Sarah Kaminsky: My father the forger

51,286 views ใƒป 2011-09-07

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: federica bonaldi Reviewer: Thomas VANDENBOGAERDE
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mahmoud Aghiorly ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:16
I am the daughter of a forger,
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ุงู†ุง ุฅุจู†ุฉ ู…ุฒูˆุฑ
00:19
not just any forger ...
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฒูˆุฑ
00:21
When you hear the word "forger," you often understand "mercenary."
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุณู…ุนูˆู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ุฒูˆุฑ .. ุณูŠุฌูˆู„ ููŠ ุฎุงุทุฑูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงู„
00:24
You understand "forged currency," "forged pictures."
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ูุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงุช ุงูˆ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุงุช ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉ
00:27
My father is no such man.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ .
00:29
For 30 years of his life,
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ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุนุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุญูŠุงุชู‡
00:31
he made false papers --
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ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูŠุฒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ
00:33
never for himself, always for other people,
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ู„ุง ู„ู†ูุณู‡ ุจู„ ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
00:35
and to come to the aid of the persecuted and the oppressed.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุบุฏุง ุนูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุถุทู‡ุฏูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุธู„ูˆู…ูŠู†
00:39
Let me introduce him.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุนุฑููƒู… ุนู„ูŠู‡
00:41
Here is my father at age 19.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„19 ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑู‡
00:44
It all began for him during World War II,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
00:48
when at age 17 he found himself thrust
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„17 ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑู‡ ูˆุฌุฏ ู†ูุณู‡ ููŠ ุฎุถู…
00:50
into a forged documents workshop.
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ุนู…ู„ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚
00:52
He quickly became the false papers expert of the Resistance.
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ูˆุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุบุฏุง ู…ุญุชุฑู ุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ู„ู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ
00:56
And it's not a banal story --
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ุจุชุฐู„ุฉ ..
00:58
after the liberation he continued
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ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงุณุชู…ุฑ
01:01
to make false papers until the '70s.
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ููŠ ุนู…ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„70 ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑู‡
01:04
When I was a child
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุทูู„ุฉ
01:06
I knew nothing about this, of course.
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ู„ู… ุงูƒู† ุฃุนู„ู… ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ
01:08
This is me in the middle making faces.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ .. ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุตู†ุน ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช
01:11
I grew up in the Paris suburbs
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠ ุถูˆุงุญูŠ ุจุงุฑูŠุณ
01:13
and I was the youngest of three children.
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุงู„ุงุตุบุฑ ุจูŠู† 3 ุงุทูุงู„
01:17
I had a "normal" dad like everybody else,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŒ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
01:20
apart from the fact that he was 30 years older than ...
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ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู†ูŠ ุจ30 ุนุงู…ุงู‹
01:22
well, he was basically old enough to be my grandfather.
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ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุตุญ ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุฌุฏูŠ ุนูˆุถุงู‹ ุนู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
01:26
Anyway, he was a photographer and a street educator,
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ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูู„ู .. ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ูˆ ู…ุนู„ู…ุงู‹
01:29
and he always taught us to obey the law very strictly.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุฑุต ุฏูˆู…ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู† ูŠุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุงุทุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุจุตุฑุงู…ุฉ
01:32
And, of course, he never talked about his past life
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ูŠูˆู…ุงู‹ ุนู† ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ
01:34
when he was a forger.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุฒูˆุฑุงู‹
01:37
There was, however, an incident I'm going to tell you about,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ุงุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู†ู‡ุง
01:39
that perhaps could have led me suspect something.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌุนู„ุชู†ูŠ ุฃุจุฏุฃ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุดูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน
01:42
I was in high school and got a bad grade,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ .. ูˆ ูƒู†ุช ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ
01:45
a rare event for me,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุงุฏุฑุงู‹
01:47
so I decided to hide it from my parents.
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ู„ุฐุง ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุฃุฎููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุนู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
01:50
In order to do that, I set out to forge their signature.
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ .. ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุงู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุชูˆู‚ูŠุนู‡ู…ุง
01:54
I started working on my mother's signature,
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ูˆุจุฏุฃุช ุจู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ูˆุงู„ุฏุชูŠ
01:57
because my father's is absolutely impossible to forge.
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ู„ุงู† ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุญุงู„ุฉ ุจู…ูƒุงู† ุฃู† ุงุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑู‡
02:00
So, I got working. I took some sheets of paper
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ูู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุญุถุฑุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚
02:03
and started practicing, practicing, practicing,
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ูˆุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุชุฏุฑุจ ูˆ ุฃุชุฏุฑุจ
02:06
until I reached what I thought was a steady hand,
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ุญุชู‰ ุงุณุชุทุนุช ุงู† ุงุนูˆุฏ ูŠุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ุชุงู…ุฉ
02:07
and went into action.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุนู…ุฏุช ุงู„ู‰ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน
02:09
Later, while checking my school bag,
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ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ .. ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆุงู„ุฏุชูŠ ุชุชุงูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุญู‚ูŠุจุชูŠ
02:12
my mother got hold of my school assignment and immediately saw that the signature was forged.
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ูู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ูˆู‚ุนุช ูŠุฏู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู…ุงุช ูˆ ู…ูŠุฒุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ ุชูˆู‚ูŠุนู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠู
02:15
She yelled at me like she never had before.
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ูุนู†ูุชู†ูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู„ู… ุชุนู†ูู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„
02:17
I went to hide in my bedroom, under the blankets,
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ูู‡ุฑุจุช ู„ูƒูŠ ุงุฎุชุจุฃ ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆู… ุงุณูู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠุงุช
02:20
and then I waited for my father to come back from work
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ูˆุซู… ุงู†ุชุธุฑุช ุงู„ู‰ ุงู† ูŠุนูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„
02:23
with, one could say, much apprehension.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุจุญุณุจ ู…ุง ุฃุฑู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุฑูˆู†ุฉ
02:25
I heard him come in.
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ูˆุณู…ุนุชู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู‚ุชุฑุจ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ
02:27
I remained under the blankets. He entered my room,
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ูˆุจู‚ูŠุช ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠุงุช .. ูˆุฏุฎู„ ุบุฑูุชูŠ
02:31
sat on the corner of the bed,
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ูˆุฌู„ุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑ
02:33
and he was silent, so I pulled the blanket from my head,
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ูˆุฌู„ุณ ุจุตู…ุช .. ุญุชู‰ ุงุฎุฑุฌุช ุฑุฃุณูŠ ู…ู† ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠุงุช
02:36
and when he saw me he started laughing.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ูŠ ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุถุญูƒ
02:39
He was laughing so hard, he could not stop and he was holding my assignment in his hand.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุถุญูƒ ุจุดุฏุฉ .. ูˆู„ู… ูŠุณุชุทุน ุงู† ูŠุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ุถุญูƒ ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ู…ุณูƒุงู‹ ุจูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุนู„ุงู…ุงุชูŠ ุจูŠุฏู‡
02:42
Then he said, "But really, Sarah, you could have worked harder! Can't you see it's really too small?"
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู‚ุงู„ " ุณุงุฑุฉ ! ุฃู„ู… ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูŠ ุฃู† ุชู‡ุชู…ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน .. ุฃู„ุง ุชุฑูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ูŠุน ุตุบูŠุฑูŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุŸ "
02:46
Indeed, it's rather small.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุตุบูŠุฑูŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹
02:52
I was born in Algeria.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆู„ุฏุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑ
02:54
There I would hear people say my father was a "moudjahid"
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุงุณู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูŠุทู„ู‚ูˆู† ู„ู‚ุจ " ู…ุฌุงู‡ุฏ " ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
02:57
and that means "fighter."
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ุฃูŠ " ู…ู‚ุงุชู„ "
02:58
Later on, in France, I loved eavesdropping on grownups' conversations,
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ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ูƒู†ุช ุงุณุชู…ุชุน ุจุฅู„ุชู†ุตุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงุญุงุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ
03:03
and I would hear all sorts of stories about my father's previous life,
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุงุณู…ุน ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ุนู† ุญูŠุงุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ
03:06
especially that he had "done" World War II,
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ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ ู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
03:09
that he had "done" the Algerian war.
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ูˆู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ
03:11
And in my head I would be thinking that "doing" a war meant being a soldier.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุฌูˆู„ ููŠ ุฑุฃุณูŠ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุชุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ุญ
03:14
But knowing my father, and how he kept saying that he was a pacifist and non-violent,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุนุฑูุช ู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ .. ูˆูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ูŠุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณู„ุญ .. ูˆ ุนู…ู„ ุณู„ู…ูŠ
03:17
I found it very hard to picture him with a helmet and gun.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุจู…ูƒุงู† ุฃู† ุงุชุฎูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู…ุน ุฎูˆุฐุฉ ูˆ ุจู†ุฏู‚ูŠุฉ
03:21
And indeed, I was very far from the mark.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŒ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุนู† ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑ
03:23
One day, while my father was working on a file
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ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู… .. ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ูู†ุง
03:26
for us to obtain French nationality,
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ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ู„ู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ
03:29
I happened to see some documents
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ุตุงุฏู ุฃู† ู„ู…ุญุช ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุงุช
03:31
that caught my attention.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชุฑุนุช ุงู†ุชุจุงู‡ูŠ
03:33
These are real!
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ .. !
03:35
These are mine, I was born an Argentinean.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠ ุŸ ุฃู†ุง ูˆู„ุฏุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงุฑุฌู†ุชูŠู† ุŸ
03:38
But the document I happened to see
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู‡ู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ููŠ
03:40
that would help us build a case for the authorities
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ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุทู„ุจู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ
03:42
was a document from the army
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ู‡ูŠ ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠุด
03:44
that thanked my father for his work
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ุชุดูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุฏู…ุชู‡
03:48
on behalf of the secret services.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠุฉ
03:50
And then, suddenly, I went "wow!"
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ูุฃูุนุฌุจุช ุจู‡ุฐุง .. " ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‡ูŠ ..
03:52
My father, a secret agent?
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ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุนู…ูŠู„ ุณุฑูŠ
03:54
It was very James Bond.
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ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุฌูŠู…ุณ ุจูˆู†ุฏ
03:56
I wanted to ask him questions, which he didn't answer.
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ูุฃุฎุฐุชู‡ ุงุณุฃู„ู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ .. ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุฌูŠุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง
04:01
And later, I told myself that
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ูุถู…ุฑุช ููŠ ู†ูุณูŠ
04:04
one day I would have to question him.
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ุงู†ู†ูŠ ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู… ุณูˆู ุฃุณุชูุณุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ
04:07
And then I became a mother and had a son,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุบุฏูˆุช ุฃูู…ุงู‹ ู„ุทูู„
04:09
and finally decided it was time -- that he absolutely had to talk to us.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุญุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ
04:12
I had become a mother
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ูู‚ุฏ ูƒุจุฑุช ูˆุบุฏูˆุช ุฃูู…ุงู‹
04:14
and he was celebrating his 77th birthday,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ูˆ ูŠุญุชูู„ ุจุนูŠุฏ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏู‡ ุงู„77
04:16
and suddenly I was very, very afraid.
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ูˆูุฌุฃุฉ ู‡ู„ุนุช ..
04:18
I feared he'd go
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ู‡ู„ุนุช ู…ู† ุฃู† ุชูˆุงููŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ูŠุฉ
04:21
and take his silences with him,
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ูˆุฃู† ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุตู…ุชู‡ ู…ุนู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุจุฏ
04:23
and take his secrets with him.
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ูˆุชุฎุชููŠ ุงุณุฑุงุฑู‡ ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุงู‹
04:24
I managed to convince him that it was important for us,
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ูˆุงุณุชุทุนุช ุฃู† ุงู‚ู†ุนู‡ ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ู„ู†ุง
04:27
but possibly also for other people
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
04:28
that he shared his story.
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ุฅู† ู‡ูˆ ุดุงุฑูƒ ุจู‚ุตุชู‡
04:30
He decided to tell it to me
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ููˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ
04:32
and I made a book,
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ูˆุงู†ุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุฅุตุฏุงุฑ ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุตูˆุต
04:34
from which I'm going to read you some excerpts later.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุงู‚ุต ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ู‚ุชุทูุงุช ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹
04:36
So, his story. My father was born in Argentina.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ .. ู‚ุตุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆู„ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุฑุฌู†ุชูŠู†
04:39
His parents were of Russian descent.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุฌุฐูˆุฑ ุฑูˆุณูŠุฉ
04:41
The whole family came to settle in France in the '30s.
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ูˆุฅุฑุชุญุงู„ุช ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุณุชู‚ุฑ ููŠ ูุฑู†ุณุง ููŠ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠู†ุงุช
04:45
His parents were Jewish, Russian and above all, very poor.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุงู† .. ูˆูู‚ูŠุฑุงู† ุฌุฏุงู‹
04:50
So at the age of 14 my father had to work.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„14 ุงุถุทุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„
04:53
And with his only diploma,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ุคู‡ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ
04:54
his primary education certificate,
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ุดู‡ุงุฏุชู‡ ุงู„ุฅุจุชุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ
04:55
he found himself working at a dyer - dry cleaner.
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ููˆุฌุฏ ู„ู‡ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ููŠ ู…ุตุจุบุฉ ุฃู‚ู…ุดุฉ
04:58
That's where he discovered something totally magical,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุฅูƒุชุดู ุจู‡ุง ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุณุญุฑูŠุงู‹
05:01
and when he talks about it, it's fascinating --
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุดุฑุญ ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ูƒุงู† ู…ุจู‡ุฑุงู‹ ..
05:03
it's the magic of dyeing chemistry.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุญุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุตุจุบ
05:06
During that time the war was happening
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ูˆุงุซู†ุงุก ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ
05:07
and his mother was killed when he was 15.
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ุชูˆููŠุช ูˆุงู„ุฏุชู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุจู„ุบ ุงู„ 15 ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑู‡
05:10
This coincided with the time when
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุชูˆุงูƒุจุงู‹
05:13
he threw himself body and soul into chemistry
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ู…ุน ุงู†ุบู…ุงุณู‡ ู‚ู„ุจุงู‹ ูˆู‚ุงู„ุจุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก
05:15
because it was the only consolation for his sadness.
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ูู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนุฒุงุฆู‡ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู„ุฃุญุฒุงู†ู‡
05:17
All day he would ask many questions to his boss
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ุถูŠ ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูŠุทุฑุญ ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ู„ู…ุฏูŠุฑู‡
05:21
to learn, to accumulate more and more knowledge,
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุชุนู„ู… ูˆูŠูƒุชุณุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุช
05:24
and at night, when no one was looking,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฑุญู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
05:25
he'd put his experience to practice.
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ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ูˆุญุฏู‡
05:27
He was mostly interested in ink bleaching.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุจุชุจูŠุถ ุงู„ุญุจุฑ
05:33
All this to tell you
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
05:35
that if my father became a forger, actually,
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ููŠ ู…ุณูŠุฑุชู‡ ููŠ ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ุฒูˆุฑุงู‹
05:37
it was almost by accident.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ุตุฏูุฉ
05:39
His family was Jewish, so they were hounded.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุนุงุฆู„ุชู‡ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุฉ .. ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุทุงุฑุฏุฉ
05:42
Finally they were all arrested and taken to the Drancy camp
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชู… ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ู‡ู… ูˆ ุณูˆู‚ู‡ู… ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุนุชู‚ู„ ุฏุงุฑู†ุณูŠ
05:45
and they managed to get out at the last minute thanks to their Argentinean papers.
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ูˆุงุณุชุทุงุนูˆุง ุงู† ูŠุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุงุฑุฌู†ุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ
05:48
Well, they were out,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ..
05:49
but they were always in danger. The big "Jew" stamp was still on their papers.
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ุงุณุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ุจู…ู„ุงุญู‚ุชู‡ู… .. ูุงู„ุฎุชู… ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุฑุจุน ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ
05:52
It was my grandfather who decided they needed false documents.
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ูู‚ุฑุฑ ุฌุฏูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ูŠุณุนูˆุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ู…ุฒูˆุฑุฉ
05:55
My father had been instilled with such respect for the law
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูŠูƒู† ุงุญุชุฑุงู…ุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุตูุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุบุฑุณู‡ุง ุจู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‡
05:59
that although he was being persecuted,
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ูˆุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุทุงุฑุฏ ..
06:01
he'd never thought of false papers.
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ุงู„ุง ุงู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠููƒุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงู‚ ุจุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚
06:03
But it was he who went to meet a man from the Resistance.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุฐู‡ุจ ู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุณูŠุท ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ
06:06
In those times documents had hard covers,
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุซู†ุงุก ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ู…ุบู„ูุฉ ุบู„ุงู ู…ุชูŠู†
06:08
they were filled in by hand,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชุนุจู‰ุก ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ูŠุฏ
06:10
and they stated your job.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชูˆุถุญ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„
06:13
In order to survive, he needed
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ูŠู†ุฌูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ .. ูƒุงู† ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุนุงู…ู„ุงู‹ ู…ู†ุชุฌุงู‹
06:15
to be working. He asked the man
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุทู„ุจ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุณูŠุท
06:17
to write "dyer."
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ุงู† ูŠูƒุชุจ ู…ู‡ู†ุฉ " ุนุงู…ู„ ุตุจุงุบุฉ "
06:19
Suddenly the man looked very, very interested.
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ูู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุจุนูŠู† ูุถูˆู„ูŠุฉ
06:22
As a "dyer," do you know how to bleach ink marks?
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ ู„ู‡ .. " ุงุชุนู†ูŠ ุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุตุจุบุฉ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงุฒู„ุฉ ุจู‚ุน ุงู„ุญุจุฑ ุŸ "
06:25
Of course he knew.
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ูˆุญุชู…ุงู‹ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฌุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
06:27
And suddenly the man started explaining that
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ูˆูุฌุฃุฉ ุงุฎุฐ ูŠุดุฑุญ ู„ู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
06:29
actually the whole Resistance had a huge problem:
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ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูˆุงุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุฉ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง
06:32
even the top experts
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงูƒุจุฑ ู…ุฎุชุตูŠู‡ุง
06:34
could not manage to bleach an ink, called "indelible,"
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง ุงุฒุงู„ุฉ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุจุฑ ูŠุฏุนู‰ " ุงู†ุฏูŠู„ูŠุจู„ "
06:38
the "Waterman" blue ink.
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ุญุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฒุฑู‚
06:40
And my father immediately replied that he knew exactly
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ูุฑุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู„ู… ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ
06:44
how to bleach it.
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ู„ุงุฒุงู„ุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุจุฑ
06:45
Now, of course, the man was very impressed with this young man of 17
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุนุฌุจ ุงู„ูˆุณูŠุท ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุงุจ ุงุจู† ุงู„17 ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ
06:48
who could immediately give him the formula, so he recruited him.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุทุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ ุงุนุทุงุกู‡ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ูŠุฒูŠู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุจุฑ .. ูุฌู†ุฏู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ
06:52
And actually, without knowing it, my father had invented something
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ูˆุจุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุฏุฑูŠ ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุฏุซ ูุนู„ุงู‹ .. ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุงูƒุชุดู ุดูŠุฆุงู‹
06:55
we can find in every schoolchild's pencil case:
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ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ุญู‚ูŠุจุฉ ูƒู„ ุทุงู„ุจ ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ..
06:58
the so-called "correction pen."
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฏุนู‰ ( ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑูƒุชุฑ - ู…ุฒูŠู„ ุงู„ุญุจุฑ )
07:01
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
07:07
But it was only the beginning.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ูุญุณุจ
07:08
That's my father.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
07:10
As soon as he got to the lab,
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ู…ุง ุงู† ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ
07:11
even though he was the youngest,
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ูˆุฑุบู… ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงุตุบุฑ
07:13
he immediately saw that there was a problem with the making of forged documents.
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ุงู„ุง ุงู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ ุงุณุชุทุงุน ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฒูˆุฑุฉ
07:16
All the movements stopped at falsifying.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ู„ุง ุชู†ููƒ ุชุชูˆู‚ู
07:18
But demand was ever-growing
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
07:21
and it was difficult to tamper with existing documents.
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ูˆู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุงุตู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ
07:24
He told himself it was necessary to make them from scratch.
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ูู‚ุงู„ ู„ู†ูุณู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู†ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุจุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ
07:25
He started a press. He started photoengraving.
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ูุจุฏุฃ ุจุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ .. ูˆู…ุงูƒูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุทุจุน
07:28
He started making rubber stamps.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชุงู…
07:30
He started inventing all kind of things --
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจุตู†ุงุนุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุชุทู„ุจู‡ ุงู„ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ
07:31
with some materials he invented a centrifuge using a bicycle wheel.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุตู†ุนู‡ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฌู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ
07:35
Anyway, he had to do all this
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‚ุงู… ุจูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
07:37
because he was completely obsessed with output.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ู‡ูˆูˆุณุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌูˆุฉ
07:40
He had made a simple calculation:
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ูˆุฎุฑุฌ ุจู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุชู†ุต
07:42
In one hour he could make 30 forged documents.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ 30 ูˆุซูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒู„ ุณุงุนุฉ
07:45
If he slept one hour, 30 people would die.
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ูˆุงู† ู†ุงู… ุณุงุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆุชุงุฎุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูุณูˆู ูŠู…ูˆุช 30 ุดุฎุตุงู‹
07:49
This sense of
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ูˆุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุณู‚
07:52
responsibility for other people's lives when he was just 17 --
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ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฏุงูุน ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑูŠู†
07:55
and also his guilt for being a survivor,
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ูˆู…ู† ุดุนูˆุฑู‡ ุจุงู„ุฐู†ุจ ู„ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุฌู‰ ูˆ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ู„ู… ูŠู†ุฌูˆ
07:58
since he had escaped the camp when his friends had not --
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุงุณุชุทุงุน ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุชู‚ู„ ูˆู„ู… ูŠุณุชุทุน ุงุตุฏู‚ุงุฆู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ
08:02
stayed with him all his life.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ุฐู†ุจ ู„ุงุฒู…ู‡ ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุญูŠุงุชู‡
08:04
And this is maybe what explains why, for 30 years,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠูุณุฑ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ
08:07
he continued to make false papers
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ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 30 ุนุงู…ุงู‹ ู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ
08:10
at the expense of all kinds of sacrifices.
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ู…ุบุงู…ุฑุงู‹ ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
08:12
I'd like to talk about those sacrifices,
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ูˆุณูˆู ุงุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจู…ุง ุถุญู‰ ุจู‡ ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ู‡ุฐุง ..
08:13
because there were many.
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ู„ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู‚ุฏู…ู‡
08:15
There were obviously financial sacrifices
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ูุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ูƒุงู† ูŠุถุญูŠ ุจูˆุถุนู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ
08:17
because he always refused to be paid.
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู… ูŠุฑูุถ ุฃู† ูŠุคุฌุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฒูˆุฑุฉ
08:19
To him, being paid would have meant being a mercenary.
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ูุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุคุฌุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุญุชูŠุงู„ ูˆ ุชุตุฑู ุณูŠุก
08:22
If he had accepted payment,
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ุงู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠุคุฌุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡
08:24
he wouldn't be able to say "yes" or "no"
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ูุณูŠูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฑูุถ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุฎุต ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚
08:25
depending on what he deemed a just or unjust cause.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู… ู„ุง
08:28
So he was a photographer by day,
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ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ
08:30
and a forger by night for 30 years.
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ูˆู…ุฒูˆุฑุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„30 ุนุงู…
08:31
He was broke all of the time.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ูู„ุณุงู‹ ุทูŠู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ
08:33
Then there were the emotional sacrifices:
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุชุถุญูŠุงุช ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠุฉ
08:36
How can one live with a woman while having so many secrets?
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ููƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฑุฌู„ ุฃู† ูŠุนูŠุด ู…ุน ุฅู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู…ุน ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุฑุงุฑ
08:39
How can one explain what one does at night in the lab, every single night?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูุณุฑ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ููŠ ู…ุฎุจุฑู‡ ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠุงู„ูŠ
08:43
Of course, there was another kind of sacrifice
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุถุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
08:47
involving his family that I understood much later.
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ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู†ุง ู†ุญู† ูƒุนุงุฆู„ุชู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุฎุจุฑุชู‡ุง ู„ุงุญู‚ุง
08:50
One day my father introduced me to my sister.
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ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู… ุนุฑูู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุชูŠ ..
08:53
He also explained to me that I had a brother, too,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุดุฑุญ ู„ูŠ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ .. ุงู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู…ู„ูƒ ุฃุฎุงู‹ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
08:57
and the first time I saw them I must have been three or four,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุนุฑูุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ
09:03
and they were 30 years older than me.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู‚ุฑุจู‡ู… ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ูŠูƒุจุฑู†ูŠ ุจ30 ุนุงู…ุงู‹
09:05
They are both in their sixties now.
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ูˆู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ
09:11
In order to write the book,
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ุฃูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ
09:13
I asked my sister questions. I wanted to know who my father was,
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ุทุฑุญุช ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฎุชูŠ ู„ูƒูŠ ุฃุนู„ู… ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุฃุฃุชูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
09:17
who was the father she had known.
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ูˆู…ู† ูƒูŠู ุชู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ูƒุฃุจ
09:18
She explained that the father that she'd had
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ูู‚ุงู„ุช ู„ูŠ ..
09:22
would tell them he'd come and pick them up on Sunday to go for a walk.
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ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนุฏู‡ู… ุงู† ูŠุฃุชูŠ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุงุญุฏ ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฃุฎุฐู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ู†ุฒู‡ุฉ ุณูŠุฑ
09:27
They would get all dressed up and wait for him,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุชุฃู†ู‚ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆูŠู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ู‡
09:29
but he would almost never come.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูŠุฃุชูŠ
09:31
He'd say, "I'll call." He wouldn't call.
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ูƒุงู† ูŠุนุฏ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠุชุตู„ ุจู‡ู… ู„ูŠุฎุจุฑู‡ู… ุนู† ุงุญูˆุงู„ู‡ .. ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุชุตู„
09:34
And then he would not come.
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู„ุฒูŠุงุฑุชู‡ู…
09:36
Then one day he totally disappeared.
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ูˆุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู… ุฅุฎุชูู‰ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹
09:40
Time passed,
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ูˆู…ุฑ ูˆู‚ุช ุทูˆูŠู„
09:41
and they thought he had surely forgotten them,
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ูุธู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ
09:44
at first.
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ุงู†ู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ู†ุณูŠู‡ู… ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง
09:46
Then as time passed,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ู…ุฑ ูˆู‚ุช ุทูˆูŠู„ ุขุฎุฑ
09:47
at the end of almost two years, they thought,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู†ุญูˆ ุณู†ุชูŠู† .. ูุฎููŠู„ ู„ู‡ู…
09:49
"Well, perhaps our father has died."
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ุงู†ู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ู‚ูŒุชู„
09:52
And then I understood
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุงุณุชูˆุนุจุช ..
09:55
that asking my father so many questions
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ุงู† ุทุฑุญ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
09:58
was stirring up a whole past he probably didn't feel like talking about
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ุณูˆู ูŠุญุฑูƒ ููŠ ู†ูุณู‡ ุฐูƒุฑูŠุงุช ู„ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุจู‡ุง ุงูˆ ุงู† ูŠุชุฐูƒุฑู‡ุง
10:00
because it was painful.
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุคู„ู…ุฉ
10:02
And while my half brother and sister thought they'd been abandoned,
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุธู† ุฃุฎูˆุชูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุดู‚ุงุก ุงู†ู†ูŠ ุชูุฑูƒุช ู„ู„ุบุฑุจุงุก
10:07
orphaned,
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ูˆูŠูุชู…ุช
10:08
my father was making false papers.
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ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูŠุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠูุฉ
10:11
And if he did not tell them, it was of course to protect them.
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ูˆุญุชู…ุงู‹ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ูŠุฎุจุฑู‡ู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุญู…ุงูŠุชู‡ู…
10:14
After the liberation he made false papers
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ู‚ุงู… ุจุตู†ุน ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ู…ุฒูŠูุฉ
10:16
to allow the survivors of concentration camps to immigrate to Palestine
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฏูุน ุจุงู„ู†ุงุฌูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุฎูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ ุจุงู„ู‡ุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†
10:19
before the creation of Israel.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุงู† ุชูู‚ุงู… ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„
10:21
And then, as he was a staunch anti-colonialist,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุนูุฑู ูƒู…ู‚ุงูˆู… ู„ู„ุฅุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ
10:23
he made false papers for Algerians during the Algerian war.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ู„ู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠู† ุงุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ
10:27
After the Algerian war,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฌุฒุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ
10:29
at the heart of the international resistance movements,
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ูˆููŠ ุฎุถู… ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ
10:32
his name circulated
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ูƒุงู† ุงุณู…ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุนูู…ู…
10:34
and the whole world came knocking at his door.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠู„ุงุญู‚ู‡
10:36
In Africa there were countries fighting for their independence:
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ููŠ ุงูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 4 ุฏูˆู„ ุชุญุงุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุงุณุชู‚ู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
10:39
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Angola.
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ุบูŠู†ูŠุง . ุบูŠู†ูŠุง ุจูŠุณุงูˆ . ุงู†ุฌูˆู„ุง
10:42
And then my father connected with Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชูˆุงุตู„ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ู…ุน ุญุฒุจ ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ู…ุงู†ุฏูŠู„ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุถ ู„ู„ุนู†ุตุฑูŠุฉ
10:47
He made false papers for persecuted black South Africans.
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจุตู†ุน ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุฒูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุถุทู‡ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุงูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
10:50
There was also Latin America.
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ูˆุนู…ู„ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ
10:52
My father helped those who resisted dictatorships
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุณุงุนุฏ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุญุงุฑุจูˆุง ุงู„ุฏูŠูƒุชุงุชูˆุฑูŠุฉ
10:55
in the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆู…ู†ูŠูƒ .. ูˆู‡ุงูŠุชูŠ
10:57
and then it was the turn of Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
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ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ุฌุงุก ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฑุฌู†ุชูŠู† ูˆ ูู†ุฒูˆูŠู„ุง ูˆุงู„ุณู„ูุฏูˆุฑ ูˆ ู†ูŠูƒุงุฑุงุบูˆุง
11:03
Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Mexico.
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ูˆูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠุง ูˆ ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆ ูˆุงู„ุงูˆุฑูˆุบูˆุงูŠ ูˆ ุดูŠู„ูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุณูŠูƒ
11:09
Then there was the Vietnam War.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุฌุงุกุช ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ููŠุชู†ุงู…ูŠุฉ
11:10
My father made false papers for the American deserters
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ูุฒูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ู„ู„ูุงุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
11:13
who did not wish to take up arms against the Vietnamese.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฑูุถูˆุง ุฑูุน ุงู„ุณู„ุงุญ ููŠ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ููŠุชู†ุงู…ูŠู†
11:16
Europe was not spared either.
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ูˆุญุชู…ุงู‹ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ
11:18
My father made false papers for the dissidents
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ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุฒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ู„ู„ู…ู†ุดู‚ูŠู†
11:20
against Franco in Spain, Salazar in Portugal,
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ุนู† ูุฑุงู†ูƒูˆุง ููŠ ุงุณุจุงู†ูŠุง .. ูˆุณุงู„ุงุฒุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุชุบุงู„
11:24
against the colonels' dictatorship in Greece,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฏูŠูƒุชุงุชูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†
11:29
and even in France.
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ููŠ ูุฑู†ุณุง
11:30
There, just once, it happened in May of 1968.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูู‚ุท .. ููŠ ุดู‡ุฑ ู…ุงูŠูˆ ู…ู† ุนุงู… 1968
11:34
My father watched, benevolently, of course,
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ุชุงุจุน ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน
11:36
the demonstrations of the month of May,
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ุงู„ู…ุธุงู‡ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌุฑุช ููŠ ุดู‡ุฑ ู…ุงูŠูˆ
11:39
but his heart was elsewhere, and so was his time
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ู„ุจู‡ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ .. ูˆูˆู‚ุชู‡ ู…ุฎุตุต ู„ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ
11:41
because he had over 15 countries to serve.
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ 15 ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุชุทู„ุจ ุฎุฏู…ุงุชู‡
11:45
Once, though, he agreed to make false papers
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฐุงุช ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚
11:47
for someone you might recognize.
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ู„ุดุฎุต ุฑุจู…ุง ุชู…ูŠุฒูˆู†ู‡
11:49
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
11:52
He was much younger in those days,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠุงูุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงูŠุงู…
11:54
and my father agreed to make false papers
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ูˆูˆุงูู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู† ูŠุฒูˆุฑ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุงูˆุฑุงู‚ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ
11:56
to enable him to come back and speak at a meeting.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู† ูŠุนูˆุฏ ูˆูŠุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุน
11:59
He told me that those false papers were the most media-relevant
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ูˆุงุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุฅุนู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ
12:04
and the least useful he'd had to make in all his life.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงู‚ู„ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจู‡ุง
12:07
But, he agreed to do it,
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ูˆูˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฑ ุชู„ูƒ
12:09
even though Daniel Cohn-Bendit's life was not in danger,
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ุฑุบู… ุงู† ุฏุงู†ูŠู„ ูƒูˆู‡ู†-ุจูŠู†ุฏูŠุช ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ููŠ ุฎุทุฑ
12:12
just because
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ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุฃู‰
12:14
it was a good opportunity
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ูุฑุตุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ
12:16
to mock the authorities,
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ู„ู„ุฅุณุชู‡ุฒุงุก ุจุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช
12:18
and to show them that there's nothing more porous than borders --
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฑูŠู‡ู… ุงู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงุณู‡ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุณู„ู„ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ
12:21
and that ideas have no borders.
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ูˆุงู† ุงู„ุงููƒุงุฑ ู„ุง ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู„ู‡ุง
12:26
All my childhood,
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ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุทููˆู„ุชูŠ
12:28
while my friends' dads would tell them Grimm's fairy tales,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุตุฏูŠู‚ุงุชูŠ ุชุณู…ุน ู‚ุตุต ุฌุฑุงุฆู… ุงู„ุฎุฑุงููŠุฉ ู…ู† ุขุจุงุฆู‡ู†
12:32
my father would tell me stories about very unassuming heroes
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ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูŠู‚ุต ู„ูŠ ู‚ุตุต ุนู† ุฃุจุทุงู„ ู…ุบู…ูˆุฑูŠู†
12:36
with unshakeable utopias
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ุจู…ุจุงุฏู‰ุก ุตู„ุจุฉ
12:39
who managed to make miracles.
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ุงุณุชุทุงุนูˆุง ุงู† ูŠุตู†ุนูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุนุฌุฒุงุช
12:42
And those heroes did not need an army behind them.
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ุฏูˆู† ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฑูุน ุงู„ุณู„ุงุญ ุงูˆ ูˆู‚ูˆู ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ู…ุนู‡ู…
12:46
Anyhow, nobody would have followed them,
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ูˆุฏูˆู† ุงูŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงุชุจุงุน ุงูˆ ู…ุฑูŠุฏูŠู†
12:48
except for a handful [of] men and women of conviction and courage.
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ูู‚ุท ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒู‡ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ูˆุชู„ูƒู… ุงู„ู†ุณูˆุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฌุงุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุตุฑุงุฑ
12:51
I understood much later
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชูˆุนุจุช ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹
12:53
that actually it was his own story my father would tell me to get me to sleep.
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ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ุต ุนู„ูŠ ู‚ุตุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ
12:56
I asked him whether, considering the sacrifices he had to make,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุณุฆู„ุชู‡ ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู… ุงู†ู‡ ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุถุญูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุชู‡ุง
12:59
he ever had any regrets.
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ู‡ู„ ุชุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ู†ุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง
13:01
He said no.
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ุงุฌุงุจู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ููŠ
13:03
He told me that he would have been unable
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู‡
13:05
to witness or submit to injustice without doing anything.
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ุงู† ูŠุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงูˆ ูŠุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุธู„ู… ุฏูˆู† ุงู† ูŠุชุตุฑู ุญูŠุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
13:08
He was persuaded, and he's still convinced
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ู‚ุชู†ุนุงู‹ .. ูˆุจู‚ูŠ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
13:11
that another world is possible --
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ุงู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนุงู„ู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
13:13
a world where no one would ever need a forger.
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ู„ุง ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู„ู…ุฒูˆุฑูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ..
13:16
He's still dreaming about it.
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ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ูŠุญู„ู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ
13:18
My father
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ูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
13:20
is here in the room today.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ
13:21
His name is Adolfo Kaminsky and I'm going to ask him to stand up.
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ูˆุงุณู…ู‡ " ุฃุฏูˆู„ููˆุง ูƒุงู…ูŠู†ุณูƒูŠ " ูˆุณูˆู ุงุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู
13:25
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
13:46
Thank you.
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ุดููƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7