Alex Tabarrok on how ideas trump crises

65,867 views ・ 2009-04-27

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivan Voras Recezent: Irena Krčelić
00:12
The first half of the 20th century
0
12160
4000
Prva polovica dvadesetog stoljeća
00:16
was an absolute disaster in human affairs,
1
16160
3000
je bila katastrofalna za ljudsku civilizaciju,
00:19
a cataclysm.
2
19160
2000
prava kataklizma.
00:21
We had the First World War,
3
21160
3000
Imali smo Prvi svjetski rat,
00:24
the Great Depression,
4
24160
2000
pa Veliku depresiju,
00:26
the Second World War
5
26160
2000
Drugi svjetski rat,
00:28
and the rise of the communist nations.
6
28160
3000
i uspon komunističkih država.
00:31
And each one of these forces
7
31160
2000
Svaki od ovih događaja
00:33
split the world, tore the world apart,
8
33160
2000
je podijelio svijet, otuđio ga,
00:35
divided the world.
9
35160
3000
i razdvojio.
00:38
And they threw up walls --
10
38160
2000
Ljudi su podigli zidove,
00:40
political walls, trade walls,
11
40160
2000
političke zidove, trgovinske zidove,
00:42
transportation walls,
12
42160
2000
transportacijske zidove,
00:44
communication walls, iron curtains --
13
44160
3000
komunikacijske zidove, željezne zavjese,
00:47
which divided peoples and nations.
14
47160
4000
koje su dijelile ljude i nacije.
00:51
It was only in the second half of the 20th century
15
51160
4000
Tek smo u drugoj polovici dvadesetog stoljeća
00:55
that we slowly began to pull ourselves
16
55160
3000
polako počeli izlaziti
00:58
out of this abyss.
17
58160
3000
iz ovog ponora.
01:01
Trade walls began to come tumbling down.
18
61160
3000
Trgovinski zidovi su počeli padati.
01:04
Here are some data on tariffs:
19
64160
2000
Evo nekoliko podataka o carinama:
01:06
starting at 40 percent, coming down to less than 5 percent.
20
66160
3000
počele su sa 40 posto i spustile se na manje od 5 posto.
01:09
We globalized the world. And what does that mean?
21
69160
3000
Globalizirali smo svijet. Što to znači?
01:12
It means that we extended cooperation
22
72160
3000
Znači da smo proširili suradnju
01:15
across national boundaries;
23
75160
2000
preko granica između nacija.
01:17
we made the world more cooperative.
24
77160
3000
Učinili smo svijet združenijim.
01:20
Transportation walls came tumbling down.
25
80160
4000
Transportacijski zidovi su pali.
01:24
You know in 1950 the typical ship carried
26
84160
3000
U 1950. godini tipični brod je nosio
01:27
5,000 to 10,000 tons worth of goods.
27
87160
4000
5,000 do 10,000 tona dobara.
01:31
Today a container ship can carry 150,000 tons;
28
91160
4000
Danas nosač kontejnera može prenijeti 150,000 tona.
01:35
it can be manned with a smaller crew;
29
95160
2000
Može imati manju posadu
01:37
and unloaded faster than ever before.
30
97160
3000
i istovartiti se brže nego ikada prije.
01:40
Communication walls, I don't have to tell you -- the Internet --
31
100160
3000
Komunikacijski zidovi - ne moram vam pričati o Internetu,
01:43
have come tumbling down.
32
103160
2000
su pali.
01:45
And of course the iron curtains,
33
105160
2000
I naravno željezne zavjese -
01:47
political walls have come tumbling down.
34
107160
4000
politički zidovi su pali.
01:51
Now all of this has been tremendous for the world.
35
111160
4000
Sve ovo je imalo golem utjecaj na svijet.
01:55
Trade has increased.
36
115160
2000
Trgovina je porasla.
01:57
Here is just a little bit of data.
37
117160
2000
Evo malo podataka.
01:59
In 1990, exports from China to the United States:
38
119160
2000
U 1990. godini izvoz Kine u SAD bio je
02:01
15 billion dollars.
39
121160
2000
15 milijardi dolara.
02:03
By 2007: over 300 billion dollars.
40
123160
4000
Do 2007. preko 300 milijardi dolara.
02:07
And perhaps most remarkably,
41
127160
3000
I možda najznačajnije,
02:10
at the beginning of the 21st century,
42
130160
2000
početkom dvadeset i prvog stoljeća,
02:12
really for the first time in modern history,
43
132160
4000
zapravo, prvi puta u modernoj povijesti,
02:16
growth extended to almost all parts of the world.
44
136160
4000
rast se proširio na gotovo cijeli svijet.
02:20
So China, I've already mentioned,
45
140160
2000
Kina, već sam ju spomenuo,
02:22
beginning around 1978, around the time of the death of Mao,
46
142160
3000
počevši u 1978. godini negdje oko smrti Maoa --
02:25
growth -- ten percent a year.
47
145160
2000
rast: deset posto godišnje.
02:27
Year after year after year,
48
147160
2000
Godinom za godinu,
02:29
absolutely incredible.
49
149160
2000
posve nevjerojatno!
02:31
Never before in human history
50
151160
4000
Nikada prije u ljudskoj povijesti
02:35
have so many people been raised out of
51
155160
2000
nije se toliko ljudi podiglo iz siromaštva
02:37
such great poverty as happened in China.
52
157160
3000
kao što se to dogodilo u Kini.
02:40
China is the world's greatest anti-poverty program
53
160160
3000
Kina je, sama po sebi, najveći svjetski program borbe protiv siromaštva
02:43
over the last three decades.
54
163160
2000
tijekom poslijednjih trideset godina.
02:45
India, starting a little bit later,
55
165160
2000
Indija je krenula malo kasnije,
02:47
but in 1990, begetting tremendous growth.
56
167160
3000
ali je 1990. godine započela ogroman rast.
02:50
Incomes at that time
57
170160
2000
Primanja u to vrijeme:
02:52
less than $1,000 per year.
58
172160
2000
manje od 1,000 dolara godišnje.
02:54
And over the next 18 years
59
174160
2000
Tijekom slijedećih 18 godina
02:56
have almost tripled.
60
176160
2000
su se gotovo utrostručila.
02:58
Growth of six percent a year. Absolutely incredible.
61
178160
3000
To je rast od šest posto godišnje. Apsolutno nevjerojatno.
03:01
Now Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa --
62
181160
3000
Afrika,
03:04
Sub-Saharan Africa
63
184160
2000
Podsaharsha Afrika,
03:06
has been the area of the world
64
186160
2000
bila je dio svijeta
03:08
most resistant to growth.
65
188160
3000
u kojem se rast najmanje primio.
03:11
And we can see the tragedy of Africa
66
191160
3000
Možemo vidjeti tragediju Afrike
03:14
in the first few bars here.
67
194160
2000
u prvih nekoliko stupaca ovdje.
03:16
Growth was negative.
68
196160
2000
Rast je bio negativan.
03:18
People were actually getting poorer than their parents,
69
198160
3000
Ljudi su zapravo bili siromašniji od svojih roditelja.
03:21
and sometimes even poorer than their grandparents had been.
70
201160
3000
I ponekad čak siromašniji od svojih djedova.
03:24
But at the end of the 20th century,
71
204160
2000
Ali pri kraju dvadesetog stoljeća,
03:26
the beginning of the 21st century,
72
206160
2000
početkom dvadeset i prvog stoljeća,
03:28
we saw growth in Africa.
73
208160
3000
vidjeli smo rast u Africi.
03:31
And I think, as you'll see, there's reasons for optimism,
74
211160
2000
I mislim da, kao što ćete vidjeti, ima razloga optimizmu.
03:33
because I believe that the best is yet to come.
75
213160
3000
Jer mislim da će najbolje tek doći.
03:36
Now why.
76
216160
2000
Zašto?
03:38
On the cutting edge today
77
218160
2000
Na rubu napredka danas
03:40
it's new ideas which are driving growth.
78
220160
2000
upravo nove ideje potiču rast.
03:42
And by that I mean it's
79
222160
2000
Pod time mislim na
03:44
products for which the research and development costs
80
224160
3000
proizvode za koje su troškovi istraživanja i razvoja
03:47
are really high, and the manufacturing costs are low.
81
227160
3000
iznimno visoki, no proizvodni troškovi su niski.
03:50
More than ever before it is these types of ideas
82
230160
2000
Više nego ikada prije, ovakve ideje
03:52
which are driving growth on the cutting edge.
83
232160
3000
potiču rast na samom rubu tehnološkog razvoja.
03:55
Now ideas have this amazing property.
84
235160
2000
Ideje imaju jedno zapanjujuće svojstvo.
03:57
Thomas Jefferson, I think, really expressed this quite well.
85
237160
3000
Mislim da je Thomas Jefferson ovo vrlo dobro izrazio.
04:00
He said, "He who receives an idea from me
86
240160
4000
Rekao je: "Onaj tko od mene dobije ideju,
04:04
receives instruction himself, without lessening mine.
87
244160
4000
prima znanje bez da smanjuje moje.
04:08
As he who lights his candle at mine
88
248160
3000
Kao što onaj tko upali svijeću kraj mene
04:11
receives light without darkening me."
89
251160
3000
prima svijetlo bez da mene zamračuje."
04:14
Or to put it slightly differently:
90
254160
2000
Ili, postavivši to malo drugačije,
04:16
one apple feeds one man,
91
256160
2000
jabuka nahrani čovjeka,
04:18
but an idea can feed the world.
92
258160
3000
ali ideja može nahraniti svijet.
04:21
Now this is not new. This is practically not new to TEDsters.
93
261160
3000
Ovo nije novo. Zapravo, ništa novo za sudionike TED-a.
04:24
This is practically the model of TED.
94
264160
2000
To je praktički model rada TED-a.
04:26
But what is new is that the greater function of ideas
95
266160
4000
Novost je u tome što viša funkcija koju ideje imaju
04:30
is going to drive growth even more than ever before.
96
270160
5000
može poticati rast više nego ikada prije.
04:35
This provides a reason why
97
275160
2000
To je razlog zašto su
04:37
trade and globalization
98
277160
2000
trgovina i globalizacija
04:39
are even more important, more powerful than ever before,
99
279160
3000
važnije i snažnije nego ikada prije,
04:42
and are going to increase growth more than ever before.
100
282160
3000
i povećati će rast više nego ikada.
04:45
And to explain why this is so, I have a question.
101
285160
3000
Kao objašnjenje zašto je to tako, postaviti ću pitanje.
04:48
Suppose that there are two diseases:
102
288160
3000
Zamislimo dvije bolesti.
04:51
one of them is rare, the other one is common,
103
291160
2000
Jedna rijetka, a druga česta.
04:53
but if they are not treated they are equally severe.
104
293160
3000
Ako se ne liječe, obje su jednako teške.
04:56
If you had to choose, which would you rather have:
105
296160
3000
Kada biste morali birati, koju biste radije imali?
04:59
the common disease or the rare disease?
106
299160
4000
Čestu ili rijetku bolest?
05:03
Common, the common -- I think that's absolutely right,
107
303160
2000
Čestu, čestu. I to je posve u redu.
05:05
and why? Because there are more drugs to treat common diseases
108
305160
4000
Zašto? Jer postoji više lijekova za liječenje čestih bolesti
05:09
than there are to treat rare diseases.
109
309160
3000
nego za liječenje rijetkih.
05:12
The reason for this is incentives.
110
312160
2000
Razlog tome su vanjski poticaji.
05:14
It costs about the same to produce a new drug
111
314160
3000
Jednako je skupo proizvesti novi lijek
05:17
whether that drug treats 1,000 people,
112
317160
3000
bez obzira da li on liječi 1,000 ljudi,
05:20
100,000 people, or a million people.
113
320160
3000
100,000 osoba ili milijun.
05:23
But the revenues are much greater if the drug treats a million people.
114
323160
3000
Ali dobit je puno veća ako je lijek potreban milijunu ljudi.
05:26
So the incentives are much larger
115
326160
3000
Tako da su i poticaji mnogo veći
05:29
to produce drugs which treat more people.
116
329160
4000
za proizvodnju lijekova koji liječe veći broj ljudi.
05:33
To put this differently: larger markets save lives.
117
333160
4000
Drugačije rečeno, veća tržišta spašavaju živote.
05:37
In this case misery truly does love company.
118
337160
4000
U ovom slučaju nevolja stvarno traži društvo.
05:41
Now think about the following:
119
341160
2000
Zamislite sada slijedeće:
05:43
if China and India were as rich as the United States is today,
120
343160
4000
kada bi Kina i Indija bila bogate kao SAD danas,
05:47
the market for cancer drugs would be eight times larger than it is now.
121
347160
6000
tržište lijekova za rak bi bilo osam puta veće nego što je sada.
05:53
Now we are not there yet, but it is happening.
122
353160
2000
Još nismo došli do te faze, ali polako se ostvaruje.
05:55
As other countries become richer
123
355160
3000
Kako ostale države postaju bogatije
05:58
the demand for these pharmaceuticals
124
358160
2000
tako će se potražnja za farmaceutskim preparatima
06:00
is going to increase tremendously.
125
360160
2000
silno povećati.
06:02
And that means an increase incentive to do research and development,
126
362160
3000
A to znači povećanje poticaja za provedbu istraživanja i razvoja,
06:05
which benefits everyone in the world.
127
365160
3000
što je na kraju bolje za sve.
06:08
Larger markets increase the incentive
128
368160
2000
Veća tržišta povećavaju poticaje
06:10
to produce all kinds of ideas,
129
370160
2000
za izvedbom svih vrsta ideja.
06:12
whether it's software, whether it's a computer chip,
130
372160
2000
Bez obzira radi li se o softveru, računalnom čipu,
06:14
whether it's a new design.
131
374160
2000
ili novom dizajnu.
06:16
For the Hollywood people in the audience,
132
376160
2000
Za one u publici koji dolaze iz Hollywooda,
06:18
this even explains why action movies
133
378160
2000
to čak objašnjava zašto akcijski filmovi
06:20
have larger budgets than comedies:
134
380160
2000
imaju veće budžete od komedija.
06:22
it's because action movies translate easier
135
382160
3000
To je zato što je lakše prevesti akcijske filmove
06:25
into other languages and other cultures,
136
385160
2000
na druge jezike i druge kulture.
06:27
so the market for those movies is larger.
137
387160
2000
Pa je tržište tih filmova veće.
06:29
People are willing to invest more,
138
389160
2000
Ljudi su voljni više uložiti,
06:31
and the budgets are larger.
139
391160
2000
i budžeti su veći.
06:33
Alright. Well if larger markets increase the incentive
140
393160
3000
U redu. Pa, ako veća tržišta povećavaju poticaje
06:36
to produce new ideas,
141
396160
2000
za ostvarivanjem novih ideja,
06:38
how do we maximize that incentive?
142
398160
3000
kako možemo maksimizirati te poticaje?
06:41
It's by having one world market, by globalizing the world.
143
401160
5000
Tako da napravimo jedno, zajedničko svjetsko tržište, da globaliziramo svijet.
06:46
The way I like to put this is:
144
406160
2000
Volim to ovako reći:
06:48
one idea. Ideas are meant to be shared,
145
408160
3000
jedna ideja, a ideje su zato da se dijele,
06:51
so one idea can serve one world, one market.
146
411160
5000
jedna ideja može poslužiti jednom svijetu, jednom tržištu.
06:56
One idea, one world, one market.
147
416160
3000
Jedna ideja, jedan svijet, jedno tržište.
06:59
Well how else can we create new ideas?
148
419160
3000
Kako bismo inače stvarali nove ideje?
07:02
That's one reason.
149
422160
2000
Evo jednog načina.
07:04
Globalize trade.
150
424160
2000
Globalizirajte, trgujte.
07:06
How else can we create new ideas?
151
426160
2000
Na koji još način bismo stvarali nove ideje?
07:08
Well, more idea creators.
152
428160
2000
Uz više ljudi koji ideje stvaraju.
07:10
Now idea creators, they come from all walks of life.
153
430160
3000
Ljudi koji stvaraju ideje dolaze iz svih područja.
07:13
Artists and innovators -- many of the people you've seen on this stage.
154
433160
3000
Umjetnici i inovatori, puno ljudi koje ste vidjeli na ovoj pozornici.
07:16
I'm going to focus on scientists and engineers
155
436160
3000
Usredotočiti ću se na znanstvenike i inženjere
07:19
because I have some data on that, and I'm a data person.
156
439160
3000
jer imam podatke o njima, a ja volim podatke.
07:22
Now, today, less than one-tenth of one percent
157
442160
5000
Danas su manje od 1/10 jednog postotka populacije
07:27
of the world's population are scientists and engineers.
158
447160
3000
na svijetu znanstvenici i inženjeri.
07:30
(Laughter)
159
450160
2000
(smijeh)
07:32
The United States has been an idea leader.
160
452160
3000
Sjedinjene američke države su bile vodeće u idejama.
07:35
A large fraction of those people are in the United States.
161
455160
3000
Veliki postotak ovih ljudi boravi u SAD-u.
07:38
But the U.S. is losing its idea leadership.
162
458160
5000
Ali SAD gubi vodstvo u idejama.
07:43
And for that I am very grateful.
163
463160
2000
I jako sam zahvalan zbog toga.
07:45
That is a good thing.
164
465160
3000
To je dobra stvar.
07:48
It is fortunate that we are becoming less of an idea leader
165
468160
3000
Sreća je što gubimo vodstvo
07:51
because for too long the United States,
166
471160
2000
jer su predugo SAD
07:53
and a handful of other developed countries,
167
473160
2000
i mali broj drugih razvijenih država
07:55
have shouldered the entire burden
168
475160
2000
nosili cijeli teret
07:57
of research and development.
169
477160
2000
istraživanja i razvoja.
07:59
But consider the following:
170
479160
3000
Ali razmislite o slijedećem:
08:02
if the world as a whole were as wealthy as the United States is now
171
482160
3000
kad bi cijeli svijet bio bogat kao što su SAD danas
08:05
there would be more than five times as many scientists and engineers
172
485160
4000
bilo bi više nego pet puta više znanstvenika i inženjera
08:09
contributing to ideas which benefit everyone,
173
489160
4000
koji pridonose idejama što koriste svima,
08:13
which are shared by everyone.
174
493160
2000
dijeleći ih uzajamno.
08:15
I think of the great Indian mathematician, Ramanujan.
175
495160
4000
Mislim na velikog Indijskog matematičara, Ramanujana.
08:19
How many Ramanujans are there in India today
176
499160
4000
Koliko Ramanujana živi danas u Indiji
08:23
toiling in the fields, barely able to feed themselves,
177
503160
3000
radeći na poljima i jedva preživljavajući,
08:26
when they could be feeding the world?
178
506160
3000
kada bi mogli nahraniti idejama cijeli svijet?
08:29
Now we're not there yet.
179
509160
2000
Još nismo stigli do toga.
08:31
But it is going to happen in this century.
180
511160
3000
Ali će se dogoditi već u ovom stoljeću.
08:34
The real tragedy of the last century is this:
181
514160
6000
Ovo je prava tragedija prošlog stoljeća:
08:40
if you think about the world's population
182
520160
4000
razmišljate li o populaciji svijeta
08:44
as a giant computer, a massively parallel processor,
183
524160
3000
kao o golemom računalu, procesoru sa puno paralelnih jezgri,
08:47
then the great tragedy has been
184
527160
2000
onda je velika tragedija
08:49
that billions of our processors have been off line.
185
529160
5000
što su većina naših jezgri bile ugašene.
08:54
But in this century China is coming on line.
186
534160
3000
Ali u ovom stoljeću se uključuje Kina.
08:57
India is coming on line.
187
537160
2000
Indija se uključuje.
08:59
Africa is coming on line.
188
539160
2000
Afrika se uključuje.
09:01
We will see an Einstein in Africa in this century.
189
541160
5000
Vidjeti ćemo Einsteina iz Afrike u ovom stoljeću.
09:06
Here is just some data. This is China.
190
546160
2000
Evo još malo podataka, za Kinu.
09:08
1996: less than one million
191
548160
2000
Do 1996.-te, bilo je manje od jednog milijuna
09:10
new university students in China per year;
192
550160
3000
novih studenata u sveučilištima u Kini godišnje.
09:13
2006: over five million.
193
553160
4000
U 2006. godini - preko pet milijuna.
09:17
Now think what this means.
194
557160
2000
Razmislite što to znači.
09:19
This means we all benefit when another country gets rich.
195
559160
4000
Svima će biti bolje kad se još jedna zemlja obogati.
09:23
We should not fear other countries becoming wealthy.
196
563160
4000
Ne bismo se smjeli bojati toga da druge zemlje postaju bogate.
09:27
That is something that we should embrace --
197
567160
3000
To je nešto što trebamo prigrliti --
09:30
a wealthy China, a wealthy India, a wealthy Africa.
198
570160
3000
bogata Kina, bogata Indija, bogata Aftika.
09:33
We need a greater demand for ideas --
199
573160
2000
Trebamo veću potražnju za idejama,
09:35
those larger markets I was talking about earlier --
200
575160
3000
to su ona velika tržišta o kojima sam pričao,
09:38
and a greater supply of ideas for the world.
201
578160
4000
i veći izvor ideja za svijet.
09:42
Now you can see some of the reasons why I'm optimistic.
202
582160
4000
Sada vidite neke od razloga zašto sam optimističan.
09:46
Globalization is increasing the demand
203
586160
2000
Globalizacija povećava potražnju
09:48
for ideas, the incentive to create new ideas.
204
588160
3000
za idejama, poticaje za stvaranje novih ideja.
09:51
Investments in education are increasing the supply of new ideas.
205
591160
6000
Ulaganja u edukaciju povećaju njihov dotok.
09:57
In fact if you look at world history
206
597160
2000
Zapravo, pogledate li povijest svijeta
09:59
you can see some reasons for optimism.
207
599160
2000
vidite razloge za optimizam.
10:01
From about the beginnings of humanity
208
601160
2000
Od početaka čovječanstva
10:03
to 1500: zero economic growth, nothing.
209
603160
3000
do godine 1500. nema ekonomskog rasta, ništa.
10:06
1500 to 1800: maybe a little bit of economic growth,
210
606160
4000
Od 1500. do 1800. godine tek samo malo ekonomskog rasta.
10:10
but less in a century
211
610160
2000
Ali manje u sto godina
10:12
than you expect to see in a year today.
212
612160
4000
nego što bismo očekivali danas u jednoj.
10:16
1900s: maybe one percent.
213
616160
2000
U 1900.-tima možda jedan posto.
10:18
Twentieth century: a little bit over two percent.
214
618160
2000
Dvadeseto stoljeće malo više od dva posto.
10:20
Twenty-first century could easily be 3.3, even higher percent.
215
620160
4000
Dvadeset i prvo stoljeće bi lako moglo ostvariti 3.3 ili više posto.
10:24
Even at that rate,
216
624160
2000
Čak i na toj razini rasta
10:26
by 2100 average GDP per capita
217
626160
3000
do 2100. godine će BDP po glavi
10:29
in the world will be $200,000.
218
629160
3000
u prosijeku u cijelom svijetu biti 200,000 dolara.
10:32
That's not U.S. GDP per capita, which will be over a million,
219
632160
3000
To nije BDP u SAD-u. On će premašiti milijun.
10:35
but world GDP per capita -- $200,000.
220
635160
3000
Ali svjetski BTP po glavi - 200,000 dolara.
10:38
That's not that far.
221
638160
2000
To nije tako daleko.
10:40
We won't make it.
222
640160
2000
Mi to nećemo doživjeti.
10:42
But some of our grandchildren probably will.
223
642160
2000
Ali naši unuci vjerojatno hoće.
10:44
And I should say,
224
644160
2000
I rekao bih
10:46
I think this is a rather modest prediction.
225
646160
3000
da mislim da je to sasvim skromno predviđanje.
10:49
In Kurzweilian terms this is gloomy.
226
649160
5000
U terminima Kurzweila, to je pomalo depresivno.
10:54
In Kurzweilian terms I'm like the Eeyore of economic growth.
227
654160
4000
U terminima Kurzweila, ja sam kao Eeyore ekonomskog rasta [n.p. pesimističan]
10:58
(Laughter)
228
658160
3000
(smijeh)
11:01
Alright what about problems?
229
661160
2000
U redu. Što s problemima?
11:03
What about a great depression?
230
663160
3000
Što ako nas pogodi velika depresija?
11:06
Well let's take a look. Let's take a look at the Great Depression.
231
666160
4000
Pogledajmo. Da vidimo što se zbivalo tijekom Velike depresije.
11:10
Here is GDP per capita
232
670160
2000
Ovdje je BDP po glavi
11:12
from 1900 to 1929.
233
672160
3000
Od 1900. do 1929. godine.
11:15
Now let's imagine that you were an economist in 1929,
234
675160
4000
Zamislimo da ste ekonomist i tijekom 1929. godine
11:19
trying to forecast future growth for the United States,
235
679160
3000
pokušavate predvidjeti budući rast SAD-a,
11:22
not knowing that the economy was about to go off a cliff,
236
682160
4000
ne znajući da će ekonomija uskoro propasti.
11:26
not knowing that we were about to enter
237
686160
3000
Bez znanja da ćemo ući
11:29
the greatest economic disaster certainly in the 20th century.
238
689160
4000
u najveću ekonomsku katastrofu dvadesetog stoljeća.
11:33
What would you have predicted, not knowing this?
239
693160
2000
Što biste predvidjeli, bez da to znate?
11:35
If you had based your prediction, your forecast
240
695160
2000
Ako ste bazirali predviđanja i svoju prognozu
11:37
on 1900 to 1929
241
697160
2000
na godinama 1900. do 1929.
11:39
you'd have predicted something like this.
242
699160
2000
onda biste predvidjeli ovako nešto.
11:41
If you'd been a little more optimistic --
243
701160
2000
Ako biste bili malo optimističniji,
11:43
say, based upon the Roaring Twenties -- you'd have said this.
244
703160
3000
recimo, temeljeno na moćnim 20-tima, rekli biste ovako.
11:46
So what actually happened?
245
706160
2000
A što se u stvari dogodilo?
11:48
We went off a cliff but we recovered.
246
708160
4000
Strmoglavili smo se, ali smo se i oporavili.
11:52
In fact in the second half of the 20th century
247
712160
3000
Zapravo, u drugoj polovici dvadesetog stoljeća
11:55
growth was even higher than anything you would have predicted
248
715160
4000
rast je bio veći od bilo čega što ste mogli predvidjeti
11:59
based upon the first half of the 20th century.
249
719160
3000
na temelju prve polovice dvadesetog stoljeća.
12:02
So growth can wash away
250
722160
2000
Rast može isprati
12:04
even what appears to be a great depression.
251
724160
3000
sve što se dogodi u velikoj depresiji.
12:07
Alright. What else?
252
727160
2000
U redu. Što još?
12:09
Oil. Oil. This was a big topic.
253
729160
3000
Nafta, nafta. To je bila velika tema.
12:12
When I was writing up my notes oil was $140 per barrel.
254
732160
7000
Kada sam pisao bilješke, cijena nafte iznosila je 140 dolara po barelu.
12:19
So people were asking a question. They were saying,
255
739160
3000
I ljudi su postavljali pitanja. Govorili su,
12:22
"Is China drinking our milkshake?"
256
742160
4000
"Konzumira li Kina naš luksuz?"
12:26
(Laughter)
257
746160
1000
(smijeh)
12:27
And there is some truth to this,
258
747160
3000
I tu ima neke istine
12:30
in the sense that we have something of a finite resource,
259
750160
4000
u smislu da imamo ograničene resurse.
12:34
and increased growth is going to push up demand for that.
260
754160
3000
A povećani rast će povećati potražnju za njima.
12:37
But I think I don't have to tell this audience
261
757160
2000
Ali mislim da ne moram govoriti ovoj publici
12:39
that a higher price of oil is not necessarily a bad thing.
262
759160
5000
kako viša cijena nafte nije nužno loša stvar.
12:44
Moreover, as everyone knows,
263
764160
3000
Štoviše, kao što svi znaju,
12:47
look -- it's energy, not oil, which counts.
264
767160
3000
zapravo je bitna energija, a ne nafta sama po sebi.
12:50
And higher oil prices mean
265
770160
2000
Više cijene nafte znače
12:52
a greater incentive to invest in energy R&D.
266
772160
3000
veći poticaj za ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj energije.
12:55
You can see this in the data.
267
775160
2000
Jasno to možete vidjeti u ovim podacima.
12:57
As oil prices go up, energy patents go up.
268
777160
3000
Kako se povećava cijena nafte, broj patenata za energiju raste.
13:00
The world is much better equipped
269
780160
2000
Svijet je sada puno bolje opremljen
13:02
to overcome an increase in the price of oil
270
782160
2000
da prevlada povećanja u cijeni nafte
13:04
today, than ever in the past,
271
784160
2000
nego što je bio ranije,
13:06
because of what I'm talking about.
272
786160
2000
zbog svega ovog što sam ispričao.
13:08
One idea, one world, one market.
273
788160
4000
Jedna ideja, jedan svijet, jedno tržište.
13:12
So I'm optimistic
274
792160
3000
Tako da sam optimističan
13:15
so long as we hew to these two ideas:
275
795160
2000
sve dok uvažavamo ove dvije ideje:
13:17
to keep globalizing world markets,
276
797160
2000
da nastavimo globalizirati svjetska tržišta,
13:19
keep extending cooperation across national boundaries,
277
799160
4000
nastavljamo povećavati suradnju preko granica država,
13:23
and keep investing in education.
278
803160
3000
i nastavimo ulagati u obrazovanje.
13:26
Now the United States has a particularly important role
279
806160
3000
SAD danas ima posebno važnu ulogu
13:29
to play in this:
280
809160
3000
u svemu ovome --
13:32
to keep our education system globalized,
281
812160
3000
da održimo svoj obrazovni sustav globaliziranim
13:35
to keep our education system open to students from all over the world,
282
815160
4000
da držimo vlastiti obrazovni sustav otvorenim za studente iz cijeloga svijeta --
13:39
because our education system
283
819160
2000
jer je naš obrazovni sustav
13:41
is the candle
284
821160
2000
poput svijeće
13:43
that other students come to light their own candles.
285
823160
5000
kojoj prilaze strani studenti da upale svoje.
13:48
Now remember here what Jefferson said.
286
828160
3000
Sjetite se sada što je rekao Jefferson.
13:51
Jefferson said, "When they come
287
831160
3000
Rekao je: "Kada dođu
13:54
and light their candles at ours,
288
834160
3000
i upale svoje svijeće kod naše,
13:57
they gain light, and we are not darkened."
289
837160
5000
oni dobivaju svjetlo, a mi nismo ništa manje osvjetljeni."
14:02
But Jefferson wasn't quite right, was he?
290
842160
3000
Ali Jefferson nije bio sasvim u pravu, je li?
14:05
Because the truth is,
291
845160
3000
Jer istina je,
14:08
when they light their candles at ours,
292
848160
4000
da kada upale svoje svijeće do naše,
14:12
there is twice as much light available for everyone.
293
852160
4000
svima postaje dostupno duplo više svjetlosti.
14:16
So my view is: Be optimistic.
294
856160
4000
Tako da je moj pogled optimističan.
14:20
Spread the ideas. Spread the light.
295
860160
3000
Širite ideje. Širite svjetlo.
14:23
Thank you.
296
863160
2000
Hvala vam.
14:25
(Applause)
297
865160
3000
(pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7