The dark history of IQ tests - Stefan C. Dombrowski

2,331,395 views ・ 2020-04-27

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Kristina Radosavljević
00:07
In 1905, psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon
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Godine 1905, psiholozi Alfred Bine i Teodor Simon
00:11
designed a test for children who were struggling in school in France.
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osmislili su test za decu koja su teško napredovala u školi u Francuskoj.
00:16
Designed to determine which children required individualized attention,
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Namenjen tome da odredi kojoj deci je potrebno zasebno posvetiti pažnju,
00:21
their method formed the basis of the IQ test.
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njihov metod je stvorio osnovu za test inteligencije.
00:25
Beginning in the late 19th century,
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Počevši od kraja 19. veka,
00:28
researchers hypothesized that cognitive abilities like verbal reasoning,
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istraživači su postavili hipotezu da kognitivne sposobnosti
poput verbalnog rasuđivanja, radne memorije
00:32
working memory, and visual-spatial skills
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i vizuelno-prostornih sposobnosti
00:35
reflected an underlying general intelligence, or g factor.
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predstavljaju odraz opšte inteligencije, ili g faktora, koji im je u osnovi.
00:40
Simon and Binet designed a battery of tests to measure each of these abilities
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Simon i Bine su napravili bateriju testova za merenje svake od ovih sposobnosti
00:45
and combine the results into a single score.
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i spojili rezultate u jedan skor.
00:49
Questions were adjusted for each age group,
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Pitanja su bila prilagođena svakoj starosnoj grupi,
00:52
and a child’s score reflected how they performed relative to others their age.
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i skor deteta je odražavao kakav je njegov učinak u odnosu na druge njegovog urasta.
00:56
Dividing someone’s score by their age and multiplying the result by 100
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Deljenjem nečijeg skora uzrastom i množenje rezultata brojem 100
01:02
yielded the intelligence quotient, or IQ.
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dobio bi se koeficijent inteligencije ili IQ.
01:06
Today, a score of 100 represents the average of a sample population,
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Danas skor 100 predstavlja prosek uzorka populacije,
01:11
with 68% of the population scoring within 15 points of 100.
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pri čemu 68% populacije ostvaruje skor u rasponu od 15 poena razlike od 100.
01:16
Simon and Binet thought the skills their test assessed
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Simon i Bine su mislili da će sposobnosti koje je njihov test procenjivao
01:20
would reflect general intelligence.
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odražavati opštu inteligenciju.
01:22
But both then and now,
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Ali kako tada tako i danas,
01:24
there’s no single agreed upon definition of general intelligence.
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ne postoji nijedna definicija opšte inteligencije oko koje se svi slažu.
01:29
And that left the door open for people to use the test
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A to je ljudima pružilo mogućnost da koriste test
01:32
in service of their own preconceived assumptions about intelligence.
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u službi svojih unapred stvorenih pretpostavki o inteligenciji.
01:37
What started as a way to identify those who needed academic help
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Ono što je počelo kao način da se identifikuju
oni kojima je potrebna akademska pomoć
01:42
quickly became used to sort people in other ways,
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ubrzo se upotrebljavalo da se ljudi sortiraju na druge načine,
01:46
often in service of deeply flawed ideologies.
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često u službi duboko pogrešnih ideologija.
01:50
One of the first large-scale implementations
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Jedna od prvih velikih primena dogodila se u Sjedinjenim Državama
01:52
occurred in the United States during WWI, when the military used an IQ test
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za vreme Prvog svetskog rata, kada je vojska koristila IQ test
01:58
to sort recruits and screen them for officer training.
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za sortiranje regruta i njihov odabir za obuku oficira.
02:02
At that time, many people believed in eugenics,
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U to vreme su mnogi verovali u eugeniku,
02:05
the idea that desirable and undesirable genetic traits
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ideju da se poželjne i nepoželjne genetske osobine
02:09
could and should be controlled in humans through selective breeding.
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mogu i da ih treba kontrolisati kod ljudi kroz selektivno razmnožavanje.
02:14
There were many problems with this line of thinking,
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Bilo je mnogo problema sa ovim načinom razmišljanja,
02:17
among them the idea that intelligence was not only fixed and inherited,
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između ostalog i sa idejom da inteligencija
ne samo da je fiksirana i nasleđena,
02:21
but also linked to a person’s race.
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već i vezana za rasu osobe.
02:24
Under the influence of eugenics,
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Pod uticajem eugenike,
02:26
scientists used the results of the military initiative
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naučnici su koristili rezultate vojnih inicijativa
02:29
to make erroneous claims that certain racial groups
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da donesu pogrešne tvrdnje da su pojedine rasne grupe
02:32
were intellectually superior to others.
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intelektualno superiorne u odnosu na druge.
02:35
Without taking into account that many of the recruits tested
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Ne uzimajući u obzir da su mnogi testirani regruti
02:38
were new immigrants to the United States
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bili novopridošli imigranti u Sjedinjenim Državama
02:41
who lacked formal education or English language exposure,
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koji nisu imali formalno obrazovanje ili nisu bili izloženi engleskom jeziku,
02:45
they created an erroneous intelligence hierarchy of ethnic groups.
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stvorili su pogrešnu hijerarhiju etničkih grupa.
02:50
The intersection of eugenics and IQ testing influenced not only science,
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Ukrštanje eugenike i testiranja inteligencije uticalo je ne samo nauku,
02:55
but policy as well.
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već i na zakone.
02:57
In 1924, the state of Virginia created policy
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Godine 1924, država Virdžinija je usvojila zakon
03:01
allowing for the forced sterilization of people with low IQ scores—
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koji je dozvoljavao prisilnu sterilizaciju ljudi sa niskim skorovima IQ,
03:06
a decision the United States Supreme Court upheld.
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što je odluka koju je podržao Vrhovni sud Sjedinjenih Država.
03:11
In Nazi Germany, the government authorized the murder of children
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U nacističkoj Nemačkoj, vlada je odobrila ubistva dece
03:15
based on low IQ.
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na osnovu niskog IQ-a.
03:17
Following the Holocaust and the Civil Rights Movement,
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Nakon holokausta i pokreta za građanska prava,
03:20
the discriminatory uses of IQ tests
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diskriminatorno korišćenje IQ testova
03:22
were challenged on both moral and scientific grounds.
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osporavano je na moralnim i naučnim osnovama.
03:26
Scientists began to gather evidence of environmental impacts on IQ.
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Naučnici su počeli da prikupljaju dokaze o uticajima sredine na IQ.
03:31
For example, as IQ tests were periodically recalibrated over the 20th century,
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Na primer, kako su IQ testovi periodično prepravljani tokom 20. veka,
03:37
new generations scored consistently higher on old tests
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nove generacije su konstantno postizale veći rezultat na starim testovima
03:41
than each previous generation.
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u poređenju sa starom generacijom.
03:43
This phenomenon, known as the Flynn Effect,
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Ova pojava, poznata kao Flinov efekat,
03:46
happened much too fast to be caused by inherited evolutionary traits.
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dešavala se suviše brzo da bi joj uzrok bile nasledne evolucijske osobine.
03:51
Instead, the cause was likely environmental—
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Uzrok je pre bilo okruženje -
03:54
improved education, better healthcare, and better nutrition.
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poboljšano obrazovanje, bolja zdravstvena zaštita i ishrana.
03:59
In the mid-twentieth century,
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Sredinom dvadesetog veka,
04:01
psychologists also attempted to use IQ tests
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psiholozi su takođe pokušavali da koriste IQ testove
04:04
to evaluate things other than general intelligence,
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radi procene drugih stvari sem opšte inteligencije,
04:07
particularly schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric conditions.
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naročito šizofrenije, depresije i drugih psihijatrijskih stanja.
04:13
These diagnoses relied in part on the clinical judgment of the evaluators,
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Te dijagnoze su se delom oslanjale na kliničku procenu evaluatora,
04:17
and used a subset of the tests used to determine IQ—
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i koristile su podskup testova za određivanje IQ-a,
04:22
a practice later research found does not yield clinically useful information.
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što je praksa za koju su kasnija istraživanja otkrila
da ne daje klinički korisne informacije.
04:27
Today, IQ tests employ many similar design elements and types of questions
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Danas IQ testovi koriste mnoge slične elemente dizajna
i vrste pitanja kao prvobitni testovi,
04:32
as the early tests,
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04:34
though we have better techniques for identifying potential bias in the test.
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mada imamo bolje tehnike za utvrđivanje potencijalnih pristrasnosti u testu.
04:38
They’re no longer used to diagnose psychiatric conditions.
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Više se ne koriste za dijagnozu psihijatrijskih stanja.
04:42
But a similarly problematic practice using subtest scores
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Ali slična problematična praksa korišćenja rezultata podtesta
04:46
is still sometimes used to diagnose learning disabilities,
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još uvek se ponekad koristi za dijagnostikovanje poteškoća u učenju,
04:50
against the advice of many experts.
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protivno savetu mnogih stručnjaka.
04:53
Psychologists around the world still use IQ tests
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Psiholozi širom sveta i dalje koriste IQ testove
04:57
to identify intellectual disability,
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da ustanove intelektualne ometenosti,
04:59
and the results can be used to determine
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a rezultat se može koristiti da bi se odredila
05:01
appropriate educational support, job training, and assisted living.
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odgovarajuća podrška u obrazovanju, obuka za posao i život sa podrškom.
05:06
IQ test results have been used to justify horrific policies
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Rezultati IQ testova korišćeni su radi opravdavanja užasnih politika
05:11
and scientifically baseless ideologies.
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i ideologija bez naučne osnove.
05:14
That doesn’t mean the test itself is worthless—
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To ne znači da je test sam po sebi bezvredan -
05:17
in fact, it does a good job of measuring the reasoning and problem-solving skills
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zapravo, on dobro vrši merenja sposobnosti rezonovanja i rešavanja problema
05:22
it sets out to.
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kojima je namenjen.
05:23
But that isn’t the same thing as measuring a person’s potential.
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Ali to nije isto što i merenje potencijala osobe.
05:28
Though there are many complicated political, historical, scientific,
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Iako postoji mnogo složenih političkih, istorijskih, naučnih
05:32
and cultural issues wrapped up in IQ testing,
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i kulturalnih problema u vezi sa testiranjem inteligencije,
05:36
more and more researchers agree on this point,
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sve više istraživača se sa time slaže,
05:38
and reject the notion that individuals can be categorized
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i odbacuju mišljenje da se pojedinci mogu kategorisati
05:42
by a single numerical score.
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na osnovu jednog numeričkog skora.
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