What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti

2,947,568 views ใƒป 2015-10-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
The idea of human rights is that each one of us,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
00:09
no matter who we are or where we are born,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื• ืื™ืคื” ื ื•ืœื“ื ื•,
00:12
is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms.
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ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
00:16
Human rights are not privileges,
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ,
00:18
and they cannot be granted or revoked.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื ืชืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืœืงื—.
00:21
They are inalienable and universal.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช.
00:24
That may sound straighforward enough,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
00:26
but it gets incredibly complicated
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:29
as soon as anyone tries to put the idea into practice.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
00:32
What exactly are the basic human rights?
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ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช?
00:35
Who gets to pick them?
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ืžื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ?
00:36
Who enforces them, and how?
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ืžื™ ืื•ื›ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืื™ืš?
00:39
The history behind the concept of human rights is a long one.
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื”.
00:43
Throughout the centuries and across societies, religions, and cultures
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
00:46
we have struggled with defining notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights.
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ื ืื‘ืงื ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช, ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:52
But one of the most modern affirmations of universal human rights
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืืฉืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช
00:55
emerged from the ruins of World War II with the creation of the United Nations.
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ืฉืขืœื• ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
01:00
The treaty that established the UN gives as one of its purposes
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ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•"ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”
01:03
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights.
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ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
01:08
And with the same spirit,
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ื•ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืจื•ื—,
01:09
in 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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ื‘ 1948, ื”ืืกืคื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
01:16
This document, written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt,
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ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืืœื ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜,
01:20
lays the basis for modern international human rights law.
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ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
01:24
The declaration is based on the principle
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ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ
01:26
that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:32
It lists 30 articles recognizing, among other things,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื˜ 30 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ,
01:35
the principle of nondiscrimination and the right to life and liberty.
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ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืคืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
01:39
It refers to negative freedoms, like the freedom from torture or slavery,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
01:44
as well as positive freedoms,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:45
such as the freedom of movement and residence.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
01:49
It encompasses basic civil and political rights,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
01:51
such as freedom of expression, religion, or peaceful assembly,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืขื”, ืœื“ืช. ืื• ืœืืกืคื” ืฉืงื˜ื”,
01:55
as well as social, economic, and cultural rights,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:59
such as the right to education
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš
02:00
and the right to freely choose one's occupation
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข
02:03
and be paid and treated fairly.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
02:06
The declaration takes no sides as to which rights are more important,
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ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืฆื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:10
insisting on their universality,
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ื•ืžืชืขืงืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:11
indivisibility,
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:13
and interdependence.
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ื•ืชืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
02:15
And in the past decades, international human rights law has grown,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื“ืœ,
02:19
deepening and expanding our understanding of what human rights are,
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ื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ,
02:22
and how to better protect them.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:25
So if these principles are so well-developed,
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ืื– ืื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื,
02:27
then why are human rights abused and ignored time and time again
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
02:31
all over the world?
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
02:34
The problem in general is that it is not at all easy
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ
02:38
to universally enforce these rights or to punish transgressors.
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ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืคื™ืจื™ื”ืŸ.
02:42
The UDHR itself, despite being highly authoritative and respected,
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ื” UDHR ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
02:46
is a declaration, not a hard law.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื–ื”, ืœื ื—ื•ืง ืงืฉื™ื—.
02:49
So when individual countries violate it,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื•,
02:51
the mechanisms to address those violations are weak.
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื—ืœืฉ.
02:55
For example, the main bodies within the UN in charge of protecting human rights
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•"ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
03:00
mostly monitor and investigate violations,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืช,
03:03
but they cannot force states to, say, change a policy or compensate a victim.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืคืฆื•ืช ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.
03:10
That's why some critics say it's naive to consider human rights a given
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื›ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช
03:13
in a world where state interests wield so much power.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื—.
03:18
Critics also question the universality of human rights
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
03:21
and emphasize that their development
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ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:23
has been heavily guided by a small number of mostly Western nations
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
03:27
to the detriment of inclusiveness.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ืœืœื”.
03:30
The result?
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”?
03:31
A general bias in favor of civil policital liberties
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ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:33
over sociopolitical rights
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ืžืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:36
and of individual over collective or groups rights.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช.
03:40
Others defend universal human rights laws
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื
03:43
and point at the positive role they have on setting international standards
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ื•ื™ืคื ื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:47
and helping activists in their campaigns.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:50
They also point out
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื
03:51
that not all international human rights instruments are powerless.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ื•ื—.
03:55
For example, the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a court
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜
03:59
where the 47 member countries and their citizens can bring cases.
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ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช 47 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืชื™ืงื™ื.
04:03
The court issues binding decisions that each member state must comply with.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœื”ืŸ.
04:08
Human rights law is constantly evolving
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ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืžืชืคืชื— ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
04:11
as are our views and definitions of what the basic human rights should be.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
04:16
For example, how basic or important is the right to democracy
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
04:19
or to development?
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ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช?
04:21
And as our lives are increasingly digital,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:23
should there be a right to access the Internet?
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ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜?
04:26
A right to digital privacy?
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช?
04:28
What do you think?
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ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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