Sarah Kaminsky: My father the forger

50,773 views ・ 2011-09-07

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00:00
Translator: federica bonaldi Reviewer: Thomas VANDENBOGAERDE
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譯者: SHU-AN WU 審譯者: Ann Lee
00:16
I am the daughter of a forger,
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我是個偽造者的女兒
00:19
not just any forger ...
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但他不是一般偽造者
00:21
When you hear the word "forger," you often understand "mercenary."
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一般聽到「偽造者」,都會想到貪圖錢財的騙子
00:24
You understand "forged currency," "forged pictures."
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想到「偽幣」、「偽畫」
00:27
My father is no such man.
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我父親不是這種人
00:29
For 30 years of his life,
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他的人生中有三十年
00:31
he made false papers --
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在偽造文書
00:33
never for himself, always for other people,
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但從不為自己,都是為別人而做
00:35
and to come to the aid of the persecuted and the oppressed.
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幫助遭受迫害的人
00:39
Let me introduce him.
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容我向你們介紹他
00:41
Here is my father at age 19.
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這是我父親19歲的照片
00:44
It all began for him during World War II,
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他的偽造生涯始於第二次大戰
00:48
when at age 17 he found himself thrust
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17歲的他意外投身一間工廠
00:50
into a forged documents workshop.
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那是間偽造文書的工廠
00:52
He quickly became the false papers expert of the Resistance.
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他很快就成為抵抗運動方的偽造文書專家
00:56
And it's not a banal story --
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這可不是一般老掉牙的故事
00:58
after the liberation he continued
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解放運動之後
01:01
to make false papers until the '70s.
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他繼續偽造文書直到70年代
01:04
When I was a child
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小時候
01:06
I knew nothing about this, of course.
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我當然對此一無所知
01:08
This is me in the middle making faces.
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那個在中間扮鬼臉的是我
01:11
I grew up in the Paris suburbs
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我在巴黎近郊長大
01:13
and I was the youngest of three children.
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是家中三個孩子的老么
01:17
I had a "normal" dad like everybody else,
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我和所有人一樣,有個「平凡」的父親
01:20
apart from the fact that he was 30 years older than ...
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只不過他比別人父親老了30歲
01:22
well, he was basically old enough to be my grandfather.
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基本上他的年紀足以當我祖父
01:26
Anyway, he was a photographer and a street educator,
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總之,他是個攝影師,也是我家的教育者
01:29
and he always taught us to obey the law very strictly.
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他總是教導我們要嚴守法律
01:32
And, of course, he never talked about his past life
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當然,他不曾談過自己的過去
01:34
when he was a forger.
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偽造文書的那些日子
01:37
There was, however, an incident I'm going to tell you about,
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不過我等等要說的這個小插曲
01:39
that perhaps could have led me suspect something.
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應該就是我開始懷疑一些事情的契機
01:42
I was in high school and got a bad grade,
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我讀高中時,有一次作業成績不好
01:45
a rare event for me,
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這對我來說很少見
01:47
so I decided to hide it from my parents.
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所以我決定要隱瞞父母
01:50
In order to do that, I set out to forge their signature.
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因此,我著手開始偽造他們的簽名
01:54
I started working on my mother's signature,
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我決定偽造我母親的簽名
01:57
because my father's is absolutely impossible to forge.
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因為我父親的百分之百不可能模仿成功
02:00
So, I got working. I took some sheets of paper
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接著我開始動工,拿來好幾疊紙
02:03
and started practicing, practicing, practicing,
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不斷練習、練習、再練習
02:06
until I reached what I thought was a steady hand,
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直到我覺得已經夠順手了
02:07
and went into action.
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便付諸行動
02:09
Later, while checking my school bag,
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不久之後,我媽媽檢查我的書包
02:12
my mother got hold of my school assignment and immediately saw that the signature was forged.
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看了我的學校作業,馬上發現了簽名是假的
02:15
She yelled at me like she never had before.
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於是我挨罵了,之前她從沒那麼兇罵我
02:17
I went to hide in my bedroom, under the blankets,
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我躲進房間,窩進毛毯
02:20
and then I waited for my father to come back from work
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等我父親工作回來
02:23
with, one could say, much apprehension.
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可以說,我真的很害怕
02:25
I heard him come in.
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我聽到他回家的聲音
02:27
I remained under the blankets. He entered my room,
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我仍然窩在毯子裡,而他進了我房間
02:31
sat on the corner of the bed,
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坐在我的床角上
02:33
and he was silent, so I pulled the blanket from my head,
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他沒有說話,所以我把毯子從頭上拉下來
02:36
and when he saw me he started laughing.
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他看到我就對我大笑
02:39
He was laughing so hard, he could not stop and he was holding my assignment in his hand.
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他笑得不能自己、停不下來,手上還拿著我的作業
02:42
Then he said, "But really, Sarah, you could have worked harder! Can't you see it's really too small?"
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接著說:「不過莎拉,說真的,你應該再多用點心,不覺得你簽得太小了嗎?」
02:46
Indeed, it's rather small.
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的確,我簽得很小
02:52
I was born in Algeria.
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我在阿爾及利亞出生
02:54
There I would hear people say my father was a "moudjahid"
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常聽到有人說我父親是個moudjahid
02:57
and that means "fighter."
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也就是「戰士」的意思
02:58
Later on, in France, I loved eavesdropping on grownups' conversations,
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後來在法國,我愛上偷聽大人談話
03:03
and I would hear all sorts of stories about my father's previous life,
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也就能聽到各式各樣我父親早年的故事
03:06
especially that he had "done" World War II,
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尤其他曾「參予」二次大戰的部分
03:09
that he had "done" the Algerian war.
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他「參予」過阿爾及利亞戰爭
03:11
And in my head I would be thinking that "doing" a war meant being a soldier.
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我認為「參予」戰爭,應該就是當士兵的意思吧
03:14
But knowing my father, and how he kept saying that he was a pacifist and non-violent,
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但因為熟知我父親的為人,加上他不斷強調自己是和平主義和反暴力者
03:17
I found it very hard to picture him with a helmet and gun.
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我發現很難想像他戴鋼盔、背著槍的樣子
03:21
And indeed, I was very far from the mark.
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的確,我猜的離真相可遠了
03:23
One day, while my father was working on a file
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某天我父親在處理一份卷宗
03:26
for us to obtain French nationality,
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要讓我們取得法國國籍
03:29
I happened to see some documents
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我湊巧看到了一些文件
03:31
that caught my attention.
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引起我的注意
03:33
These are real!
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這些護照是真的
03:35
These are mine, I was born an Argentinean.
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兩本都是我的護照,我是阿根廷裔法國人
03:38
But the document I happened to see
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我看到的那份文件
03:40
that would help us build a case for the authorities
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讓我們能得到法國官方承認
03:42
was a document from the army
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是軍隊所發的
03:44
that thanked my father for his work
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這要多虧我父親在工作之餘
03:48
on behalf of the secret services.
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做了點額外的秘密服務
03:50
And then, suddenly, I went "wow!"
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發現之後,我說「哇」
03:52
My father, a secret agent?
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我爸爸難道是個情報員?
03:54
It was very James Bond.
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這真的很像詹姆士龐德做的事
03:56
I wanted to ask him questions, which he didn't answer.
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我想問他好多問題,那些他不曾回答的問題
04:01
And later, I told myself that
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之後,我告訴自己
04:04
one day I would have to question him.
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總有一天,我得好好問他
04:07
And then I became a mother and had a son,
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後來我成為了母親,育有一子
04:09
and finally decided it was time -- that he absolutely had to talk to us.
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才終於下了決心,是時候讓他說明白了
04:12
I had become a mother
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我當媽媽時
04:14
and he was celebrating his 77th birthday,
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他正好過77歲生日
04:16
and suddenly I was very, very afraid.
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我突然很害怕
04:18
I feared he'd go
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我怕他會突然離開
04:21
and take his silences with him,
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把他的沉默帶走
04:23
and take his secrets with him.
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也把他的秘密帶走
04:24
I managed to convince him that it was important for us,
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我說服他,他的故事
04:27
but possibly also for other people
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不單對我們很重要
04:28
that he shared his story.
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也可能對其他人很重要
04:30
He decided to tell it to me
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他才決定告訴我
04:32
and I made a book,
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我把這些事寫成一本書
04:34
from which I'm going to read you some excerpts later.
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我要跟各位分享一些書中的片段
04:36
So, his story. My father was born in Argentina.
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我父親的故事從他在阿根廷出生開始
04:39
His parents were of Russian descent.
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他的雙親是俄國人的後代
04:41
The whole family came to settle in France in the '30s.
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他們家在30年代搬來法國定居
04:45
His parents were Jewish, Russian and above all, very poor.
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他父母是俄國人,也是猶太人,而且很窮
04:50
So at the age of 14 my father had to work.
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所以我父親14歲就得工作
04:53
And with his only diploma,
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他唯一的文憑
04:54
his primary education certificate,
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就是小學畢業證書
04:55
he found himself working at a dyer - dry cleaner.
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他在染坊工作
04:58
That's where he discovered something totally magical,
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在那兒,他發現了一種魔法
05:01
and when he talks about it, it's fascinating --
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他說到這裡時一臉陶醉
05:03
it's the magic of dyeing chemistry.
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他發現的魔法就是染色化學
05:06
During that time the war was happening
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他母親在戰時遭到殺害
05:07
and his mother was killed when he was 15.
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當時他15歲
05:10
This coincided with the time when
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在這段期間裡
05:13
he threw himself body and soul into chemistry
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他將身心都投入了染色化學之中
05:15
because it was the only consolation for his sadness.
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因為唯有這樣才能減輕他的哀痛
05:17
All day he would ask many questions to his boss
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他整天追著老闆問問題
05:21
to learn, to accumulate more and more knowledge,
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學習累積更多更多的知識
05:24
and at night, when no one was looking,
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晚間四下無人時
05:25
he'd put his experience to practice.
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他便將所學付諸實踐
05:27
He was mostly interested in ink bleaching.
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他對漂白墨水最有興趣
05:33
All this to tell you
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到這裡我想說的是
05:35
that if my father became a forger, actually,
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其實我父親會成為一個偽造文書專家
05:37
it was almost by accident.
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完全是意外
05:39
His family was Jewish, so they were hounded.
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由於他家是猶太人,所以當時被人追捕
05:42
Finally they were all arrested and taken to the Drancy camp
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最後全家都被逮捕,送進德蘭西營
05:45
and they managed to get out at the last minute thanks to their Argentinean papers.
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直到最後一秒多虧阿根廷的身份文件,他們才得以離開
05:48
Well, they were out,
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可是他們逃出來後
05:49
but they were always in danger. The big "Jew" stamp was still on their papers.
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卻仍然處於危險之中,因為身份文件上有大大的猶太人印記
05:52
It was my grandfather who decided they needed false documents.
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於是我祖父決定他們需要假身份文件
05:55
My father had been instilled with such respect for the law
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我父親從小被灌輸要遵守法律
05:59
that although he was being persecuted,
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所以雖然遭受迫害
06:01
he'd never thought of false papers.
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他也不曾想過要偽造文書
06:03
But it was he who went to meet a man from the Resistance.
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不過他還是去見了從事抵抗運動的人
06:06
In those times documents had hard covers,
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那時候的身份公文都是硬殼裝
06:08
they were filled in by hand,
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手工把文書夾入
06:10
and they stated your job.
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上面要寫你的職業
06:13
In order to survive, he needed
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我父親為了生活得要工作
06:15
to be working. He asked the man
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他要那個人在職業上寫了
06:17
to write "dyer."
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染坊工人
06:19
Suddenly the man looked very, very interested.
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那人突然看起來很有興趣的樣子
06:22
As a "dyer," do you know how to bleach ink marks?
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問他,你是染坊工人,知道怎麼漂白墨水印嗎?
06:25
Of course he knew.
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我父親當然知道
06:27
And suddenly the man started explaining that
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那人隨即開始解釋
06:29
actually the whole Resistance had a huge problem:
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其實抵抗運動團體有一個大難題
06:32
even the top experts
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連一流專家也搞不定
06:34
could not manage to bleach an ink, called "indelible,"
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那就是漂白一種人稱「去不掉」的
06:38
the "Waterman" blue ink.
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藍色「華德曼」墨水
06:40
And my father immediately replied that he knew exactly
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我爸爸馬上回答他知道
06:44
how to bleach it.
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怎麼去掉這種墨水印
06:45
Now, of course, the man was very impressed with this young man of 17
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這下子,那人當然對這位17歲的年輕人感到很驚艷
06:48
who could immediately give him the formula, so he recruited him.
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因為他立刻能交出配方洗掉墨水,所以我父親就被徵召了
06:52
And actually, without knowing it, my father had invented something
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其實就算不知道配方,我父親早已發明了一件東西
06:55
we can find in every schoolchild's pencil case:
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我們可以在每個學童的鉛筆盒裡找到它
06:58
the so-called "correction pen."
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那就是「修正液」
07:01
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:07
But it was only the beginning.
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不過這只是開始
07:08
That's my father.
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這是我父親
07:10
As soon as he got to the lab,
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他一進到實驗室
07:11
even though he was the youngest,
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雖然在裡面他年紀最輕
07:13
he immediately saw that there was a problem with the making of forged documents.
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他馬上發現那兒在製作假文書上有個問題
07:16
All the movements stopped at falsifying.
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所有流程到竄改的關卡都陷入停擺
07:18
But demand was ever-growing
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需求卻有增無減
07:21
and it was difficult to tamper with existing documents.
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可是光處理手邊的文件都很費時了
07:24
He told himself it was necessary to make them from scratch.
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他告訴自己一切得從頭做起
07:25
He started a press. He started photoengraving.
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他開始做印刷機,開始照相製板
07:28
He started making rubber stamps.
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開始做橡皮章
07:30
He started inventing all kind of things --
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開始發明各種必需品
07:31
with some materials he invented a centrifuge using a bicycle wheel.
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他用腳踏車輪等材料發明了離心機
07:35
Anyway, he had to do all this
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總之,他什麼都做了
07:37
because he was completely obsessed with output.
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因為他很在乎輸出的成果
07:40
He had made a simple calculation:
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他粗略估計
07:42
In one hour he could make 30 forged documents.
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一小時能製作三十份偽造文件
07:45
If he slept one hour, 30 people would die.
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所以只要他睡一小時,就可能有30人死亡
07:49
This sense of
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他才17歲
07:52
responsibility for other people's lives when he was just 17 --
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就已經背負了拯救人命的責任感
07:55
and also his guilt for being a survivor,
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同時他也懷有作為倖存者的罪惡感
07:58
since he had escaped the camp when his friends had not --
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因為當年他成功逃走了,他的朋友卻沒有逃掉
08:02
stayed with him all his life.
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責任及罪惡感終生與他為伍
08:04
And this is maybe what explains why, for 30 years,
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這或許可以解釋為什麼三十年內
08:07
he continued to make false papers
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他不停偽造文件
08:10
at the expense of all kinds of sacrifices.
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不計一切犧牲代價
08:12
I'd like to talk about those sacrifices,
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我想談談他付出的那些代價
08:13
because there were many.
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因為實在太多了
08:15
There were obviously financial sacrifices
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顯見的是經濟上的犧牲
08:17
because he always refused to be paid.
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因為他總是拒絕收錢
08:19
To him, being paid would have meant being a mercenary.
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對他來說,拿了錢就等於是在詐財
08:22
If he had accepted payment,
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一旦他收了錢
08:24
he wouldn't be able to say "yes" or "no"
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他就沒有權利談要接受或拒絕
08:25
depending on what he deemed a just or unjust cause.
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那些在他看來不正當的案子
08:28
So he was a photographer by day,
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他白天照相製板
08:30
and a forger by night for 30 years.
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晚上偽造文件,三十年來天天如此
08:31
He was broke all of the time.
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一直是經濟拮据
08:33
Then there were the emotional sacrifices:
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他也付出了情感上的代價
08:36
How can one live with a woman while having so many secrets?
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一個身負重多秘密的人要如何和妻子共處?
08:39
How can one explain what one does at night in the lab, every single night?
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如何去解釋他每晚在實驗室裡在做些什麼?
08:43
Of course, there was another kind of sacrifice
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還有一種代價少不了的
08:47
involving his family that I understood much later.
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就是犧牲他的家庭,這我後來才明白
08:50
One day my father introduced me to my sister.
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某天我父親讓我和姊姊相認
08:53
He also explained to me that I had a brother, too,
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同時他跟我說,我還有個哥哥
08:57
and the first time I saw them I must have been three or four,
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我想我多半3、4歲時曾初次見過他們
09:03
and they were 30 years older than me.
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他們比我年長三十多歲
09:05
They are both in their sixties now.
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現在都六十幾歲了
09:11
In order to write the book,
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為了寫這本書
09:13
I asked my sister questions. I wanted to know who my father was,
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我問了姊姊一些問題,我想知道我父親的事
09:17
who was the father she had known.
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想知道父親在她眼中是怎樣的人
09:18
She explained that the father that she'd had
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她說,她認識的父親
09:22
would tell them he'd come and pick them up on Sunday to go for a walk.
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會告訴他們星期天要來帶他們去走走
09:27
They would get all dressed up and wait for him,
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為此他們總盛裝打扮等著父親
09:29
but he would almost never come.
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可是父親幾乎都食言了
09:31
He'd say, "I'll call." He wouldn't call.
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他說「等我的電話」,卻總等不到
09:34
And then he would not come.
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後來他也沒回家
09:36
Then one day he totally disappeared.
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從某天起父親就真的不見蹤影
09:40
Time passed,
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時光飛逝
09:41
and they thought he had surely forgotten them,
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起初,孩子們都以為
09:44
at first.
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父親已經忘了他們
09:46
Then as time passed,
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又過了一段時間
09:47
at the end of almost two years, they thought,
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幾乎快過了兩年,他們想
09:49
"Well, perhaps our father has died."
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「父親可能過世了吧」
09:52
And then I understood
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我這才發現
09:55
that asking my father so many questions
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我問了父親許多問題
09:58
was stirring up a whole past he probably didn't feel like talking about
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都會讓他想起那些過去,他大概不想多談的事情
10:00
because it was painful.
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因為太痛苦了
10:02
And while my half brother and sister thought they'd been abandoned,
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在我的異母兄姐認為自己被遺棄
10:07
orphaned,
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成了孤兒的時候
10:08
my father was making false papers.
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我父親其實在偽造文書
10:11
And if he did not tell them, it was of course to protect them.
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他不告訴兒女,當然是想保護他們
10:14
After the liberation he made false papers
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1800
解放運動後他繼續偽造文書
10:16
to allow the survivors of concentration camps to immigrate to Palestine
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幫助集中營的倖存者在以色列建國前
10:19
before the creation of Israel.
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1900
移民到巴勒斯坦
10:21
And then, as he was a staunch anti-colonialist,
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2400
再者,由於他忠實擁護反殖民主義者
10:23
he made false papers for Algerians during the Algerian war.
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3500
他也在阿爾及利亞戰爭期間幫助該國人偽造文書
10:27
After the Algerian war,
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阿爾及利亞戰爭過後
10:29
at the heart of the international resistance movements,
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由於他身處國際反抗運動核心
10:32
his name circulated
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他的名字傳遍了世界
10:34
and the whole world came knocking at his door.
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全世界的人都求助於他
10:36
In Africa there were countries fighting for their independence:
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當時非洲有許多國家發動獨立戰爭
10:39
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Angola.
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包括幾內亞、幾內亞比索、安哥拉
10:42
And then my father connected with Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party.
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我父親於是和曼德拉的反種族隔離派聯繫
10:47
He made false papers for persecuted black South Africans.
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他替被迫害的南非黑人偽造文書
10:50
There was also Latin America.
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1800
同樣,在拉丁美洲
10:52
My father helped those who resisted dictatorships
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我父親幫助拒絕獨裁政權的人民
10:55
in the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
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1900
這些人來自多明尼加共和國和海地
10:57
and then it was the turn of Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
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6100
後來更幫助了巴西、阿根廷、委內瑞拉、薩爾瓦多、尼加拉瓜
11:03
Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Mexico.
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5600
哥倫比亞、秘魯、烏拉圭、智利和墨西哥等國人民
11:09
Then there was the Vietnam War.
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越戰時期
11:10
My father made false papers for the American deserters
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2300
我父親替美國逃兵偽造文書
11:13
who did not wish to take up arms against the Vietnamese.
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因為這些人不希望拿起武器和越南人交戰
11:16
Europe was not spared either.
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在歐洲也不例外
11:18
My father made false papers for the dissidents
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我父親替異議份子偽造文書
11:20
against Franco in Spain, Salazar in Portugal,
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反抗西班牙的佛朗哥
11:24
against the colonels' dictatorship in Greece,
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抵抗希臘的獨裁殖民政權
11:29
and even in France.
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甚至在法國也是
11:30
There, just once, it happened in May of 1968.
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有一次,在1968年五月的時候
11:34
My father watched, benevolently, of course,
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我父親以慈悲之心
11:36
the demonstrations of the month of May,
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關注整個五月示威的進展
11:39
but his heart was elsewhere, and so was his time
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同時他也心繫他方,當時其他人也是
11:41
because he had over 15 countries to serve.
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因為有超過15個國家的人民需要我父親的服務
11:45
Once, though, he agreed to make false papers
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有一次他答應要為一個人偽造文件
11:47
for someone you might recognize.
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那個人你們應該也認識
11:49
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:52
He was much younger in those days,
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那時候他還很年輕
11:54
and my father agreed to make false papers
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我父親答應了要幫他偽造文件
11:56
to enable him to come back and speak at a meeting.
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讓他能夠回國,在一個會議上發言
11:59
He told me that those false papers were the most media-relevant
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父親告訴我,這些假文件是他做過媒體最感興趣
12:04
and the least useful he'd had to make in all his life.
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也是最無用武之地的一件案子
12:07
But, he agreed to do it,
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但他仍答應要做
12:09
even though Daniel Cohn-Bendit's life was not in danger,
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雖然Daniel Cohn-Bendit並沒有生命危險
12:12
just because
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他答應的唯一理由
12:14
it was a good opportunity
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1405
就是要藉這個機會
12:16
to mock the authorities,
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好好戲弄一下掌權人士
12:18
and to show them that there's nothing more porous than borders --
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3015
讓他們看到,沒什麼比各國國境更漏洞百出了
12:21
and that ideas have no borders.
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而且這個想法舉世皆然
12:26
All my childhood,
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我的整個童年
12:28
while my friends' dads would tell them Grimm's fairy tales,
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4097
當朋友的爸爸都在講格林童話的故事
12:32
my father would tell me stories about very unassuming heroes
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3889
我父親告訴我的,都是無名英雄的故事
12:36
with unshakeable utopias
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2916
而且毫無置疑充滿烏托邦色彩
12:39
who managed to make miracles.
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2916
那些英雄都締造了奇蹟
12:42
And those heroes did not need an army behind them.
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3978
而他們身後都不需要軍隊的支持
12:46
Anyhow, nobody would have followed them,
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總之,沒有人會追隨他們
12:48
except for a handful [of] men and women of conviction and courage.
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只有小部份有信念和勇氣的男男女女會跟隨他們
12:51
I understood much later
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1254
很久以後我才明白
12:53
that actually it was his own story my father would tell me to get me to sleep.
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父親講的床邊故事,正是他自己的故事
12:56
I asked him whether, considering the sacrifices he had to make,
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2916
我問他,考慮到他所付出的犧牲
12:59
he ever had any regrets.
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1944
他是否曾後悔過
13:01
He said no.
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他說,他不曾後悔
13:03
He told me that he would have been unable
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他告訴我,若他當初什麼都沒做
13:05
to witness or submit to injustice without doing anything.
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2916
就不能見證這一切,或者就向不公義投降了
13:08
He was persuaded, and he's still convinced
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3023
他當時就確信,而現在依然堅信
13:11
that another world is possible --
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我們能擁有不一樣的世界
13:13
a world where no one would ever need a forger.
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而這個世界裡沒有人需要人幫忙偽造身分
13:16
He's still dreaming about it.
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這依然是他的夢想
13:18
My father
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我的父親
13:20
is here in the room today.
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今天就在現場
13:21
His name is Adolfo Kaminsky and I'm going to ask him to stand up.
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他叫作Adolfo Kaminsky,我要請他站起來
13:25
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
13:46
Thank you.
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謝謝你
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