Alex Tabarrok on how ideas trump crises

63,660 views ・ 2009-04-27

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Johann Trinidad Reviewer: Schubert Malbas
00:12
The first half of the 20th century
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Sa unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo
00:16
was an absolute disaster in human affairs,
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sangkaterbang sakuna ang inabot ng sangkatauhan,
00:19
a cataclysm.
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isang malaking gulo.
00:21
We had the First World War,
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Nangyari ang Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig,
00:24
the Great Depression,
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ang Great Depression,
00:26
the Second World War
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ang Ikalawang Digmaang Pangdaigdig,
00:28
and the rise of the communist nations.
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at ang pag-usbong ng mga komunistang bansa.
00:31
And each one of these forces
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At bawat isa sa mga ito,
00:33
split the world, tore the world apart,
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pinagwatak-watak at
00:35
divided the world.
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hinati ang mundo.
00:38
And they threw up walls --
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At bumuo sila ng mga pader,
00:40
political walls, trade walls,
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mga bakod sa pulitika at kalakalan,
00:42
transportation walls,
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bakod sa transportasyon,
00:44
communication walls, iron curtains --
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bakod sa komunikasyon, ang kurtinang bakal,
00:47
which divided peoples and nations.
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na hinati ang mga tao at mga bansa.
00:51
It was only in the second half of the 20th century
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Sa ikalawang bahagi lamang ng ika-20 siglo
00:55
that we slowly began to pull ourselves
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na tayo'y nagsimulang bumangon
00:58
out of this abyss.
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mula sa pagkakalugmok.
01:01
Trade walls began to come tumbling down.
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Napabagsak natin ang harang sa kalakalan.
01:04
Here are some data on tariffs:
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Ito ay iilan sa mga datos ukol sa taripa:
01:06
starting at 40 percent, coming down to less than 5 percent.
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mula sa 40 porsyento, naging mas kaunti pa sa 5 porsyento.
01:09
We globalized the world. And what does that mean?
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Nai-globalize ang mundo. Anong ibig sabihin nun?
01:12
It means that we extended cooperation
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Ibig sabihin, umusbong ang kooperasyon
01:15
across national boundaries;
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ng mga bansa.
01:17
we made the world more cooperative.
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Naging mas matulungin ang mundo.
01:20
Transportation walls came tumbling down.
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Nabuwag ang mga harang sa transportasyon.
01:24
You know in 1950 the typical ship carried
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Noong 1950s lulan ng isang pangkaraniwang bapor ang
01:27
5,000 to 10,000 tons worth of goods.
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5,000 - 10,000 tonelada ng kagamitan.
01:31
Today a container ship can carry 150,000 tons;
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Ngayon ang isang container ship ay nagkakarga ng 150,000 tonelada.
01:35
it can be manned with a smaller crew;
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Mas kaunti ang kinakailangang tauhan,
01:37
and unloaded faster than ever before.
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at mas mabilis nang magbaba ng kargamento.
01:40
Communication walls, I don't have to tell you -- the Internet --
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Ang mga harang sa komunikasyon, salamat sa internet,
01:43
have come tumbling down.
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ay nabuwag na.
01:45
And of course the iron curtains,
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At ang kurtinang bakal,
01:47
political walls have come tumbling down.
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ang mga bakod sa pulitika ay nabuwag na din.
01:51
Now all of this has been tremendous for the world.
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Lahat ng ito ay naging mabuti para sa mundo.
01:55
Trade has increased.
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Umunlad ang kalakalan.
01:57
Here is just a little bit of data.
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Ito ang kaunting datos.
01:59
In 1990, exports from China to the United States:
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Noong 1990, ang export mula Tsina papuntang Estados Unidos --
02:01
15 billion dollars.
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15 bilyong dolyar.
02:03
By 2007: over 300 billion dollars.
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Noong 2007, higit sa 300 bilyong dolyar.
02:07
And perhaps most remarkably,
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At ang nakakamangha,
02:10
at the beginning of the 21st century,
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noong simula ng ika-20 siglo,
02:12
really for the first time in modern history,
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sa unang pagkakataon sa kasaysayan,
02:16
growth extended to almost all parts of the world.
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umabot sa bawat sulok ng mundo ang pag-unlad.
02:20
So China, I've already mentioned,
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Nabanggit ko na ang Tsina,
02:22
beginning around 1978, around the time of the death of Mao,
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simula noong 1978, noong namatay ni Mao,
02:25
growth -- ten percent a year.
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ang pag-unlad -- 10 porsyento kada taon.
02:27
Year after year after year,
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Bawat taon,
02:29
absolutely incredible.
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kamangha-mangha.
02:31
Never before in human history
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Hindi pa natin naranasan
02:35
have so many people been raised out of
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ang ganito karaming tao na umangat
02:37
such great poverty as happened in China.
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mula sa kahirapan, gaya ng nangyayari sa Tsina ngayon.
02:40
China is the world's greatest anti-poverty program
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Ang Tsina ang may pinakamahusay na programa kontra kahirapan
02:43
over the last three decades.
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sa nakalipas na 3 dekada.
02:45
India, starting a little bit later,
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Nahuli ng kaunti ang India,
02:47
but in 1990, begetting tremendous growth.
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ngunit noong 1990, nagkaroon ng malaking pag-unlad.
02:50
Incomes at that time
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Noon, ang kita nila
02:52
less than $1,000 per year.
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ay mas mababa sa 1,000 dolyar kada taon.
02:54
And over the next 18 years
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Lumipas ang 18 taon
02:56
have almost tripled.
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at naging triple ito.
02:58
Growth of six percent a year. Absolutely incredible.
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May pag-unlad ng 6 porsyento bawat taon. Kamangha-mangha.
03:01
Now Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa --
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Sa Aprika naman,
03:04
Sub-Saharan Africa
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ang bahagi ng Sub-Sahara
03:06
has been the area of the world
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ang katangi-tangi sa mundo
03:08
most resistant to growth.
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na pinakamailap sa pag-asenso.
03:11
And we can see the tragedy of Africa
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At makikita natin ang trahedya ng Aprika
03:14
in the first few bars here.
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sa mga datos dito.
03:16
Growth was negative.
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Naging negatibo ang pag-unlad.
03:18
People were actually getting poorer than their parents,
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Mas naghirap pa ang mga anak kaysa sa mga magulang nila.
03:21
and sometimes even poorer than their grandparents had been.
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At sa ibang lugar, mas mahirap pa kaysa sa mga lolo at lola nila.
03:24
But at the end of the 20th century,
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Ngunit, sa bandang dulo ng ika-20 siglo,
03:26
the beginning of the 21st century,
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sa simula ng ika-21 siglo,
03:28
we saw growth in Africa.
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natunghayan natin ang pag-unlad ng Aprika.
03:31
And I think, as you'll see, there's reasons for optimism,
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At sa tingin ko, may dahilan upang umasa.
03:33
because I believe that the best is yet to come.
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Dahil hindi pa dito nagtatapos ang kanilang pag-unlad.
03:36
Now why.
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Bakit?
03:38
On the cutting edge today
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Dahil sa mga panahong ito
03:40
it's new ideas which are driving growth.
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mga bagong ideya ang nagtutulak ng pag-unlad.
03:42
And by that I mean it's
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Partikular na
03:44
products for which the research and development costs
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sa mga produkto ng pananaliksik na pinagkakagastusan
03:47
are really high, and the manufacturing costs are low.
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at nagiging mura kapag umabot na sa mga pabrika.
03:50
More than ever before it is these types of ideas
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Ang mga ganitong klase ng ideya
03:52
which are driving growth on the cutting edge.
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ang nagtutulak sa pag-unlad.
03:55
Now ideas have this amazing property.
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May ganitong kakahayan ang mga ideya.
03:57
Thomas Jefferson, I think, really expressed this quite well.
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Sinabi ni Thomas Jefferson ito nang napakaganda.
04:00
He said, "He who receives an idea from me
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Wika niya, "Ang sinumang nakakatanggap ng ideya mula sa akin
04:04
receives instruction himself, without lessening mine.
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ay natututo, nang hindi nababawasan ang sa akin.
04:08
As he who lights his candle at mine
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Gaya nang sinumang nagsisindi ng kandila sa akin
04:11
receives light without darkening me."
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ay nakatatanggap ng liwanag nang hindi namamatay ang sa akin.
04:14
Or to put it slightly differently:
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O sa ibang pananalita,
04:16
one apple feeds one man,
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isang mansanas para sa iisang tao,
04:18
but an idea can feed the world.
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ngunit ang isang ideya ay para sa buong mundo.
04:21
Now this is not new. This is practically not new to TEDsters.
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Hindi na ito bago. Lalong hindi ito bago para sa mga TEDsters.
04:24
This is practically the model of TED.
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Ito naman talaga ang ginagawa sa TED.
04:26
But what is new is that the greater function of ideas
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Ang bago ay mas malaki na ngayon ang kontribusyon ng ideya
04:30
is going to drive growth even more than ever before.
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sa pagtulak ng pag-unlad kaysa sa dati.
04:35
This provides a reason why
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Ito ang dahilan kung bakit
04:37
trade and globalization
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ang kalakalan at globalisasyon
04:39
are even more important, more powerful than ever before,
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ay mas mahalaga at mas makapangyarihan kaysa sa dati,
04:42
and are going to increase growth more than ever before.
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at pinapabilis nito ang pag-unlad.
04:45
And to explain why this is so, I have a question.
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Upang maipaliwanag ko ito, may halimbawa ako.
04:48
Suppose that there are two diseases:
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Kunwari may dalawang sakit.
04:51
one of them is rare, the other one is common,
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Isa sa kanila, bihira, at ang isa, pangkaraniwan.
04:53
but if they are not treated they are equally severe.
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Pero, kung parehong hindi naagapan, nakamamatay.
04:56
If you had to choose, which would you rather have:
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Kung mamimili ka, alin ang gusto mong magkaroon?
04:59
the common disease or the rare disease?
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Ang pangkaraniwan o ang kakaibang sakit?
05:03
Common, the common -- I think that's absolutely right,
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Iyong pangkaraniwan. Tingin ko tama yun.
05:05
and why? Because there are more drugs to treat common diseases
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Bakit? Dahil mas maraming gamot para sa pangkaraniwang sakit
05:09
than there are to treat rare diseases.
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kaysa sa kakaibang sakit.
05:12
The reason for this is incentives.
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Dahil ito sa insentibo.
05:14
It costs about the same to produce a new drug
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Pareho lang ang gastos sa paggawa ng bagong gamot,
05:17
whether that drug treats 1,000 people,
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kung ang gamot ay para sa 1,000 tao,
05:20
100,000 people, or a million people.
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o 100,000 tao, o isang milyong tao man.
05:23
But the revenues are much greater if the drug treats a million people.
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Ngunit mas malaki ang kikitain kung isang milyon ang bibili ng gamot.
05:26
So the incentives are much larger
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Kaya, mas malaki ang insentibo
05:29
to produce drugs which treat more people.
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sa paggawa ng gamot para sa nakararami.
05:33
To put this differently: larger markets save lives.
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Ibig sabihin, nakakasagip-buhay kapag maraming kustomer.
05:37
In this case misery truly does love company.
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Sa kasong ito maraming karamay ang kahirapan.
05:41
Now think about the following:
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Ngayon, isipin ang sumusunod:
05:43
if China and India were as rich as the United States is today,
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kung ang Tsina at India ay kasing yaman ng Estados Unidos ngayon,
05:47
the market for cancer drugs would be eight times larger than it is now.
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ang kalakal para sa gamot laban kanser ay lalaki ng walong beses.
05:53
Now we are not there yet, but it is happening.
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Wala pa tayo doon, pero papunta na tayo.
05:55
As other countries become richer
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Habang yumayaman ang ibang bansa
05:58
the demand for these pharmaceuticals
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ang pangangailangan ng gamot
06:00
is going to increase tremendously.
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ay tataas rin ng malaki.
06:02
And that means an increase incentive to do research and development,
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Ang ibig sabihin nito ay mas mataas ang insentibo sa pananaliksik,
06:05
which benefits everyone in the world.
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at makikinabang tayong lahat.
06:08
Larger markets increase the incentive
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Mas maraming kustomer, mas malaki ang insentibo
06:10
to produce all kinds of ideas,
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na maglabas ng iba't ibang ideya.
06:12
whether it's software, whether it's a computer chip,
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Ito ma'y software, o computer chip,
06:14
whether it's a new design.
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o bagong disenyo.
06:16
For the Hollywood people in the audience,
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Para sa mga taga-Hollywood sa audience,
06:18
this even explains why action movies
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ito ang dahilan kung bakit ang mga maaksyong pelikula
06:20
have larger budgets than comedies:
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ay mas malaking badyet kaysa sa komedya.
06:22
it's because action movies translate easier
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Mas madaling naiintindihan ang aksyon
06:25
into other languages and other cultures,
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kahit sa ibang kultura at ibang lengwahe.
06:27
so the market for those movies is larger.
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Mas malaki ang negosyo para sa mga ganitong pelikula.
06:29
People are willing to invest more,
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Handang mamuhunan nang malaki ang mga tao,
06:31
and the budgets are larger.
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at mas malaki ang badyet.
06:33
Alright. Well if larger markets increase the incentive
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Kung malaki ang insentibong nalilikha kapag maraming kustomer
06:36
to produce new ideas,
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upang bumuo ng bagong ideya,
06:38
how do we maximize that incentive?
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paano natin lulubusin ang insentibong ito?
06:41
It's by having one world market, by globalizing the world.
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Ang sagot ay sa paglikha ng pandaigdigang merkado, sa pag-globalize ng mundo.
06:46
The way I like to put this is:
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Ganito lang iyan,
06:48
one idea. Ideas are meant to be shared,
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isang ideya, mga ideya na dapat ibahagi,
06:51
so one idea can serve one world, one market.
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isang ideya para sa iisang mundo, iisang merkado.
06:56
One idea, one world, one market.
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Isang ideya, isang mundo, isang merkado.
06:59
Well how else can we create new ideas?
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Paano pa nga ba tayo lilikha ng bagong ideya?
07:02
That's one reason.
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Iyon ay isang dahilan.
07:04
Globalize trade.
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Globalize, makipagkalakalan.
07:06
How else can we create new ideas?
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Paano pa tayo lilikha ng bagong ideya?
07:08
Well, more idea creators.
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Well, dagdagan ang mga imbentor ng ideya.
07:10
Now idea creators, they come from all walks of life.
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Mula sa iba't ibang sulok ang mga taong ito.
07:13
Artists and innovators -- many of the people you've seen on this stage.
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Mga artista, innovators, marami sa mga taong nagsalita na sa entabladong ito.
07:16
I'm going to focus on scientists and engineers
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Tignan natin ang mga siyentipiko at inhinyero
07:19
because I have some data on that, and I'm a data person.
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dahil may datos ako dito, at ako'y mahilig sa datos.
07:22
Now, today, less than one-tenth of one percent
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Mas kaunti pa sa 1/10th ng isang porsyento
07:27
of the world's population are scientists and engineers.
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ng buong sangkatauhan ang mga siyentipiko at inhinyero.
07:30
(Laughter)
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(Tawanan)
07:32
The United States has been an idea leader.
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Ang Estados Unidos ay nangunguna sa pag-iisip ng ideya.
07:35
A large fraction of those people are in the United States.
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Malaking bahagi ng mga taong iyon ay nasa Estados Unidos.
07:38
But the U.S. is losing its idea leadership.
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Ngunit papawala na ang pangunguna ng U.S.
07:43
And for that I am very grateful.
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At dahil doon, ako'y nagpapasalamat.
07:45
That is a good thing.
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Mabuti iyon.
07:48
It is fortunate that we are becoming less of an idea leader
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Masuwerte tayo na hindi na tayo nangunguna
07:51
because for too long the United States,
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sapagkat matagal na panahong ang Estados Unidos
07:53
and a handful of other developed countries,
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at iilang bansa lamang
07:55
have shouldered the entire burden
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ang bumubuo ng buong bigat
07:57
of research and development.
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ng pananaliksik.
07:59
But consider the following:
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Ngunit isipin ang sumusunod:
08:02
if the world as a whole were as wealthy as the United States is now
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kung ang buong mundo ay kasingyaman ng Estado Unidos ngayon
08:05
there would be more than five times as many scientists and engineers
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higit pa sa limang beses ang dami ng siyentipiko at inhinyero
08:09
contributing to ideas which benefit everyone,
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na dadagdag ng ideyang pakikinabangan ng lahat,
08:13
which are shared by everyone.
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at paghahatian ng lahat.
08:15
I think of the great Indian mathematician, Ramanujan.
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Naisip ko si Ramanujan, isang mahusay ng matematikong Indian.
08:19
How many Ramanujans are there in India today
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Ilang Ramanujans ang nasa India ngayon
08:23
toiling in the fields, barely able to feed themselves,
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na nag-aararo sa kabukiran at naghihikahos,
08:26
when they could be feeding the world?
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gayong maari nilang pakainin ang buong mundo?
08:29
Now we're not there yet.
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Wala pa tayo doon ngayon.
08:31
But it is going to happen in this century.
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Pero mangyayari iyon sa siglong ito.
08:34
The real tragedy of the last century is this:
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Ang trahedy ng nakaraang siglo ay:
08:40
if you think about the world's population
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kung ang populasyon ng mundo
08:44
as a giant computer, a massively parallel processor,
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ay isang higanteng kompyuter, isang malaking prosesor,
08:47
then the great tragedy has been
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ang trahedya ay yaong
08:49
that billions of our processors have been off line.
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bilyon bilyong prosesor na hindi gumagana.
08:54
But in this century China is coming on line.
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Ngunit sa siglong ito, nagsisimula nang gumana ang Tsina.
08:57
India is coming on line.
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Gumagana na din ang India.
08:59
Africa is coming on line.
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Tumatakbo na din ang Afrika.
09:01
We will see an Einstein in Africa in this century.
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Makakakita tayo ng Einstein ng Afrika sa siglong ito.
09:06
Here is just some data. This is China.
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Ito ay kaunting datos lamang. Ito ang Tsina.
09:08
1996: less than one million
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Noong 1996, hindi aabot sa isang milyon ang
09:10
new university students in China per year;
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mag-aaral sa mga unibersidad sa Tsina, bawat taon.
09:13
2006: over five million.
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Noong 2006, higit pa sa limang milyon.
09:17
Now think what this means.
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Ano ang ibig sabihin nun?
09:19
This means we all benefit when another country gets rich.
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Lahat tayo ay makikinabang kapag yumaman ang ibang bansa.
09:23
We should not fear other countries becoming wealthy.
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Hindi dapat tayo matakot na yumaman ang ibang bansa.
09:27
That is something that we should embrace --
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Iyon ay isang bagay na dapat natin yakapin --
09:30
a wealthy China, a wealthy India, a wealthy Africa.
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mayamang Tsina, mayamang India, mayamang Aprika.
09:33
We need a greater demand for ideas --
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Pausbungin natin ang pangangailangan ng ideya,
09:35
those larger markets I was talking about earlier --
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malalaking merkado na kinukwento ko kanina,
09:38
and a greater supply of ideas for the world.
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malaking supply ng mga ideya para sa mundo.
09:42
Now you can see some of the reasons why I'm optimistic.
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Ito ang mga dahilan kung bakit ako'y may magandang pangitain.
09:46
Globalization is increasing the demand
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Inaangat ng globalisasyon ang pangangailangan
09:48
for ideas, the incentive to create new ideas.
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ng mga ideya, ang paggayak na lumikha ng mga bagong ideya.
09:51
Investments in education are increasing the supply of new ideas.
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Pinapalawak ng edukasyon ang imbakan ng bagong ideya.
09:57
In fact if you look at world history
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Ayon sa ating kasaysayan,
09:59
you can see some reasons for optimism.
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may magagandang pangitain.
10:01
From about the beginnings of humanity
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Mula sa pagsisimula ng sangkatauhan
10:03
to 1500: zero economic growth, nothing.
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hanggang 1500, walang naging pag-unlad sa ekonomiya.
10:06
1500 to 1800: maybe a little bit of economic growth,
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1500 hanggang 1800, may kaunting paglago.
10:10
but less in a century
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Ngunit hindi kasing laki
10:12
than you expect to see in a year today.
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ng gaya sa siglong ito.
10:16
1900s: maybe one percent.
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1900s isang porsyento.
10:18
Twentieth century: a little bit over two percent.
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Ika-20 siglo, lagpas ng dalawang porsyento.
10:20
Twenty-first century could easily be 3.3, even higher percent.
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Ika-21 siglo ay aabot ng 3.3 porsyento o higit pa.
10:24
Even at that rate,
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Sa takbo ng mga nangyayari,
10:26
by 2100 average GDP per capita
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sa taong 2100, ang GDP per capita
10:29
in the world will be $200,000.
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ng mundo ay 200,000 dolyar.
10:32
That's not U.S. GDP per capita, which will be over a million,
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Lagpas sa isang milyon ang GDP per capita ng Estados Unidos.
10:35
but world GDP per capita -- $200,000.
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Ngunit GDP per capita ng mundo, 200,000 dolyar.
10:38
That's not that far.
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Hindi malayo ang panahong iyan.
10:40
We won't make it.
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Ngunit hindi na natin maabutan.
10:42
But some of our grandchildren probably will.
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Ngunit, aabutan iyan ng ating mga apo.
10:44
And I should say,
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At masasabi kong
10:46
I think this is a rather modest prediction.
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walang halong yabang ang aking hula.
10:49
In Kurzweilian terms this is gloomy.
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Sa paniniwalang Kurzweil, malungkot ito.
10:54
In Kurzweilian terms I'm like the Eeyore of economic growth.
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Sa paniniwalang Kurzweil, ako'y parang si Eeyore ng ekonomiya.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(Tawanan)
11:01
Alright what about problems?
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Ok, paano naman ang mga problema?
11:03
What about a great depression?
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Paano ang great depression?
11:06
Well let's take a look. Let's take a look at the Great Depression.
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Tignan natin ang Great Depression.
11:10
Here is GDP per capita
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Ito ang GDP per capita
11:12
from 1900 to 1929.
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noong 1900 hanggang 1929.
11:15
Now let's imagine that you were an economist in 1929,
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Ipagpalagay nating ika'y isang ekonomista noong 1929,
11:19
trying to forecast future growth for the United States,
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na tinatanaw ang pag-unlad ng Estados Unidos sa hinaharap,
11:22
not knowing that the economy was about to go off a cliff,
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at wala kang alam na pabagsak na pala ang ekonomiya.
11:26
not knowing that we were about to enter
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Hindi pa natin batid na tayo'y papasok
11:29
the greatest economic disaster certainly in the 20th century.
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sa pinakamalaking trahedyang pang-ekonomiya sa ika-20 siglo.
11:33
What would you have predicted, not knowing this?
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Ano kaya ang iyong hula kung hindi mo alam ito?
11:35
If you had based your prediction, your forecast
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Kung binase mo ang iyong hula
11:37
on 1900 to 1929
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noong 1900 hanggang 1929
11:39
you'd have predicted something like this.
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ito ang magiging hula mo.
11:41
If you'd been a little more optimistic --
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Kung higit na positibo ang iyong pananaw,
11:43
say, based upon the Roaring Twenties -- you'd have said this.
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dahil sa masaganang 20s, ito ang sasabihin mo.
11:46
So what actually happened?
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Ano nga ba ang nangyari?
11:48
We went off a cliff but we recovered.
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Bumagsak tayo ngunit tayo'y nakabawi.
11:52
In fact in the second half of the 20th century
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Sa katunayan, sa ikalawang yugto ng ika-20 siglo
11:55
growth was even higher than anything you would have predicted
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higit na mabilis ang ating pag-unlad kaysa sa anumang hula
11:59
based upon the first half of the 20th century.
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na ginawa noong unang yugto ng ika-20 siglo.
12:02
So growth can wash away
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Kayang burahin ng pag-unlad ang
12:04
even what appears to be a great depression.
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anumang epekto ng great depression.
12:07
Alright. What else?
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Okay. Ano pa?
12:09
Oil. Oil. This was a big topic.
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Langis. Ito ay naging malaking paksa.
12:12
When I was writing up my notes oil was $140 per barrel.
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Noong sinusulat ko pa ito, ang langis ay nasa 140 dolyar bawat bariles.
12:19
So people were asking a question. They were saying,
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Ang tanong ng taong-bayan,
12:22
"Is China drinking our milkshake?"
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"Iniinom ba ng Tsina ang ating milkshake?"
12:26
(Laughter)
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(Tawanan)
12:27
And there is some truth to this,
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At may kaunting katotohanan ito
12:30
in the sense that we have something of a finite resource,
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dahil ang langis ay nauubos na yaman.
12:34
and increased growth is going to push up demand for that.
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Itinataas ng pag-unlad ang ating pangangailangan dito.
12:37
But I think I don't have to tell this audience
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Hindi naman masama na
12:39
that a higher price of oil is not necessarily a bad thing.
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naging mamahalin ang langis ngayon.
12:44
Moreover, as everyone knows,
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Alam ng lahat na
12:47
look -- it's energy, not oil, which counts.
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enerhiya, at hindi langis, ang ating kailangan.
12:50
And higher oil prices mean
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Ang mataas na presyo ng langis ay mangangahulugang
12:52
a greater incentive to invest in energy R&D.
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mas malaki ang insentibo para sa pananaliksik sa enerhiya.
12:55
You can see this in the data.
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Makikita mo ito sa datos.
12:57
As oil prices go up, energy patents go up.
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Habang tumataas ang presyo ng langis, dumadami din ang patents patungkol sa enerhiya.
13:00
The world is much better equipped
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Mas handa ang mundo
13:02
to overcome an increase in the price of oil
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na lagpasan ang pagtaas ng presyo ng langis
13:04
today, than ever in the past,
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ngayon, kaysa sa panahong nakalipas,
13:06
because of what I'm talking about.
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dahil sa mga bagay na ating napag-usapan.
13:08
One idea, one world, one market.
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Isang ideya, isang mundo, isang merkado.
13:12
So I'm optimistic
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Kaya't ako'y positibo
13:15
so long as we hew to these two ideas:
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basta't sinusunod natin ang dalawang pilosopiyang ito:
13:17
to keep globalizing world markets,
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ipagpatuloy ang globalisasyon ng pandaigdigang merkado,
13:19
keep extending cooperation across national boundaries,
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palawakin ang pakikipagtulungan ng mga bansa,
13:23
and keep investing in education.
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at pahalagahan ang edukasyon.
13:26
Now the United States has a particularly important role
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Ngayon, may malaking bahagi ang Estados Unidos
13:29
to play in this:
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sa pagkakataong ito --
13:32
to keep our education system globalized,
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upang panatilihing globalisado ang sistema ng edukasyon,
13:35
to keep our education system open to students from all over the world,
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upang panatilihing bukas ang sistema ng edukasyon para sa lahat --
13:39
because our education system
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dahil ang sistema ng edukasyon
13:41
is the candle
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ay isang kandilang nagbibigay-liwanag
13:43
that other students come to light their own candles.
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sa ibang mag-aaral upang masindihan ang sariling kandila.
13:48
Now remember here what Jefferson said.
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Alalahanin natin ang sabi ni Jefferson.
13:51
Jefferson said, "When they come
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Sabi ni Jefferson, "Kapag sila'y lumapit
13:54
and light their candles at ours,
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at nakisindi ng kandila,
13:57
they gain light, and we are not darkened."
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nakatatanggap sila ng liwanag, at tayo'y hindi magdidilim."
14:02
But Jefferson wasn't quite right, was he?
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Ngunit may mali sa sinabi ni Jefferson, di ba?
14:05
Because the truth is,
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Sa katunayan,
14:08
when they light their candles at ours,
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kapag nakisindi sila ng kandila,
14:12
there is twice as much light available for everyone.
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dodoble ang ilaw na papakinabangan ng lahat.
14:16
So my view is: Be optimistic.
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Kaya't ang aking pananaw ay positibo.
14:20
Spread the ideas. Spread the light.
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Palaganapin ang mga ideya. Ibahagi ang liwanag.
14:23
Thank you.
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Salamat.
14:25
(Applause)
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(Palakpakan)
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