23
And it turns out Weiffenbach is kind of an expert in microwave reception,
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ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื’ืœื™ื,
13:27
and he's got a little antenna set up with an amplifier in his office.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื ื˜ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
ืขื ืžื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืจื“ื•.
13:31
So Guier and Weiffenbach go back to Weiffenbach's office,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื•ืื™ื™ืจ ื•ื•ืื™ืคื ื‘ืืš ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืื™ืคื ื‘ืืš,
13:33
and they start noodling around -- "hacking," as we might call it now.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžืฉื”ื• -- ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืืงืจื™ื.
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืช,
13:37
And after a couple of hours, they start picking up the signal,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง
13:40
because the Soviets made Sputnik very easy to track;
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืชืจื”.
13:43
it was right at 20 MHz, so you could pick it up really easily,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ 20 ืžื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
13:46
because they were afraid people would think it was a hoax, basically,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื• ืžืชื™ื—ื”.
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœืืชืจ.
13:49
so they made it really easy to find.
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืช,
13:51
So these guys are sitting there, listening to this signal,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
13:54
and people start coming into the office and saying,
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"ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ? ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื ืคืœื."
13:56
"That's pretty cool. Can I hear?"
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13:58
And before long, they think, "Jeez, this is kind of historic.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ื™ื•, ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืจื™.
14:01
We may be the first people in the United States listening to this.
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ื–ืืช."
14:04
We should record it."
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14:05
So they bring in this big, clunky analog tape recorder
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ืจืฉื-ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
14:08
and start recording these little bleep, bleeps.
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14:10
And they start writing down the date stamp, time stamps
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ
14:13
for each little bleep that they record.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืค ืฉื”ื ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
14:16
And then they start thinking,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ื•ื•ืื•, ืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื
14:18
"Well, gosh, we're noticing small little frequency variations here.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
14:21
We could probably calculate the speed that the satellite is traveling
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ,
14:26
if we do a little basic math here using the Doppler effect."
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืคืœืจ.
14:30
And they played around with it a little bit more
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ืงืฆืช ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื
14:33
and talked to a couple of their colleagues who had other specialties.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
14:37
And they said, "You know,
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14:38
we could actually look at the slope of the Doppler effect
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืคืœืจ
14:40
to figure out the points at which the satellite is closest to our antenna
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ
ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื ื˜ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:44
and the points at which it's furthest away.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื”.
14:46
That's pretty cool."
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื."
14:47
Eventually, they get permission -- this is all a little side project
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ --
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
14:51
that hadn't been officially part of their job description --
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14:53
they get permission to use the new UNIVAC computer
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”-UNIVAC ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
14:56
that takes up an entire room that they'd just gotten at the APL.
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ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
14:59
And they run some more of the numbers,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื›-3 ืื• 4 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
15:01
and at the end of about three or four weeks,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
15:03
turns out they have mapped the exact trajectory
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15:05
of this satellite around the Earth,
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ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
15:07
just from listening to this one little signal,
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ืจืง ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœืื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื–ื”,
15:09
going off on this little side hunch that they'd been inspired to do
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื–ื• ืจืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื™ืช
15:12
over lunch one morning.
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ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืืฆืœื ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื”.
15:15
A couple weeks later, their boss, Frank McClure,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื, ืคืจืื ืง ืžืง'ืงืœื•ืจ,
15:18
pulls them into the room and says,
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ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื“ืจื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
15:20
"Hey, you guys, I have to ask you something
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"ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•
15:22
about that project you were working on.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
15:24
You've figured out an unknown location
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข
ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
15:27
of a satellite orbiting the planet from a known location on the ground.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš?
15:32
Could you go the other way?
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15:33
Could you figure out an unknown location on the ground
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ?"
15:36
if you knew the location of the satellite?"
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15:38
And they thought about it and they said,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืืžืจื•,
15:40
"Well, I guess maybe you could. Let's run the numbers here."
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"ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™. ื‘ื•ื ื ืจื™ืฅ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื."
15:43
So they went back and thought about it
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ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
15:45
and came back and said, "Actually, it'll be easier."
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจื•, "ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ."
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
15:48
And he said, "Oh, that's great,
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15:49
because, see, I have these new nuclear submarines"
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
15:52
(Laughter)
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ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:53
"that I'm building.
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15:54
And it's really hard to figure out how to get your missile
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื
15:57
so that it will land right on top of Moscow
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”,
15:59
if you don't know where the submarine is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
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ืื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
ืื– ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื–ืจ ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ
16:03
So we're thinking we could throw up a bunch of satellites
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16:05
and use it to track our submarines
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
16:08
and figure out their location in the middle of the ocean.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?"
16:11
Could you work on that problem?"
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16:12
And that's how GPS was born.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืœื“ ื”-GPS.
30 ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ,
16:16
Thirty years later,
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16:17
Ronald Reagan, actually, opened it up and made it an open platform
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ืจื•ื ืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืชื— ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”
16:20
that anybody could build upon,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”
16:22
and anybody could come along and build new technology
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
16:25
that would create and innovate on top of this open platform,
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ืฉืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืชื—ื“ืฉ
ืขืœ-ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื–ื•,
16:29
left it open for anyone to do pretty much anything they wanted with it.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื•.
16:32
And now, I guarantee you, certainly half of this room, if not more,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชื›ื,
ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื™ืกื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
16:38
has a device sitting in their pocket right now
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
16:40
that is talking to one of these satellites in outer space.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชื›ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื›ื, ืื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:43
And I bet you one of you, if not more,
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16:45
has used said device and said satellite system
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื "ืœ ื•ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื "ืœ
16:48
to locate a nearby coffeehouse somewhere in the last --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืคื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื --
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:52
(Laughter)
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16:53
in the last day or last week, right?
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ื‘ื™ืžืžื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
16:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ,
17:00
And that, I think,
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17:01
is a great case study, a great lesson
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ืœืงื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืงืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“,
17:04
in the power -- the marvelous, unplanned, emergent, unpredictable power --
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ,
ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืชื” ืžืจืืฉ,
17:09
of open innovative systems.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช.
17:11
When you build them right,
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ืื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
17:12
they will be led to completely new directions
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื™ื”ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
17:14
the creators never even dreamed of.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
17:16
I mean, here you have these guys
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17:17
who basically thought they were just following this hunch,
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื ืจืง ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื”,
ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื•,
17:20
this little passion that had developed,
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืืช ื”"ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”",
17:22
then they thought they were fighting the Cold War,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
17:24
and then, it turns out, they're just helping somebody find a soy latte.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื ืขืœื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:28
(Laughter)
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17:29
That is how innovation happens.
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ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
17:31
Chance favors the connected mind.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืกื“ ืœื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื.
17:33
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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