Your words may predict your future mental health | Mariano Sigman

803,648 views ใƒป 2016-06-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
We have historical records that allow us to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื•,
00:18
how they lived,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื—ื™ื•,
00:19
how they fought ...
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืœื—ืžื•...
00:21
but how did they think?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•?
00:23
One natural idea is that the deepest aspects of human thought --
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช --
00:27
our ability to imagine,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
00:29
to be conscious,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
00:31
to dream --
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ืœื—ืœื•ื --
00:32
have always been the same.
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:34
Another possibility
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช
00:36
is that the social transformations that have shaped our culture
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:40
may have also changed the structural columns of human thought.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:44
We may all have different opinions about this.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš.
00:47
Actually, it's a long-standing philosophical debate.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื.
00:50
But is this question even amenable to science?
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ืืš ื”ืื ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข?
00:54
Here I'd like to propose
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
00:57
that in the same way we can reconstruct how the ancient Greek cities looked
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื• ืขืจื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
01:02
just based on a few bricks,
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ืจืง ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื›ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื,
01:04
that the writings of a culture are the archaeological records,
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
01:08
the fossils, of human thought.
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ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:11
And in fact,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”,
01:13
doing some form of psychological analysis
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ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
01:15
of some of the most ancient books of human culture,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:18
Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
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ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -70 ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืคืจื•ืขื” ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“:
01:24
that only 3,000 years ago,
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ืฉืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 3000 ืฉื ื™ื,
01:27
humans were what today we would call schizophrenics.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื
01:33
And he made this claim
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื•
01:35
based on the fact that the first humans described in these books
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื”
01:38
behaved consistently,
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™,
01:40
in different traditions and in different places of the world,
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ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:43
as if they were hearing and obeying voices
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:47
that they perceived as coming from the Gods,
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ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืืœื™ื,
01:50
or from the muses ...
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ืื• ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืช ...
01:52
what today we would call hallucinations.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
01:55
And only then, as time went on,
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ื•ืจืง ืื–, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:58
they began to recognize that they were the creators,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
02:02
the owners of these inner voices.
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ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:05
And with this, they gained introspection:
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ื•ืขื ื–ื”, ื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช:
02:08
the ability to think about their own thoughts.
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ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:11
So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness,
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ืื– ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
02:15
at least in the way we perceive it today,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:18
where we feel that we are the pilots of our own existence --
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• -
02:21
is a quite recent cultural development.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืงืจืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
02:25
And this theory is quite spectacular,
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ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™,
02:27
but it has an obvious problem
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
02:28
which is that it's built on just a few and very specific examples.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืžืื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
02:33
So the question is whether the theory
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
02:34
that introspection built up in human history only about 3,000 years ago
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื› 3000 ืฉื ื™ื
02:39
can be examined in a quantitative and objective manner.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:43
And the problem of how to go about this is quite obvious.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™.
02:47
It's not like Plato woke up one day and then he wrote,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืชื‘,
02:50
"Hello, I'm Plato,
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"ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื™ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:52
and as of today, I have a fully introspective consciousness."
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ื•ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืœืื”."
02:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:57
And this tells us actually what is the essence of the problem.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:01
We need to find the emergence of a concept that's never said.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืืžืจ.
03:06
The word introspection does not appear a single time
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช
03:10
in the books we want to analyze.
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืชื—.
03:13
So our way to solve this is to build the space of words.
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ืื– ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
03:18
This is a huge space that contains all words
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืขื ืง ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
03:21
in such a way that the distance between any two of them
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ
03:24
is indicative of how closely related they are.
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ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช
03:28
So for instance,
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ,
03:29
you want the words "dog" and "cat" to be very close together,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ืœื‘" ื• "ื—ืชื•ืœ" ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
03:32
but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm" to be very far away.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ืช" ื• "ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชื" ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
03:36
And this has to be true for any two words within the space.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
03:41
And there are different ways that we can construct the space of words.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
03:44
One is just asking the experts,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื,
03:46
a bit like we do with dictionaries.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
03:48
Another possibility
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช
03:50
is following the simple assumption that when two words are related,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื›ืฉืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
03:54
they tend to appear in the same sentences,
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
03:56
in the same paragraphs,
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ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช,
03:57
in the same documents,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื,
03:59
more often than would be expected just by pure chance.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื.
04:04
And this simple hypothesis,
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ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ื•,
04:06
this simple method,
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ื•,
04:07
with some computational tricks
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
04:09
that have to do with the fact
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:10
that this is a very complex and high-dimensional space,
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืจื‘-ืžืžื“ื™ื,
04:13
turns out to be quite effective.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื™.
04:16
And just to give you a flavor of how well this works,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
04:18
this is the result we get when we analyze this for some familiar words.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื ืชื— ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
04:23
And you can see first
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ
04:24
that words automatically organize into semantic neighborhoods.
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ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืกืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:28
So you get the fruits, the body parts,
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ืื– ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:30
the computer parts, the scientific terms and so on.
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ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
04:33
The algorithm also identifies that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
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ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื’ื ืžื–ื”ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”.
04:37
So for instance,
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:39
you can see that the scientific terms break down into two subcategories
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”
04:42
of the astronomic and the physics terms.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
04:45
And then there are very fine things.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื.
04:47
For instance, the word astronomy,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”,
04:49
which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
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ืฉื ื“ืžื™ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื,
04:51
is actually exactly where it should be,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
04:53
between what it is,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื,
04:55
an actual science,
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ืžื“ืข ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
04:56
and between what it describes,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช,
04:57
the astronomical terms.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
05:00
And we could go on and on with this.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื–ื”.
05:02
Actually, if you stare at this for a while,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
05:04
and you just build random trajectories,
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ื•ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื,
05:06
you will see that it actually feels a bit like doing poetry.
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ืืชื” ืชืจืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื”.
05:10
And this is because, in a way,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื, ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
05:11
walking in this space is like walking in the mind.
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ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“.
05:16
And the last thing
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
05:17
is that this algorithm also identifies what are our intuitions,
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ืฉืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื–ื”ื” ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:21
of which words should lead in the neighborhood of introspection.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
05:25
So for instance,
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ,
05:26
words such as "self," "guilt," "reason," "emotion,"
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืขืฆืžื™", "ืืฉืžื”" "ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ", "ืจื’ืฉ"
05:30
are very close to "introspection,"
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœ"ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,"
05:32
but other words,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
05:33
such as "red," "football," "candle," "banana,"
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ื›ืžื• "ืื“ื•ื", "ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ" "ื ืจ", "ื‘ื ื ื”",
05:36
are just very far away.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
05:38
And so once we've built the space,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘,
05:40
the question of the history of introspection,
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ืฉืืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
05:43
or of the history of any concept
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื•ื
05:46
which before could seem abstract and somehow vague,
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ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ,
05:50
becomes concrete --
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ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ --
05:52
becomes amenable to quantitative science.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžื“ืข ื›ืžื•ืชื™.
05:56
All that we have to do is take the books,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื,
05:59
we digitize them,
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ืœืกืคืจืช ืื•ืชื,
06:00
and we take this stream of words as a trajectory
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ
06:03
and project them into the space,
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ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘,
06:05
and then we ask whether this trajectory spends significant time
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ
06:09
circling closely to the concept of introspection.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
06:12
And with this,
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ื•ืขื ื–ื”,
06:13
we could analyze the history of introspection
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช
06:16
in the ancient Greek tradition,
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ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
06:18
for which we have the best available written record.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:21
So what we did is we took all the books --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื -
06:23
we just ordered them by time --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ื“ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื–ืžืŸ --
06:26
for each book we take the words
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ืœื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
06:27
and we project them to the space,
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ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืจื—ื‘,
06:29
and then we ask for each word how close it is to introspection,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”,
06:33
and we just average that.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
06:34
And then we ask whether, as time goes on and on,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื”ืื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื ืžืฉืš,
06:37
these books get closer, and closer and closer
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ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:41
to the concept of introspection.
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ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
06:42
And this is exactly what happens in the ancient Greek tradition.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
06:47
So you can see that for the oldest books in the Homeric tradition,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืžืจื™ืช,
06:50
there is a small increase with books getting closer to introspection.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”.
06:54
But about four centuries before Christ,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
06:56
this starts ramping up very rapidly to an almost five-fold increase
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜
07:01
of books getting closer, and closer and closer
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ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:03
to the concept of introspection.
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ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
07:06
And one of the nice things about this
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื”
07:08
is that now we can ask
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ
07:09
whether this is also true in a different, independent tradition.
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ืื ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:14
So we just ran this same analysis on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืจืฆื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช,
07:18
and we got virtually the same pattern.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ืคื•ืก,
07:21
Again, you see a small increase for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืงืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš,
07:26
and then it increases much more rapidly
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ
07:28
in the new books of the New Testament.
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช
07:30
And then we get the peak of introspection
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07:32
in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine,"
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ื‘ "ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ,"
07:34
about four centuries after Christ.
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ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฉื•.
07:36
And this was very important,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
07:38
because Saint Augustine had been recognized by scholars,
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ื›ื™ ืกื ื˜ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
07:42
philologists, historians,
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ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื,
07:44
as one of the founders of introspection.
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ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
07:47
Actually, some believe him to be the father of modern psychology.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœืง ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
07:51
So our algorithm,
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ืื– ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœื ื•,
07:52
which has the virtue of being quantitative,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื™,
07:55
of being objective,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
07:57
and of course of being extremely fast --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
07:59
it just runs in a fraction of a second --
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” --
08:01
can capture some of the most important conclusions
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:05
of this long tradition of investigation.
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ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
08:08
And this is in a way one of the beauties of science,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
08:11
which is that now this idea can be translated
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืขืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
08:15
and generalized to a whole lot of different domains.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœื• ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
08:18
So in the same way that we asked about the past of human consciousness,
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
08:23
maybe the most challenging question we can pose to ourselves
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
08:26
is whether this can tell us something about the future of our own consciousness.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื•.
08:31
To put it more precisely,
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ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
08:33
whether the words we say today
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
08:35
can tell us something of where our minds will be in a few days,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
08:40
in a few months
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
08:41
or a few years from now.
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
08:43
And in the same way many of us are now wearing sensors
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื
08:46
that detect our heart rate,
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ืฉืžืืชืจื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:48
our respiration,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
08:49
our genes,
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:51
on the hopes that this may help us prevent diseases,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
08:55
we can ask whether monitoring and analyzing the words we speak,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:58
we tweet, we email, we write,
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืฆื™ื, ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื,
09:01
can tell us ahead of time whether something may go wrong with our minds.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžืจืืฉ ืื ื“ืขืชื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
09:07
And with Guillermo Cecchi,
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ื•ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืจืžื• ืฆ'ืฆ'ื™
09:08
who has been my brother in this adventure,
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื™ ื‘ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื”ื–ืืช,
09:11
we took on this task.
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•,
09:14
And we did so by analyzing the recorded speech of 34 young people
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ 34 ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
09:19
who were at a high risk of developing schizophrenia.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืคืชื— ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
09:23
And so what we did is, we measured speech at day one,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
09:26
and then we asked whether the properties of the speech could predict,
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœื ื• ื”ืื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
09:29
within a window of almost three years,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
09:32
the future development of psychosis.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื”.
09:35
But despite our hopes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
09:37
we got failure after failure.
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ื ื—ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
09:41
There was just not enough information in semantics
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”
09:45
to predict the future organization of the mind.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“.
09:48
It was good enough
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘
09:50
to distinguish between a group of schizophrenics and a control group,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช,
09:54
a bit like we had done for the ancient texts,
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
09:57
but not to predict the future onset of psychosis.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื”.
10:01
But then we realized
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื‘ื ื•
10:02
that maybe the most important thing was not so much what they were saying,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื” ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:07
but how they were saying it.
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ืืœื ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:09
More specifically,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
10:10
it was not in which semantic neighborhoods the words were,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืกืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•,
10:13
but how far and fast they jumped
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ืืœื ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื”ืจ ื”ื ืงืคืฆื•
10:16
from one semantic neighborhood to the other one.
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ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช.
10:19
And so we came up with this measure,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื–ื•,
10:21
which we termed semantic coherence,
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ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
10:23
which essentially measures the persistence of speech within one semantic topic,
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ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื•ืฉื ืกืžื ื˜ื™ ืื—ื“,
10:28
within one semantic category.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช.
10:31
And it turned out to be that for this group of 34 people,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ 34 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
10:35
the algorithm based on semantic coherence could predict,
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ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช,
10:39
with 100 percent accuracy,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื–,
10:41
who developed psychosis and who will not.
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ืžื™ ื™ืคืชื— ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื” ื•ืžื™ ืœื.
10:44
And this was something that could not be achieved --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ -
10:47
not even close --
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ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• --
10:49
with all the other existing clinical measures.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:54
And I remember vividly, while I was working on this,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืฉื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:58
I was sitting at my computer
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™
11:00
and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืืช ืคื•ืœื• -
11:03
Polo had been my first student back in Buenos Aires,
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ืคื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืฉืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก,
11:06
and at the time he was living in New York.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
11:08
And there was something in this tweets --
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
11:10
I could not tell exactly what because nothing was said explicitly --
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ -
11:14
but I got this strong hunch,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื–ื•,
11:16
this strong intuition, that something was going wrong.
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ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื–ื•, ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
11:20
So I picked up the phone, and I called Polo,
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ืื– ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœืคื•ืœื•,
11:23
and in fact he was not feeling well.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:25
And this simple fact,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
11:27
that reading in between the lines,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช,
11:29
I could sense, through words, his feelings,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•,
11:34
was a simple, but very effective way to help.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
11:37
What I tell you today
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
11:39
is that we're getting close to understanding
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
11:42
how we can convert this intuition that we all have,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•
11:46
that we all share,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื,
11:47
into an algorithm.
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ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื.
11:50
And in doing so,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื ื• ื–ืืช,
11:51
we may be seeing in the future a very different form of mental health,
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉ,
11:56
based on objective, quantitative and automated analysis
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
12:01
of the words we write,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื,
12:03
of the words we say.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
12:05
Gracias.
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ื’ืจืกื™ืืก (ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช)
12:06
(Applause)
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(ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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