What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti

2,899,650 views ・ 2015-10-15

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
The idea of human rights is that each one of us,
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Zamisao ljudskih prava je da svakom od nas,
00:09
no matter who we are or where we are born,
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bez obzira na to ko smo ili gde smo rođeni,
00:12
is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms.
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pripadaju ista osnovna prava i slobode.
00:16
Human rights are not privileges,
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Ljudska prava nisu privilegija
00:18
and they cannot be granted or revoked.
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i ona ne mogu da budu dodeljena ili ukinuta.
00:21
They are inalienable and universal.
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Ona su neotuđiva i univerzalna.
00:24
That may sound straighforward enough,
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To možda zvuči dovoljno konkretno,
00:26
but it gets incredibly complicated
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ali zna da bude neverovatno složeno
00:29
as soon as anyone tries to put the idea into practice.
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čim bilo ko pokuša da isproba ovu zamisao u praksi.
00:32
What exactly are the basic human rights?
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Šta su tačno osnovna ljudska prava?
00:35
Who gets to pick them?
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Ko ih bira?
00:36
Who enforces them, and how?
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Ko ih sprovodi i kako?
00:39
The history behind the concept of human rights is a long one.
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Istorija iza koncepta ljudskih prava je duga.
00:43
Throughout the centuries and across societies, religions, and cultures
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Kroz vekove i širom društava, religija i kultura
00:46
we have struggled with defining notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights.
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mučili smo se da definišemo pojmove pravednosti, pravde i prava.
00:52
But one of the most modern affirmations of universal human rights
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Ali jedna od najmodernijih potvrda univerzalnih ljudskih prava
00:55
emerged from the ruins of World War II with the creation of the United Nations.
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izronila je iz ruševina Drugog svetskog rata osnivanjem Ujedinjenih nacija.
01:00
The treaty that established the UN gives as one of its purposes
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Sporazum kojim su osnovane UN nam daje jednu od njenih svrha
01:03
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights.
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da učvrsti veru u temeljna ljudska prava.
01:08
And with the same spirit,
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I u istom duhu,
01:09
in 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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Generalna skupština UN-a je 1948. usvojila Univerzalnu deklaraciju ljudskih prava.
Ovaj dokument, koji je sastavio međunarodni komitet
01:16
This document, written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt,
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na čelu sa Elenor Ruzvelt,
01:20
lays the basis for modern international human rights law.
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postavio je temelj savremenom međunarodnom pravu ljudskih sloboda.
01:24
The declaration is based on the principle
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Deklaracija je zasnovana na principu
01:26
that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
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da su sva ljudska bića rođena slobodna i jednaka prema dostojanstvu i pravima.
01:32
It lists 30 articles recognizing, among other things,
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Ona ima 30 članova koji prepoznaju, između ostalog
01:35
the principle of nondiscrimination and the right to life and liberty.
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princip nediskriminacije i pravo na život i slobodu.
01:39
It refers to negative freedoms, like the freedom from torture or slavery,
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Odnosi se i na negativne slobode, poput slobode od mučenja ili ropstva,
01:44
as well as positive freedoms,
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kao i na pozitivne slobode,
01:45
such as the freedom of movement and residence.
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poput slobode kretanja i prebivališta.
01:49
It encompasses basic civil and political rights,
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Ona obuhvata osnovna građanska i politička prava,
01:51
such as freedom of expression, religion, or peaceful assembly,
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poput slobode izražavanja, religije, ili mirnog okupljanja,
01:55
as well as social, economic, and cultural rights,
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kao i društvena, ekonomska, kulturna prava,
01:59
such as the right to education
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poput prava na obrazovanje
02:00
and the right to freely choose one's occupation
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i prava na slobodan izbor zanimanja
02:03
and be paid and treated fairly.
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i pravo na nadoknadu i pravedno postupanje.
02:06
The declaration takes no sides as to which rights are more important,
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Deklaracija ne određuje koja su prava važnija,
insistirajući na njihovoj univerzalnosti,
02:10
insisting on their universality,
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02:11
indivisibility,
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neotuđivosti
02:13
and interdependence.
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i međuzavisnosti.
02:15
And in the past decades, international human rights law has grown,
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A proteklih decenija, međunarodni zakoni o ljudskim pravima su narasli,
02:19
deepening and expanding our understanding of what human rights are,
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produbljujući i proširujući naše razumevanje ljudskih prava
02:22
and how to better protect them.
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i kako da ih bolje štitimo.
02:25
So if these principles are so well-developed,
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Pa, ako su ovi principi tako dobro razvijeni,
02:27
then why are human rights abused and ignored time and time again
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zašto se onda ljudska prava konstantno zloupotrebljavaju i ignorišu
02:31
all over the world?
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širom sveta?
02:34
The problem in general is that it is not at all easy
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Problem je uopšteno što nije tako jednostavno
02:38
to universally enforce these rights or to punish transgressors.
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univerzalno učvrstiti ova prava ili kazniti prestupnike.
02:42
The UDHR itself, despite being highly authoritative and respected,
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UDLJP sama, uprkos tome što je veoma merodavna i poštovana,
02:46
is a declaration, not a hard law.
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je deklaracija, ne čvrsti zakon.
02:49
So when individual countries violate it,
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Pa kada je pojedinačne države prekrše,
02:51
the mechanisms to address those violations are weak.
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mehanizmi bavljenja ovim prekršajima su slabi.
02:55
For example, the main bodies within the UN in charge of protecting human rights
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Na primer, glavna tela pri UN koja su nadležna za zaštitu ljudskih prava
03:00
mostly monitor and investigate violations,
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uglavnom nadgledaju i istražuju prekršaje,
03:03
but they cannot force states to, say, change a policy or compensate a victim.
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no ne mogu da primoraju države da, recimo, menjaju zakone ili da obeštete žrtvu.
03:10
That's why some critics say it's naive to consider human rights a given
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Zato neki kritičari smatraju da je naivno smatrati ljudska prava datim
03:13
in a world where state interests wield so much power.
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u svetu u kome državni interesi imaju toliko moći.
03:18
Critics also question the universality of human rights
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Kritičari takođe dovode u pitanje univerzalnost ljudskih prava
03:21
and emphasize that their development
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i naglašavaju da je njihov razvoj
03:23
has been heavily guided by a small number of mostly Western nations
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bio prilično vođen malim brojem, većinom Zapadnih nacija
03:27
to the detriment of inclusiveness.
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na štetu sveobuhvatnosti.
03:30
The result?
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Rezultati?
03:31
A general bias in favor of civil policital liberties
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Opšta pristrasnost u korist građanskih političkih sloboda,
03:33
over sociopolitical rights
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iznad društveno-političkih prava
03:36
and of individual over collective or groups rights.
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i lična prava iznad kolektivnih ili grupnih prava.
03:40
Others defend universal human rights laws
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Drugi brane univerzalne zakone o ljudskim pravima
03:43
and point at the positive role they have on setting international standards
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i ističu pozitivnu ulogu koju su imali u postavljanju međunarodnih standarda
03:47
and helping activists in their campaigns.
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i pomoći aktivistima i njihovim kampanjama.
03:50
They also point out
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Takođe ističu
03:51
that not all international human rights instruments are powerless.
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da nisu svi instrumenti međunarodnih ljudskih prava nemoćni.
03:55
For example, the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a court
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Na primer, Evropska konvencija o ljudskim pravima je osnovala sud
03:59
where the 47 member countries and their citizens can bring cases.
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gde 47 zemalja članica i njihovi građani mogu da iznesu svoj slučaj.
04:03
The court issues binding decisions that each member state must comply with.
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Sud donosi obavezujuće odluke kojima se svaka zemlja članica mora povinovati.
04:08
Human rights law is constantly evolving
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Zakon o ljudskim pravima se stalno unapređuje, kao i naši stavovi
04:11
as are our views and definitions of what the basic human rights should be.
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i definicije toga šta bi osnovna ljudska prava trebalo da budu.
04:16
For example, how basic or important is the right to democracy
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Na primer, koliko je elementarno ili važno pravo na demokratiju
04:19
or to development?
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ili na razvoj?
04:21
And as our lives are increasingly digital,
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I, kako su naši životi sve više digitalni,
04:23
should there be a right to access the Internet?
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da li bi trebalo da postoji pravo na pristup internetu?
04:26
A right to digital privacy?
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Pravo na digitalnu privatnost?
04:28
What do you think?
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