Your words may predict your future mental health | Mariano Sigman

803,648 views ใƒป 2016-06-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ju Hye Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
We have historical records that allow us to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
0
13006
5150
์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:18
how they lived,
1
18180
1254
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์› ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ฃ .
00:19
how they fought ...
2
19458
1522
00:21
but how did they think?
3
21004
1524
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:23
One natural idea is that the deepest aspects of human thought --
4
23432
4440
ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ๋ฉด์ธ
00:27
our ability to imagine,
5
27896
1872
์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
00:29
to be conscious,
6
29792
1397
์˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
00:31
to dream --
7
31213
1231
๊ฟˆ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด
00:32
have always been the same.
8
32468
1619
๋Š˜ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
Another possibility
9
34872
1499
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
is that the social transformations that have shaped our culture
10
36395
3723
๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ๋„
00:40
may have also changed the structural columns of human thought.
11
40142
3785
๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:44
We may all have different opinions about this.
12
44911
2524
์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Actually, it's a long-standing philosophical debate.
13
47459
2717
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฑด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์˜จ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
But is this question even amenable to science?
14
50644
2727
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:54
Here I'd like to propose
15
54834
2506
์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
that in the same way we can reconstruct how the ancient Greek cities looked
16
57364
4772
๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋„์‹œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
01:02
just based on a few bricks,
17
62160
2388
๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
01:04
that the writings of a culture are the archaeological records,
18
64572
4126
์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์ž
01:08
the fossils, of human thought.
19
68722
2143
ํ™”์„์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
01:11
And in fact,
20
71905
1174
์‚ฌ์‹ค
01:13
doing some form of psychological analysis
21
73103
2206
์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„œ์ ์—
01:15
of some of the most ancient books of human culture,
22
75333
3544
๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ
01:18
Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
23
78901
5955
์ค„๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์ œ์ธ์Šค๋Š” 70๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฌด๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
that only 3,000 years ago,
24
84880
2413
๋ถˆ๊ณผ 3,000๋…„ ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
01:27
humans were what today we would call schizophrenics.
25
87317
4888
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And he made this claim
26
93753
1508
์ค„๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
01:35
based on the fact that the first humans described in these books
27
95285
3301
์ด ๊ณ ์„œ๋“ค์— ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ์ฒซ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
01:38
behaved consistently,
28
98610
1904
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ๋‚˜
01:40
in different traditions and in different places of the world,
29
100538
3016
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฎค์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
01:43
as if they were hearing and obeying voices
30
103578
3532
์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
01:47
that they perceived as coming from the Gods,
31
107134
3040
๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
or from the muses ...
32
110198
1198
01:52
what today we would call hallucinations.
33
112063
2769
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ™˜๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:55
And only then, as time went on,
34
115888
2626
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ
01:58
they began to recognize that they were the creators,
35
118538
3651
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ž์ด์ž ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
02:02
the owners of these inner voices.
36
122213
2515
์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
And with this, they gained introspection:
37
125316
2715
์ด๊ฑธ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์•„ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
the ability to think about their own thoughts.
38
128055
2483
์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด์ฃ .
02:11
So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness,
39
131785
3397
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ์ธ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
02:15
at least in the way we perceive it today,
40
135206
3166
์ ์–ด๋„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
02:18
where we feel that we are the pilots of our own existence --
41
138396
3540
์กด์žฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜์‹์— ํ•œํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
02:21
is a quite recent cultural development.
42
141960
2737
์˜์‹์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐœ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And this theory is quite spectacular,
43
145456
1786
๊ฝค ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
but it has an obvious problem
44
147266
1433
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:28
which is that it's built on just a few and very specific examples.
45
148723
3992
๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So the question is whether the theory
46
153085
1763
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
02:34
that introspection built up in human history only about 3,000 years ago
47
154872
4751
์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ 3,000๋…„ ์ „์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์•„ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด
02:39
can be examined in a quantitative and objective manner.
48
159647
2984
์–‘์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
And the problem of how to go about this is quite obvious.
49
163543
3563
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ป”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
It's not like Plato woke up one day and then he wrote,
50
167130
3460
ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์ด ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
02:50
"Hello, I'm Plato,
51
170614
1659
"์•ˆ๋…•. ๋‚œ ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์ด์•ผ.
02:52
and as of today, I have a fully introspective consciousness."
52
172297
2889
์˜ค๋Š˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ž์•„ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ์–ด."
02:55
(Laughter)
53
175210
2293
(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:57
And this tells us actually what is the essence of the problem.
54
177527
3333
์ด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
We need to find the emergence of a concept that's never said.
55
181467
4055
๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ์  ์—†๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
The word introspection does not appear a single time
56
186434
4310
๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์„œ์ ์—
03:10
in the books we want to analyze.
57
190768
1919
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
So our way to solve this is to build the space of words.
58
193728
4087
์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
This is a huge space that contains all words
59
198571
3287
์ด ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:21
in such a way that the distance between any two of them
60
201882
2802
์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:24
is indicative of how closely related they are.
61
204708
2883
๊ทธ ๋‘˜์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
So for instance,
62
208460
1151
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
03:29
you want the words "dog" and "cat" to be very close together,
63
209635
2897
"๊ฐœ"์™€ "๊ณ ์–‘์ด"๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
03:32
but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm" to be very far away.
64
212556
3831
"์ž๋ชฝ"๊ณผ "๋กœ๊ทธ"๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:36
And this has to be true for any two words within the space.
65
216809
3896
๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด์—๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
And there are different ways that we can construct the space of words.
66
221626
3341
๋‹จ์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
One is just asking the experts,
67
224991
1643
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž๋ฌธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
a bit like we do with dictionaries.
68
226658
1896
์‚ฌ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
03:48
Another possibility
69
228896
1428
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
03:50
is following the simple assumption that when two words are related,
70
230348
3715
๋‘ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด, ํ™•๋ฅ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž์ฃผ
03:54
they tend to appear in the same sentences,
71
234087
2349
๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฝ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—
03:56
in the same paragraphs,
72
236460
1453
03:57
in the same documents,
73
237937
1770
03:59
more often than would be expected just by pure chance.
74
239731
3182
๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
And this simple hypothesis,
75
244231
2050
์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€
04:06
this simple method,
76
246305
1306
์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
04:07
with some computational tricks
77
247635
1607
์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ 
04:09
that have to do with the fact
78
249266
1389
๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ
04:10
that this is a very complex and high-dimensional space,
79
250679
3064
๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์š”๋ น ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
04:13
turns out to be quite effective.
80
253767
1665
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
And just to give you a flavor of how well this works,
81
256155
2802
์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
04:18
this is the result we get when we analyze this for some familiar words.
82
258981
3912
์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
And you can see first
83
263607
1185
๋จผ์ € ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:24
that words automatically organize into semantic neighborhoods.
84
264816
3278
์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
So you get the fruits, the body parts,
85
268118
2217
๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ์ฒด๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ, ๊ณผํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ด์š”.
04:30
the computer parts, the scientific terms and so on.
86
270359
2425
04:33
The algorithm also identifies that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
87
273119
4222
์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ณ„์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
So for instance,
88
277852
1151
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
04:39
you can see that the scientific terms break down into two subcategories
89
279027
3597
๊ณผํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
of the astronomic and the physics terms.
90
282648
2100
์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ์š”.
04:45
And then there are very fine things.
91
285338
2246
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
For instance, the word astronomy,
92
287608
1905
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
04:49
which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
93
289537
1815
์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:51
is actually exactly where it should be,
94
291376
2048
์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
between what it is,
95
293448
1595
์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ธ
04:55
an actual science,
96
295067
1270
์‹ค์ œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ
04:56
and between what it describes,
97
296361
1536
์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”
04:57
the astronomical terms.
98
297921
1492
์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์šฉ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:00
And we could go on and on with this.
99
300182
1891
๋” ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
Actually, if you stare at this for a while,
100
302097
2060
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๊ฑธ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
05:04
and you just build random trajectories,
101
304181
1858
์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ถค์ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด
05:06
you will see that it actually feels a bit like doing poetry.
102
306063
3166
์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
And this is because, in a way,
103
310018
1882
๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฑท๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:11
walking in this space is like walking in the mind.
104
311924
2940
๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฑท๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
And the last thing
105
316027
1617
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ธ๋ฐ
05:17
is that this algorithm also identifies what are our intuitions,
106
317668
4040
์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์ด์›ƒ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์™€
05:21
of which words should lead in the neighborhood of introspection.
107
321732
3896
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
So for instance,
108
325652
1223
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
05:26
words such as "self," "guilt," "reason," "emotion,"
109
326899
3979
์ž์‹ , ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ, ์ด์„ฑ, ๊ฐ์„ฑ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์€
05:30
are very close to "introspection,"
110
330902
1889
"์„ฑ์ฐฐ"๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
but other words,
111
332815
1151
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์€
05:33
such as "red," "football," "candle," "banana,"
112
333990
2167
๋นจ๊ฐ•, ์ถ•๊ตฌ, ์–‘์ดˆ, ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋Š”
05:36
are just very far away.
113
336181
1452
๋งค์šฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์š”.
05:38
And so once we've built the space,
114
338054
2762
๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด
05:40
the question of the history of introspection,
115
340840
2826
์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ 
05:43
or of the history of any concept
116
343690
2333
๋ชจํ˜ธํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€๋˜
05:46
which before could seem abstract and somehow vague,
117
346047
4779
์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋…๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด
05:50
becomes concrete --
118
350850
1604
๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
becomes amenable to quantitative science.
119
352478
2738
์ •๋Ÿ‰๊ณผํ•™์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
All that we have to do is take the books,
120
356216
2762
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
05:59
we digitize them,
121
359002
1381
๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
06:00
and we take this stream of words as a trajectory
122
360407
2809
์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๊ถค์ ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
06:03
and project them into the space,
123
363240
1969
๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํˆฌ์˜์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
06:05
and then we ask whether this trajectory spends significant time
124
365233
3754
์ด ๊ถค์ ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
06:09
circling closely to the concept of introspection.
125
369011
2992
์„ ํšŒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
And with this,
126
372760
1196
์ด๊ฑธ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
06:13
we could analyze the history of introspection
127
373980
2112
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ช…๋ฌธํ™”๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
06:16
in the ancient Greek tradition,
128
376116
1921
๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ „ํ†ต ์†์˜
06:18
for which we have the best available written record.
129
378061
2602
์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
So what we did is we took all the books --
130
381631
2255
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
06:23
we just ordered them by time --
131
383910
2284
์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ณ 
06:26
for each book we take the words
132
386218
1752
๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„œ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
06:27
and we project them to the space,
133
387994
1961
๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํˆฌ์˜์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
06:29
and then we ask for each word how close it is to introspection,
134
389979
3032
๊ฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด์ง€ ๋ฌป๊ณ 
06:33
and we just average that.
135
393035
1230
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
And then we ask whether, as time goes on and on,
136
394590
3198
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๊ณ ์„œ๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋”
06:37
these books get closer, and closer and closer
137
397812
3252
์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
to the concept of introspection.
138
401088
1754
06:42
And this is exactly what happens in the ancient Greek tradition.
139
402866
3801
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
So you can see that for the oldest books in the Homeric tradition,
140
407698
3127
ํ˜ธ๋ฉ”๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ณ ์„œ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ
06:50
there is a small increase with books getting closer to introspection.
141
410849
3412
์„ฑ์ฐฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ฑ…์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
But about four centuries before Christ,
142
414285
2206
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ ์•ฝ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฏค์—
06:56
this starts ramping up very rapidly to an almost five-fold increase
143
416515
4708
์„ฑ์ฐฐ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ์–‘์ด
07:01
of books getting closer, and closer and closer
144
421247
2500
๊ฑฐ์˜ 5๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด
07:03
to the concept of introspection.
145
423771
1682
๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
And one of the nice things about this
146
426159
2424
์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
07:08
is that now we can ask
147
428607
1198
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ
07:09
whether this is also true in a different, independent tradition.
148
429829
4147
๋‹ค๋ฅธ, ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์Šต์—๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
So we just ran this same analysis on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
149
434962
3176
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ต์™€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ด€์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
07:18
and we got virtually the same pattern.
150
438162
2721
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
Again, you see a small increase for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
151
441548
4635
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด, ๊ตฌ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„œ์ ์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:26
and then it increases much more rapidly
152
446207
1914
์‹ ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„œ์˜ ์ƒˆ ์ฑ…์—์„œ
07:28
in the new books of the New Testament.
153
448145
1839
๋” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And then we get the peak of introspection
154
450008
2032
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์ •์ ์„
07:32
in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine,"
155
452064
2127
"์„ฑ ์–ด๊ฑฐ์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ์ฐธํšŒ๋ก"์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
about four centuries after Christ.
156
454215
1857
์„œ๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฏค์—์š”.
07:36
And this was very important,
157
456897
1944
์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:38
because Saint Augustine had been recognized by scholars,
158
458865
3373
์„ฑ ์–ด๊ฑฐ์Šคํ‹ด์ด ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜, ๋ฌธํ—Œํ•™์ž, ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:42
philologists, historians,
159
462262
2172
์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
as one of the founders of introspection.
160
464458
2078
07:47
Actually, some believe him to be the father of modern psychology.
161
467060
3297
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ฑ ์–ด๊ฑฐ์Šคํ‹ด์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So our algorithm,
162
471012
1839
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ด๊ณ 
07:52
which has the virtue of being quantitative,
163
472875
2842
๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ
07:55
of being objective,
164
475741
1263
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ๋‚˜์— ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์„œ
07:57
and of course of being extremely fast --
165
477028
2016
๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€
07:59
it just runs in a fraction of a second --
166
479068
2397
08:01
can capture some of the most important conclusions
167
481489
3503
์ด ๊ธฐ๋‚˜๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋“ค์„
08:05
of this long tradition of investigation.
168
485016
2222
์žก์•„๋‚ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
And this is in a way one of the beauties of science,
169
488317
3651
์ด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ด์œ  ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
which is that now this idea can be translated
170
491992
3476
์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ
08:15
and generalized to a whole lot of different domains.
171
495492
2571
๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:18
So in the same way that we asked about the past of human consciousness,
172
498769
4767
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
08:23
maybe the most challenging question we can pose to ourselves
173
503560
3406
์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
is whether this can tell us something about the future of our own consciousness.
174
506990
4137
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
08:31
To put it more precisely,
175
511550
1470
๋” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
08:33
whether the words we say today
176
513044
2416
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
08:35
can tell us something of where our minds will be in a few days,
177
515484
5197
๋ฉฐ์น  ๋’ค๋‚˜, ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค, ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋’ค์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์‹  ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€
08:40
in a few months
178
520705
1151
์–ด๋–จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
or a few years from now.
179
521880
1182
08:43
And in the same way many of us are now wearing sensors
180
523597
3020
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:46
that detect our heart rate,
181
526641
1786
์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ํ˜ธํก
08:48
our respiration,
182
528451
1269
08:49
our genes,
183
529744
1667
์œ ์ „ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ
08:51
on the hopes that this may help us prevent diseases,
184
531435
3651
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:55
we can ask whether monitoring and analyzing the words we speak,
185
535110
3521
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„
08:58
we tweet, we email, we write,
186
538655
2683
๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:01
can tell us ahead of time whether something may go wrong with our minds.
187
541362
4808
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
And with Guillermo Cecchi,
188
547087
1534
์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด
09:08
who has been my brother in this adventure,
189
548645
3001
ํ˜•์ œ์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ๋ฅด๋ชจ ์ฒดํ‚ค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
09:11
we took on this task.
190
551670
1555
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
And we did so by analyzing the recorded speech of 34 young people
191
554228
5532
์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์€ 34๋ช…์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์˜
09:19
who were at a high risk of developing schizophrenia.
192
559784
2801
๋…น์Œ๋œ ๋ฐœํ™” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And so what we did is, we measured speech at day one,
193
563434
2881
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ๋‚ ์— ๋…น์Œ๋œ ๋ง์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:26
and then we asked whether the properties of the speech could predict,
194
566339
3242
์•ž์œผ๋กœ 3๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด์ง€๋ฅผ
09:29
within a window of almost three years,
195
569605
2496
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๋ง์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค๋กœ
09:32
the future development of psychosis.
196
572125
2035
์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
But despite our hopes,
197
575427
2366
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„
09:37
we got failure after failure.
198
577817
3117
๊ณ„์† ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
There was just not enough information in semantics
199
581793
3882
๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ •์‹  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ์—”
09:45
to predict the future organization of the mind.
200
585699
2793
์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
It was good enough
201
588516
1809
๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:50
to distinguish between a group of schizophrenics and a control group,
202
590349
4175
์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ ํ™˜์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ
ํ†ต์ œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ง“๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:54
a bit like we had done for the ancient texts,
203
594548
2712
09:57
but not to predict the future onset of psychosis.
204
597284
2994
๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
But then we realized
205
601164
1706
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
that maybe the most important thing was not so much what they were saying,
206
602894
4088
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:07
but how they were saying it.
207
607006
1673
๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
10:09
More specifically,
208
609679
1220
๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
10:10
it was not in which semantic neighborhoods the words were,
209
610923
2827
์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋Š ๋‹จ์–ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:13
but how far and fast they jumped
210
613774
2600
ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ
10:16
from one semantic neighborhood to the other one.
211
616398
2301
์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋›ฐ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:19
And so we came up with this measure,
212
619247
1731
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ
10:21
which we termed semantic coherence,
213
621002
2389
์ด ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
which essentially measures the persistence of speech within one semantic topic,
214
623415
4804
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์„
10:28
within one semantic category.
215
628243
1529
์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
10:31
And it turned out to be that for this group of 34 people,
216
631294
4047
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€
10:35
the algorithm based on semantic coherence could predict,
217
635365
3659
์ด 34๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด์ง€ 100%์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
with 100 percent accuracy,
218
639048
2500
10:41
who developed psychosis and who will not.
219
641572
2507
10:44
And this was something that could not be achieved --
220
644976
2937
์ด๊ฑด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž„์ƒ ์ธก์ •๋„
10:47
not even close --
221
647937
1508
๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
with all the other existing clinical measures.
222
649469
3126
10:54
And I remember vividly, while I was working on this,
223
654525
3579
์ €๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
10:58
I was sitting at my computer
224
658128
2317
์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„์„œ
11:00
and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
225
660469
2635
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—๋…ธ์Šค ์•„์ด๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์žˆ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ
11:03
Polo had been my first student back in Buenos Aires,
226
663128
3167
์ œ ์ฒซ ์ œ์ž์˜€๋˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ํด๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์“ด
11:06
and at the time he was living in New York.
227
666319
2070
ํŠธ์œ—์„ ์ž”๋œฉ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
And there was something in this tweets --
228
668413
2088
๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๊ฑด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—
11:10
I could not tell exactly what because nothing was said explicitly --
229
670525
3501
๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ง์€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠธ์œ—์—๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
but I got this strong hunch,
230
674050
2021
์ €๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
11:16
this strong intuition, that something was going wrong.
231
676095
2955
์ง๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
So I picked up the phone, and I called Polo,
232
680347
2723
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํด๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:23
and in fact he was not feeling well.
233
683094
1919
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„ํ”ˆ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And this simple fact,
234
685362
1937
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
11:27
that reading in between the lines,
235
687323
2491
๊ธ€ ์†์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์„œ
11:29
I could sense, through words, his feelings,
236
689838
4262
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:34
was a simple, but very effective way to help.
237
694124
2619
๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
What I tell you today
238
697987
1638
์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:39
is that we're getting close to understanding
239
699649
2508
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง๊ฐ์„
11:42
how we can convert this intuition that we all have,
240
702181
4286
์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
11:46
that we all share,
241
706491
1365
์ ์  ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
into an algorithm.
242
707880
1197
11:50
And in doing so,
243
710102
1461
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์œผ๋กœ์จ
11:51
we may be seeing in the future a very different form of mental health,
244
711587
4650
์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
based on objective, quantitative and automated analysis
245
716261
5621
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜
12:01
of the words we write,
246
721906
1709
๊ฐ๊ด€์ , ์–‘์ , ์ž๋™์  ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:03
of the words we say.
247
723639
1537
12:05
Gracias.
248
725200
1151
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
(Applause)
249
726375
6883
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7