Your words may predict your future mental health | Mariano Sigman

804,853 views ใƒป 2016-06-16

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ahmad Hamdan ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mohamed Ibrahim
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฑุชุฏูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฅุบุฑูŠู‚ุŒ
00:13
We have historical records that allow us to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
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00:18
how they lived,
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู†ุŒ
00:19
how they fought ...
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ุงุชู„ูˆู†...
00:21
but how did they think?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠููƒุฑูˆู†ุŸ
00:23
One natural idea is that the deepest aspects of human thought --
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุนู…ู‚ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ --
00:27
our ability to imagine,
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ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ุŒ
00:29
to be conscious,
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ูˆู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุŒ
00:31
to dream --
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ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู„ู… --
00:32
have always been the same.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ.
00:34
Another possibility
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ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ
00:36
is that the social transformations that have shaped our culture
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุดูƒู„ุช ุซู‚ุงูุชู†ุง
00:40
may have also changed the structural columns of human thought.
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ู‚ุงู…ุช ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ.
00:44
We may all have different opinions about this.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ุขุฑุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน.
00:47
Actually, it's a long-standing philosophical debate.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ู‚ุงุด ูู„ุณููŠ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฏ.
00:50
But is this question even amenable to science?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุงุด ูˆุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุŸ
00:54
Here I'd like to propose
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ู‡ู†ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุชุฑุญ
00:57
that in the same way we can reconstruct how the ancient Greek cities looked
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ
01:02
just based on a few bricks,
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ุจุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูˆุจ ูู‚ุทุŒ
01:04
that the writings of a culture are the archaeological records,
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ูุฅู† ูƒุชุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุฃุซุฑูŠุฉุŒ
01:08
the fossils, of human thought.
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ูˆุฃุญุงููŠุฑุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ.
01:11
And in fact,
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ
01:13
doing some form of psychological analysis
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠ
01:15
of some of the most ancient books of human culture,
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ู„ุจุนุถ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹ุŒ
01:18
Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
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ุฌุงุก "ุฌูˆู„ูŠุงู† ุฌุงูŠู†ูŠุณ" ููŠ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ุงุช ุจูุฑุถูŠุฉ ุฌุงู…ุญุฉ ูˆุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง:
01:24
that only 3,000 years ago,
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุจู„ 3000ุณู†ุฉ ูู‚ุทุŒ
01:27
humans were what today we would call schizophrenics.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุจู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ูุตุงู….
01:33
And he made this claim
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ูˆู‚ุฏู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุฏุนุงุก
01:35
based on the fact that the first humans described in these books
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ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ูˆุตูู‡ู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ
01:38
behaved consistently,
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ุชุชุตุฑู ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู…ุชู†ุงุณู‚ุŒ
01:40
in different traditions and in different places of the world,
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ููŠ ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
01:43
as if they were hearing and obeying voices
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ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุณู…ุนูˆู† ูˆูŠุทูŠุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช
01:47
that they perceived as coming from the Gods,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ุจุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏู‡ู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู„ู‡ุฉุŒ
01:50
or from the muses ...
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠ...
01:52
what today we would call hallucinations.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู„ูˆุณุฉ.
01:55
And only then, as time went on,
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ูˆุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ูู‚ุทุŒ ูˆู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
01:58
they began to recognize that they were the creators,
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ุจุฏุฃูˆุง ุจุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุฃู†ู‡ู…
02:02
the owners of these inner voices.
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ู‡ู… ุฃุตุญุงุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
02:05
And with this, they gained introspection:
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงูุŒ ุงูƒุชุณุจูˆุง ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ:
02:08
the ability to think about their own thoughts.
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ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃููƒุงุฑู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ.
02:11
So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness,
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ุชุดุฑุญ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ "ุฌุงูŠู†ูŠุณ" ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠุŒ
02:15
at least in the way we perceive it today,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
02:18
where we feel that we are the pilots of our own existence --
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ุญูŠุซ ู†ุดุนุฑ ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุชุญูƒู…ูŠู† ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏู†ุง
02:21
is a quite recent cultural development.
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ู‡ูŠ ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
02:25
And this theory is quite spectacular,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ
02:27
but it has an obvious problem
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ
02:28
which is that it's built on just a few and very specific examples.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุจู†ูŠุช ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
02:33
So the question is whether the theory
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ
02:34
that introspection built up in human history only about 3,000 years ago
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูู‚ุท ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 3000 ุณู†ุฉ
02:39
can be examined in a quantitative and objective manner.
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ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูุญุต ุจุทุฑู‚ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉ.
02:43
And the problem of how to go about this is quite obvious.
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง.
02:47
It's not like Plato woke up one day and then he wrote,
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ู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ูˆูƒุฃู† ุฃูู„ุงุทูˆู† ุงุณุชูŠู‚ุธ ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู…ุง ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจูƒุชุงุจุฉุŒ
02:50
"Hello, I'm Plato,
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"ู…ุฑุญุจุงุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃูู„ุงุทูˆู†ุŒ
02:52
and as of today, I have a fully introspective consciousness."
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ูˆุงุนุชุจุงุฑุง ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุก ุงู„ุชุงู… ".
02:55
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:57
And this tells us actually what is the essence of the problem.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุฌูˆู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
03:01
We need to find the emergence of a concept that's never said.
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู„ู… ูŠู‚ู… ุฃุญุฏ ุจุฐูƒุฑู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
03:06
The word introspection does not appear a single time
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ู„ู… ุชุธู‡ุฑ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ูˆู„ุง ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
03:10
in the books we want to analyze.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ู‡ุง.
03:13
So our way to solve this is to build the space of words.
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ุงู„ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู„ุญู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุจู†ุงุก ูุถุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.
03:18
This is a huge space that contains all words
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
03:21
in such a way that the distance between any two of them
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ุฃูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู†ุŒ
03:24
is indicative of how closely related they are.
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ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ูˆุซูŠู‚ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง.
03:28
So for instance,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
03:29
you want the words "dog" and "cat" to be very close together,
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ุชุฑูŠุฏ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† "ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ" ูˆ"ุงู„ู‚ุท" ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุจุนุถู‡ุงุŒ
03:32
but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm" to be very far away.
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† "ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠุจ ูุฑูˆุช" ูˆ "ู„ูˆุบุงุฑูŠุชู…" ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุชูŠู† ุฌุฏุง.
03:36
And this has to be true for any two words within the space.
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ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญุง ู„ุฃูŠ ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.
03:41
And there are different ways that we can construct the space of words.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุจู†ุงุก ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช.
03:44
One is just asking the experts,
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนุงู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุกุŒ
03:46
a bit like we do with dictionaries.
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูƒู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู…ูŠุณ.
03:48
Another possibility
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ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
03:50
is following the simple assumption that when two words are related,
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ู‡ูˆ ุงุชุจุงุน ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุจุณูŠุท ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ูƒู„ู…ุชูŠู†ุŒ
03:54
they tend to appear in the same sentences,
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ุŒ
03:56
in the same paragraphs,
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ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุชุŒ
03:57
in the same documents,
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ูˆููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ุŒ
03:59
more often than would be expected just by pure chance.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุญุฏูˆุซู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุตุฏูุฉ.
04:04
And this simple hypothesis,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฑุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ
04:06
this simple method,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ
04:07
with some computational tricks
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ูˆู…ุน ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠู„ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจูŠุฉ
04:09
that have to do with the fact
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
04:10
that this is a very complex and high-dimensional space,
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู…ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ูˆู…ุนู‚ุฏ ุฌุฏุงุŒ
04:13
turns out to be quite effective.
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ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
04:16
And just to give you a flavor of how well this works,
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ูˆูู‚ุท ู„ุฅุนุทุงุฆูƒู… ู†ูƒู‡ุฉ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
04:18
this is the result we get when we analyze this for some familiar words.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ.
04:23
And you can see first
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃูˆู„ุง
04:24
that words automatically organize into semantic neighborhoods.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุชู†ุธู… ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
04:28
So you get the fruits, the body parts,
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ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุงูƒู‡ุŒ ูˆุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ
04:30
the computer parts, the scientific terms and so on.
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ูˆุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑู‡.
04:33
The algorithm also identifies that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
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ูˆุชุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุณู„ุงุณู„ ู‡ุฑู…ูŠุฉ.
04:37
So for instance,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
04:39
you can see that the scientific terms break down into two subcategories
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุชุชูุฑุน ููŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠุฉ
04:42
of the astronomic and the physics terms.
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ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
04:45
And then there are very fine things.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
04:47
For instance, the word astronomy,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒุŒ
04:49
which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุบุฑูŠุจุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ
04:51
is actually exactly where it should be,
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ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญูŠุซ ุชู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ุถุจุทุŒ
04:53
between what it is,
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ุจูŠู† ุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ุง ูƒูƒู„ู…ุฉุŒ
04:55
an actual science,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุฉุŒ
04:56
and between what it describes,
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ูˆุจูŠู† ู…ุง ุชุตูู‡ุŒ
04:57
the astronomical terms.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠุฉ.
05:00
And we could go on and on with this.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุงุช ุนุฏุฉ.
05:02
Actually, if you stare at this for a while,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชู…ุนู† ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆุฌูŠุฒุฉุŒ
05:04
and you just build random trajectories,
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ูˆู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุจู†ุงุก ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
05:06
you will see that it actually feels a bit like doing poetry.
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ุณุชุดุนุฑูˆู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุธู… ู„ู„ุดุนุฑ.
05:10
And this is because, in a way,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุณูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุงุŒ
05:11
walking in this space is like walking in the mind.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„.
05:16
And the last thing
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ูˆุขุฎุฑ ุดูŠุก
05:17
is that this algorithm also identifies what are our intuitions,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุชุญุฏุฏ ุฃูŠุถุง ุญุฏุณู†ุงุŒ
05:21
of which words should lead in the neighborhood of introspection.
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ุนู† ู‡ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุจ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชุงุจุน ู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„.
05:25
So for instance,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
05:26
words such as "self," "guilt," "reason," "emotion,"
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ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู…ุซู„ "ุงู„ุฐุงุช"ุŒ "ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุฐู†ุจ" "ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚"ุŒ "ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑุŒ"
05:30
are very close to "introspection,"
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ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† "ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ"
05:32
but other words,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
05:33
such as "red," "football," "candle," "banana,"
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ู…ุซู„ "ุฃุญู…ุฑ"ุŒ "ูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…" "ุดู…ุนุฉ"ุŒ "ุงู„ู…ูˆุฒุŒ"
05:36
are just very far away.
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ู‡ูŠ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
05:38
And so once we've built the space,
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ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู‚ูŠุงู…ู†ุง ุจุจู†ุงุก ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ
05:40
the question of the history of introspection,
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ
05:43
or of the history of any concept
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ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุฃูŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…
05:46
which before could seem abstract and somehow vague,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ ูˆุบุงู…ุถุฉ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุงุŒ
05:50
becomes concrete --
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ุชุตุจุญ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ--
05:52
becomes amenable to quantitative science.
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ูˆุชุตุจุญ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ.
05:56
All that we have to do is take the books,
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูƒุชุจุŒ
05:59
we digitize them,
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ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ูƒุชุจ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
06:00
and we take this stream of words as a trajectory
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ูˆู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ู…ุณุงุฑ
06:03
and project them into the space,
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ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุณู‚ุงุทู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ
06:05
and then we ask whether this trajectory spends significant time
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ุซู… ู†ุณุฃู„ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุถู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑ ูˆู‚ุชุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุง
06:09
circling closely to the concept of introspection.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู† ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุซูŠู‚ ุญูˆู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
06:12
And with this,
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
06:13
we could analyze the history of introspection
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุชูŠ
06:16
in the ancient Greek tradition,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
06:18
for which we have the best available written record.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุณุฌู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุนู†ู‡.
06:21
So what we did is we took all the books --
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ--
06:23
we just ordered them by time --
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ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ุง ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠ--
06:26
for each book we take the words
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ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ูƒู„ ูƒุชุงุจ
06:27
and we project them to the space,
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ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุณู‚ุงุทู‡ู… ุฏุงุฎู„ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ
06:29
and then we ask for each word how close it is to introspection,
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ุซู… ู†ุณุฃู„ ุนู† ู…ุฏู‰ ู‚ุฑุจ ูƒู„ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ
06:33
and we just average that.
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ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท.
06:34
And then we ask whether, as time goes on and on,
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ุซู… ู†ุณุฃู„ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
06:37
these books get closer, and closer and closer
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุจุงู„ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุจ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ
06:41
to the concept of introspection.
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ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
06:42
And this is exactly what happens in the ancient Greek tradition.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ.
06:47
So you can see that for the oldest books in the Homeric tradition,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู† ููŠ ุฃู‚ุฏู… ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅุบุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ู‡ูˆู…ูŠุฑูˆุณุŒ
06:50
there is a small increase with books getting closer to introspection.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
06:54
But about four centuries before Christ,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุจู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‚ุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญุŒ
06:56
this starts ramping up very rapidly to an almost five-fold increase
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ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ูˆุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุถุนุงู
07:01
of books getting closer, and closer and closer
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ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ
07:03
to the concept of introspection.
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ู…ู† ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
07:06
And one of the nice things about this
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ
07:08
is that now we can ask
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„
07:09
whether this is also true in a different, independent tradition.
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ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุฉ.
07:14
So we just ran this same analysis on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู†ูุณู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠุฉุŒ
07:18
and we got virtually the same pattern.
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ูˆุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู…ุท ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง.
07:21
Again, you see a small increase for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
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ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุชุฑู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุทููŠูุฉ ู„ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุŒ
07:26
and then it increases much more rapidly
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ
07:28
in the new books of the New Testament.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
07:30
And then we get the peak of introspection
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐุฑูˆุฉ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ
07:32
in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine,"
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ููŠ "ุงุนุชุฑุงูุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุณ ุฃูˆุบุณุทูŠู†ุŒ"
07:34
about four centuries after Christ.
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญ.
07:36
And this was very important,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุฌุฏุงุŒ
07:38
because Saint Augustine had been recognized by scholars,
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ู„ุฃู† "ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุณ ุฃูˆุบุณุทูŠู†" ุชู… ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ
07:42
philologists, historians,
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ุงู„ู„ุบูˆูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุคุฑุฎูŠู†ุŒ
07:44
as one of the founders of introspection.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุคุณุณูŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
07:47
Actually, some believe him to be the father of modern psychology.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุฃู† "ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠุณ ุฃูˆุบุณุทูŠู†" ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุดุฃ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ.
07:51
So our algorithm,
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ูุฅู† ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุชู†ุงุŒ
07:52
which has the virtue of being quantitative,
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ูˆุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉุŒ
07:55
of being objective,
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ูˆู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ
07:57
and of course of being extremely fast --
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู…ู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹--
07:59
it just runs in a fraction of a second --
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุชู…ุงู… ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูˆุณุจุฉ ุจุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ--
08:01
can capture some of the most important conclusions
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชู„ุชู‚ุท ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌุงุช
08:05
of this long tradition of investigation.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚.
08:08
And this is in a way one of the beauties of science,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุฑูˆุงุฆุน ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ
08:11
which is that now this idea can be translated
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ุงู„ุขู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
08:15
and generalized to a whole lot of different domains.
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ูˆุชุนู…ูŠู…ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
08:18
So in the same way that we asked about the past of human consciousness,
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ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุนู† ู…ุงุถูŠ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุŒ
08:23
maybe the most challenging question we can pose to ourselves
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุญุฏูŠุง ุงู„ุขู† ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„ู‡ ู„ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
08:26
is whether this can tell us something about the future of our own consciousness.
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ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู†ุง.
08:31
To put it more precisely,
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ูˆู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ุฃุฏู‚ุŒ
08:33
whether the words we say today
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ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
08:35
can tell us something of where our minds will be in a few days,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู†ุง ุดูŠุฆุง ุนู† ุนู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุจู„ุฉุŒ
08:40
in a few months
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ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ
08:41
or a few years from now.
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ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุจุถุนุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู†.
08:43
And in the same way many of us are now wearing sensors
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ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูุงู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ูŠุฑุชุฏูŠ ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุดุนุงุฑ
08:46
that detect our heart rate,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ู…ุนุฏู„ ุถุฑุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจุŒ
08:48
our respiration,
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ูˆุนู† ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชู†ูุณุŒ
08:49
our genes,
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ูˆุนู† ุฌูŠู†ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉุŒ
08:51
on the hopes that this may help us prevent diseases,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ุชุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถุŒ
08:55
we can ask whether monitoring and analyzing the words we speak,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฑุตุฏ ูˆุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุงุŒ
08:58
we tweet, we email, we write,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุบุฑูŠุฏุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃู„ูŠูุŒ
09:01
can tell us ahead of time whether something may go wrong with our minds.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู†ุง ูˆููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุจูƒุฑ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุดูŠุก ูŠุณูˆุก ููŠ ุนู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง.
09:07
And with Guillermo Cecchi,
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ูˆู…ุน "ุบูŠูŠุฑู…ูˆ ุดูŠุดูŠ"ุŒ
09:08
who has been my brother in this adventure,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุฃุฎ ู„ูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุบุงู…ุฑุฉุŒ
09:11
we took on this task.
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ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงุชู‚ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ.
09:14
And we did so by analyzing the recorded speech of 34 young people
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ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุญุฏูŠุซ ู…ุณุฌู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ 34 ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ
09:19
who were at a high risk of developing schizophrenia.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุนุงู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู†ูุตุงู… ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ.
09:23
And so what we did is, we measured speech at day one,
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ูˆู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ
09:26
and then we asked whether the properties of the speech could predict,
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ุซู… ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ุนู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุชูˆู‚ุนุŒ
09:29
within a window of almost three years,
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ูˆุถู…ู† ุฅุทุงุฑ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
09:32
the future development of psychosis.
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ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู†ูุตุงู… ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ.
09:35
But despite our hopes,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุขู…ุงู„ู†ุงุŒ
09:37
we got failure after failure.
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ู„ู… ู†ูˆุงุฌู‡ ุณูˆู‰ ุงู„ูุดู„.
09:41
There was just not enough information in semantics
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูƒุงููŠุฉ ููŠ ุฏู„ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃู„ูุงุธ
09:45
to predict the future organization of the mind.
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ู„ู„ุชู†ุจุค ุจู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุนู‚ู„.
09:48
It was good enough
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ
09:50
to distinguish between a group of schizophrenics and a control group,
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ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุจูŠู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ "ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ูุตุงู…" ูˆู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจุฉุŒ
09:54
a bit like we had done for the ancient texts,
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ูƒู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
09:57
but not to predict the future onset of psychosis.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุชูˆู‚ุน ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
10:01
But then we realized
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุฏุฑูƒู†ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ
10:02
that maybe the most important thing was not so much what they were saying,
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุญุฑููŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุŒ
10:07
but how they were saying it.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู†ู…ุท ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ.
10:09
More specifically,
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ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุงุŒ
10:10
it was not in which semantic neighborhoods the words were,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
10:13
but how far and fast they jumped
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุดู ุนู† ุณุฑุนุฉ ูˆู…ุฏู‰ ุชู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
10:16
from one semantic neighborhood to the other one.
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
10:19
And so we came up with this measure,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุŒ
10:21
which we termed semantic coherence,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุฃุทู„ู‚ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงุณู… "ุงู„ุชู…ุงุณูƒ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠ"ุŒ
10:23
which essentially measures the persistence of speech within one semantic topic,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงุณุงุณุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ุจุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุŒ
10:28
within one semantic category.
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ุถู…ู† ุงู„ูุฆุฉ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ.
10:31
And it turned out to be that for this group of 34 people,
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ูˆุชุจูŠู† ู„ุงุญู‚ุง ุจุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† 34 ุดุงุจุงุŒ
10:35
the algorithm based on semantic coherence could predict,
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ุชู…ูƒู†ุช ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ุน ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ุชู…ุงุณูƒ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ูŠุŒ
10:39
with 100 percent accuracy,
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ูˆู…ุน ุฏู‚ุฉ ุชุจู„ุบ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉุŒ
10:41
who developed psychosis and who will not.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตู†ูŠูู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐู‡ุงู†.
10:44
And this was something that could not be achieved --
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡
10:47
not even close --
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ูˆู„ุง ุญุชู‰ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ
10:49
with all the other existing clinical measures.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุชุฏุงุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅูƒู„ูŠู†ูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹.
10:54
And I remember vividly, while I was working on this,
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ูˆุฃุชุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุงุถุญุŒ ููŠ ุญูŠู† ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉุŒ
10:58
I was sitting at my computer
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุฌุงู„ุณุง ุฃู…ุงู… ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ
11:00
and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
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ูˆุฑุฃูŠุช ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุบุฑูŠุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุชุจู‡ุง "ุจูˆู„ูˆ"
11:03
Polo had been my first student back in Buenos Aires,
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ูƒุงู† "ุจูˆู„ูˆ" ุฃูˆู„ ุทุงู„ุจ ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุจูˆูŠู†ุณ ุขูŠุฑุณุŒ
11:06
and at the time he was living in New York.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนูŠุด ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
11:08
And there was something in this tweets --
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุชุบุฑูŠุฏุงุชู‡--
11:10
I could not tell exactly what because nothing was said explicitly --
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ู„ู… ุฃุณุชุทุน ุฃู† ุงุนุฑู ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠู‚ู„ ุดูŠุฆุง ูˆุงุถุญุงู‹
11:14
but I got this strong hunch,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุงูˆุฏู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุŒ
11:16
this strong intuition, that something was going wrong.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏุณ ุงู„ู‚ูˆูŠุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎุทุจุง ู…ุง.
11:20
So I picked up the phone, and I called Polo,
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ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุทุช ุณู…ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงุชูุŒ ูˆุงุชุตู„ุช ุจุจูˆู„ูˆุŒ
11:23
and in fact he was not feeling well.
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงู….
11:25
And this simple fact,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ
11:27
that reading in between the lines,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ู…ุง ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุณุทูˆุฑุŒ
11:29
I could sense, through words, his feelings,
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ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู† ุฃุญุณุŒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ุจู…ุดุงุนุฑู‡ุŒ
11:34
was a simple, but very effective way to help.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุง ู„ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ.
11:37
What I tell you today
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ู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ู„ูƒู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
11:39
is that we're getting close to understanding
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ู…ู† ูู‡ู…
11:42
how we can convert this intuition that we all have,
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ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏุณ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนุงุŒ
11:46
that we all share,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุดุงุฑูƒู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนุงุŒ
11:47
into an algorithm.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุฉ.
11:50
And in doing so,
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ูˆุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ
11:51
we may be seeing in the future a very different form of mental health,
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ู‚ุฏ ู†ุดู‡ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุดูƒู„ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุง ุฌุฏุง ู„ู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉุŒ
11:56
based on objective, quantitative and automated analysis
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ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงู‡ุฌ ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุขู„ูŠุฉ
12:01
of the words we write,
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ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุงุŒ
12:03
of the words we say.
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ูˆู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ุง.
12:05
Gracias.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
12:06
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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