What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti

2,765,033 views ใƒป 2015-10-15

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gwajeong Jeong ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jinhee Han
00:06
The idea of human rights is that each one of us,
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์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
00:09
no matter who we are or where we are born,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด
00:12
is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Human rights are not privileges,
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์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ํŠนํ˜œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
00:18
and they cannot be granted or revoked.
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ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
They are inalienable and universal.
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์ธ๊ถŒ์€ ๋นผ์•—์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
That may sound straighforward enough,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
00:26
but it gets incredibly complicated
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„
00:29
as soon as anyone tries to put the idea into practice.
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์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
What exactly are the basic human rights?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:35
Who gets to pick them?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
00:36
Who enforces them, and how?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
The history behind the concept of human rights is a long one.
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์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์–ฝํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Throughout the centuries and across societies, religions, and cultures
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์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ข…๊ต, ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
00:46
we have struggled with defining notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ, ์ •์˜, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํˆฌ์Ÿํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
But one of the most modern affirmations of universal human rights
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์•ฝ์€
00:55
emerged from the ruins of World War II with the creation of the United Nations.
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์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํํ—ˆ ์œ„์— ์„ธ์šด ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
The treaty that established the UN gives as one of its purposes
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UN์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:03
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์žฌํ™•์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
And with the same spirit,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์‹ ์œผ๋กœ
01:09
in 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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1948๋…„ ์œ ์—”์ดํšŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์–ธ์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
This document, written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt,
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์—˜๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ์˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š”
01:20
lays the basis for modern international human rights law.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
The declaration is based on the principle
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์ด ์„ ์–ธ์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์›์น™์€
01:26
that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์กด์—„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:32
It lists 30 articles recognizing, among other things,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” 30๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘
01:35
the principle of nondiscrimination and the right to life and liberty.
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์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ธˆ์ง€์˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ์ž์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
It refers to negative freedoms, like the freedom from torture or slavery,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๊ทน์  ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:44
as well as positive freedoms,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์  ์ž์œ ์ธ
01:45
such as the freedom of movement and residence.
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์ด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
It encompasses basic civil and political rights,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
01:51
such as freedom of expression, religion, or peaceful assembly,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„, ์ข…๊ต, ํ‰ํ™”์  ์ง‘ํšŒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:55
as well as social, economic, and cultural rights,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ธ
01:59
such as the right to education
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๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ
02:00
and the right to freely choose one's occupation
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์ง์—…์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ
02:03
and be paid and treated fairly.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹น๊ณผ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
The declaration takes no sides as to which rights are more important,
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์ด ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋Š ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ํŽธ์„ ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:10
insisting on their universality,
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๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ
02:11
indivisibility,
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์„ฑ
02:13
and interdependence.
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์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
And in the past decades, international human rights law has grown,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด์„œ
02:19
deepening and expanding our understanding of what human rights are,
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์ธ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
02:22
and how to better protect them.
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์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„“ํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
So if these principles are so well-developed,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์›์น™๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„
02:27
then why are human rights abused and ignored time and time again
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์™œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด ์œ ๋ฆฐ๋˜๊ณ 
02:31
all over the world?
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๋ฌด์‹œ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:34
The problem in general is that it is not at all easy
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:38
to universally enforce these rights or to punish transgressors.
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์œ„๋ฐ˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
The UDHR itself, despite being highly authoritative and respected,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์–ธ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ถŒ์œ„์žˆ๊ณ  ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:46
is a declaration, not a hard law.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
So when individual countries violate it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:51
the mechanisms to address those violations are weak.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
For example, the main bodies within the UN in charge of protecting human rights
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์˜ˆ๋กœ, UN์—์„œ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์„œ๋Š”
03:00
mostly monitor and investigate violations,
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ๋ฟ
03:03
but they cannot force states to, say, change a policy or compensate a victim.
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์œ„๋ฐ˜๊ตญ์— ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
That's why some critics say it's naive to consider human rights a given
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅด๋Š”
03:13
in a world where state interests wield so much power.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•ด ๋น ์ง„ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Critics also question the universality of human rights
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:21
and emphasize that their development
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์ธ๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜
03:23
has been heavily guided by a small number of mostly Western nations
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์„œ์–‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋Œ๋ ค ์™”๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ถŒ์˜
03:27
to the detriment of inclusiveness.
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๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
The result?
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:31
A general bias in favor of civil policital liberties
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์—
03:33
over sociopolitical rights
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์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ 
03:36
and of individual over collective or groups rights.
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์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
Others defend universal human rights laws
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:43
and point at the positive role they have on setting international standards
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์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ  ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ผ ๋•Œ
03:47
and helping activists in their campaigns.
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๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
They also point out
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
03:51
that not all international human rights instruments are powerless.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ์ œ ์ธ๊ถŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
For example, the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a court
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์˜ˆ๋กœ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๊ถŒํ˜‘์•ฝ์€ 47๊ฐœ์˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด
03:59
where the 47 member countries and their citizens can bring cases.
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์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ •์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
The court issues binding decisions that each member state must comply with.
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์ด ๋ฒ•์ •์€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
Human rights law is constantly evolving
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์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ด๋•Œ์•ผ
04:11
as are our views and definitions of what the basic human rights should be.
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ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
For example, how basic or important is the right to democracy
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ 
04:19
or to development?
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:21
And as our lives are increasingly digital,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ ์  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
04:23
should there be a right to access the Internet?
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ ‘์†ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
04:26
A right to digital privacy?
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์š”?
04:28
What do you think?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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