What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti

Translator: Klavdija Cernilogar Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

The idea of human rights is that each one of us,

Človekove pravice pomenijo, da smo vsi,

no matter who we are or where we are born,

ne glede na to, kdo smo in kje smo se rodili,

is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms.

upravičeni do enakih temeljnih pravic in svoboščin.

Human rights are not privileges,

Človekove pravice niso privilegij,

and they cannot be granted or revoked.

ne da se jih podeliti ali odpraviti.

They are inalienable and universal.

So neodtujljive in univerzalne.

That may sound straighforward enough,

To morda zveni čisto preprosto,

but it gets incredibly complicated

a se presneto zakomplicira,

as soon as anyone tries to put the idea into practice.

ko želimo zamisel uresničiti.

What exactly are the basic human rights?

Kaj sploh so temeljne človekove pravice?

Who gets to pick them?

Kdo jih izbere?

Who enforces them, and how?

Kdo jih uresničuje in kako?

The history behind the concept of human rights is a long one.

Zgodovina koncepta človekovih pravic je dolga.

Throughout the centuries and across societies, religions, and cultures

Skozi stoletja in družbe, religije in kulture

we have struggled with defining notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights.

so bile težave z definiranjem pojmov prava, pravičnosti in pravic.

But one of the most modern affirmations of universal human rights

Ena najmodernejših oblik univerzalnih človekovih pravic

emerged from the ruins of World War II with the creation of the United Nations.

je nastala z Združenimi narodi na pogorišču druge svetovne vojne.

The treaty that established the UN gives as one of its purposes

Eden od ciljev ustanovne pogodbe ZN

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights.

je potrditi vero v temeljne človekove pravice.

And with the same spirit,

V istem duhu

in 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

je Generalna skupščina ZN l. 1948 sprejela Splošno deklaracijo človekovih pravic.

Ta dokument, rezultat mednarodnega odbora pod vodstvom Eleanor Roosevelt,

This document, written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt,

lays the basis for modern international human rights law.

postavlja temelje za moderno mednarodno pravo človekovih pravic.

The declaration is based on the principle

Deklaracija temelji na načelu,

that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

da se vsi ljudje rodimo svobodni in z enakim dostojanstvom in pravicami.

It lists 30 articles recognizing, among other things,

Ima 30 členov, ki med drugim priznavajo

the principle of nondiscrimination and the right to life and liberty.

načelo nediskriminacije in pravice do življenja in svobode.

It refers to negative freedoms, like the freedom from torture or slavery,

Omenja negativne pravice, kot je prepoved mučenja ali suženjstva,

as well as positive freedoms,

kot tudi pozitivne pravice,

such as the freedom of movement and residence.

denimo pravico do gibanja in prebivališča.

Obsega temeljne civilne in politične pravice,

It encompasses basic civil and political rights,

such as freedom of expression, religion, or peaceful assembly,

kot so pravica do svobodnega izražanja, religije ali mirnega združevanja,

as well as social, economic, and cultural rights,

in tudi socialne, ekonomske in kulturne pravice,

such as the right to education

denimo pravico do izobraževanja

and the right to freely choose one's occupation

in do svobodne izbire poklica

and be paid and treated fairly.

ter do plačila in poštenega ravnanja.

The declaration takes no sides as to which rights are more important,

Deklaracija ne določa, katere pravice so pomembnejše,

insisting on their universality,

vztraja na njihovi univerzalnosti, nedeljivosti in medsebojni odvisnosti.

indivisibility,

and interdependence.

And in the past decades, international human rights law has grown,

V zadnjih desetletjih je mednarodno pravo človekovih pravic raslo

ter okrepilo naše razumevanje človekovih pravic

deepening and expanding our understanding of what human rights are,

and how to better protect them.

in tega, kako jih bolje ščititi.

Če so ta načela tako dobro razvita,

So if these principles are so well-developed,

then why are human rights abused and ignored time and time again

zakaj človekove pravice vedno znova zlorabljamo in ignoriramo,

all over the world?

in to po vsem svetu?

The problem in general is that it is not at all easy

Težava je v tem, da pravic ni tako enostavno

to universally enforce these rights or to punish transgressors.

povsod uresničiti in kaznovati kršilcev.

The UDHR itself, despite being highly authoritative and respected,

Čeprav je deklaracija splošno sprejeta in spoštovana,

is a declaration, not a hard law.

je samo deklaracija, ne pa zakon.

So when individual countries violate it,

Ko jo države kršijo,

the mechanisms to address those violations are weak.

so na voljo le šibki mehanizmi za odziv.

For example, the main bodies within the UN in charge of protecting human rights

Glavna telesa, ki so v ZN zadolžena za zaščito človekovih pravic,

mostly monitor and investigate violations,

predvsem nadzirajo in raziskujejo kršitve,

but they cannot force states to, say, change a policy or compensate a victim.

ne morejo pa držav prisiliti,

da bi spremenile politiko ali povrnile škodo žrtvam.

Zato nekateri kritiki menijo, da je naivno misliti, da so človekove pravice dejstvo

That's why some critics say it's naive to consider human rights a given

in a world where state interests wield so much power.

v svetu, kjer imajo interesi držav tako moč.

Kritiki tudi dvomijo v univerzalnost človekovih pravic

Critics also question the universality of human rights

and emphasize that their development

ter pravijo, da je njihov razvoj

has been heavily guided by a small number of mostly Western nations

vodila le peščica večinoma zahodnih narodov,

to the detriment of inclusiveness.

in sicer v škodo vključevalnosti.

Rezultat?

The result?

A general bias in favor of civil policital liberties

Splošna pristranskost v prid civilnim političnim svoboščinam

over sociopolitical rights

pred sociopolitičnimi pravicami

and of individual over collective or groups rights.

in premoč pravic posameznika pred kolektivnimi pravicami skupin.

Others defend universal human rights laws

Drugi univerzalne zakone človekovih pravic branijo

and point at the positive role they have on setting international standards

in kažejo na pozitiven vpliv na mednarodne standarde

and helping activists in their campaigns.

ter na pomoč aktivistom v njihovih kampanjah.

They also point out

Poudarjajo tudi,

that not all international human rights instruments are powerless.

da niso vsa mednarodna orodja za zaščito pravic brez moči.

For example, the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a court

Evropska konvencija o človekovih pravicah denimo vzpostavlja sodišče,

where the 47 member countries and their citizens can bring cases.

kamor 47 držav članic in njihovi državljani lahko vložijo tožbe.

The court issues binding decisions that each member state must comply with.

Sodišče izdaja zavezujoče odločitve, ki jih morajo države uresničevati.

Human rights law is constantly evolving

Pravo človekovih pravic se stalno razvija,

as are our views and definitions of what the basic human rights should be.

z njim pa tudi mnenja in definicije o tem, kaj so temeljne človekove pravice.

Recimo: kako temeljna ali pomembna je pravica do demokracije

For example, how basic or important is the right to democracy

or to development?

ali do razvoja?

And as our lives are increasingly digital,

In ker smo v vedno bolj digitalnem svetu,

should there be a right to access the Internet?

bi morala obstajati pravica dostopa do interneta?

A right to digital privacy?

Pravica do digitalne zasebnosti?

What do you think?

Kaj mislite?