The dark history of IQ tests - Stefan C. Dombrowski

2,345,359 views ・ 2020-04-27

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Kristina Radosavljević
00:07
In 1905, psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon
0
7008
4873
Godine 1905, psiholozi Alfred Bine i Teodor Simon
00:11
designed a test for children who were struggling in school in France.
1
11881
4783
osmislili su test za decu koja su teško napredovala u školi u Francuskoj.
00:16
Designed to determine which children required individualized attention,
2
16664
4555
Namenjen tome da odredi kojoj deci je potrebno zasebno posvetiti pažnju,
00:21
their method formed the basis of the IQ test.
3
21219
4697
njihov metod je stvorio osnovu za test inteligencije.
00:25
Beginning in the late 19th century,
4
25916
2130
Počevši od kraja 19. veka,
00:28
researchers hypothesized that cognitive abilities like verbal reasoning,
5
28046
4487
istraživači su postavili hipotezu da kognitivne sposobnosti
poput verbalnog rasuđivanja, radne memorije
00:32
working memory, and visual-spatial skills
6
32533
2890
i vizuelno-prostornih sposobnosti
00:35
reflected an underlying general intelligence, or g factor.
7
35423
5279
predstavljaju odraz opšte inteligencije, ili g faktora, koji im je u osnovi.
00:40
Simon and Binet designed a battery of tests to measure each of these abilities
8
40702
5248
Simon i Bine su napravili bateriju testova za merenje svake od ovih sposobnosti
00:45
and combine the results into a single score.
9
45950
3520
i spojili rezultate u jedan skor.
00:49
Questions were adjusted for each age group,
10
49470
2580
Pitanja su bila prilagođena svakoj starosnoj grupi,
00:52
and a child’s score reflected how they performed relative to others their age.
11
52050
4818
i skor deteta je odražavao kakav je njegov učinak u odnosu na druge njegovog urasta.
00:56
Dividing someone’s score by their age and multiplying the result by 100
12
56868
5280
Deljenjem nečijeg skora uzrastom i množenje rezultata brojem 100
01:02
yielded the intelligence quotient, or IQ.
13
62148
4311
dobio bi se koeficijent inteligencije ili IQ.
01:06
Today, a score of 100 represents the average of a sample population,
14
66459
5048
Danas skor 100 predstavlja prosek uzorka populacije,
01:11
with 68% of the population scoring within 15 points of 100.
15
71507
5330
pri čemu 68% populacije ostvaruje skor u rasponu od 15 poena razlike od 100.
01:16
Simon and Binet thought the skills their test assessed
16
76837
3370
Simon i Bine su mislili da će sposobnosti koje je njihov test procenjivao
01:20
would reflect general intelligence.
17
80207
2510
odražavati opštu inteligenciju.
01:22
But both then and now,
18
82717
1810
Ali kako tada tako i danas,
01:24
there’s no single agreed upon definition of general intelligence.
19
84527
4631
ne postoji nijedna definicija opšte inteligencije oko koje se svi slažu.
01:29
And that left the door open for people to use the test
20
89158
3550
A to je ljudima pružilo mogućnost da koriste test
01:32
in service of their own preconceived assumptions about intelligence.
21
92708
5180
u službi svojih unapred stvorenih pretpostavki o inteligenciji.
01:37
What started as a way to identify those who needed academic help
22
97888
4230
Ono što je počelo kao način da se identifikuju
oni kojima je potrebna akademska pomoć
01:42
quickly became used to sort people in other ways,
23
102118
3926
ubrzo se upotrebljavalo da se ljudi sortiraju na druge načine,
01:46
often in service of deeply flawed ideologies.
24
106044
4000
često u službi duboko pogrešnih ideologija.
01:50
One of the first large-scale implementations
25
110044
2590
Jedna od prvih velikih primena dogodila se u Sjedinjenim Državama
01:52
occurred in the United States during WWI, when the military used an IQ test
26
112634
5393
za vreme Prvog svetskog rata, kada je vojska koristila IQ test
01:58
to sort recruits and screen them for officer training.
27
118027
4100
za sortiranje regruta i njihov odabir za obuku oficira.
02:02
At that time, many people believed in eugenics,
28
122127
3290
U to vreme su mnogi verovali u eugeniku,
02:05
the idea that desirable and undesirable genetic traits
29
125417
3790
ideju da se poželjne i nepoželjne genetske osobine
02:09
could and should be controlled in humans through selective breeding.
30
129207
5330
mogu i da ih treba kontrolisati kod ljudi kroz selektivno razmnožavanje.
02:14
There were many problems with this line of thinking,
31
134537
2590
Bilo je mnogo problema sa ovim načinom razmišljanja,
02:17
among them the idea that intelligence was not only fixed and inherited,
32
137127
4076
između ostalog i sa idejom da inteligencija
ne samo da je fiksirana i nasleđena,
02:21
but also linked to a person’s race.
33
141203
3010
već i vezana za rasu osobe.
02:24
Under the influence of eugenics,
34
144213
1840
Pod uticajem eugenike,
02:26
scientists used the results of the military initiative
35
146053
3240
naučnici su koristili rezultate vojnih inicijativa
02:29
to make erroneous claims that certain racial groups
36
149293
3240
da donesu pogrešne tvrdnje da su pojedine rasne grupe
02:32
were intellectually superior to others.
37
152533
3329
intelektualno superiorne u odnosu na druge.
02:35
Without taking into account that many of the recruits tested
38
155862
3080
Ne uzimajući u obzir da su mnogi testirani regruti
02:38
were new immigrants to the United States
39
158942
2420
bili novopridošli imigranti u Sjedinjenim Državama
02:41
who lacked formal education or English language exposure,
40
161362
4000
koji nisu imali formalno obrazovanje ili nisu bili izloženi engleskom jeziku,
02:45
they created an erroneous intelligence hierarchy of ethnic groups.
41
165362
4812
stvorili su pogrešnu hijerarhiju etničkih grupa.
02:50
The intersection of eugenics and IQ testing influenced not only science,
42
170174
5115
Ukrštanje eugenike i testiranja inteligencije uticalo je ne samo nauku,
02:55
but policy as well.
43
175289
2320
već i na zakone.
02:57
In 1924, the state of Virginia created policy
44
177609
3793
Godine 1924, država Virdžinija je usvojila zakon
03:01
allowing for the forced sterilization of people with low IQ scores—
45
181402
5345
koji je dozvoljavao prisilnu sterilizaciju ljudi sa niskim skorovima IQ,
03:06
a decision the United States Supreme Court upheld.
46
186747
4261
što je odluka koju je podržao Vrhovni sud Sjedinjenih Država.
03:11
In Nazi Germany, the government authorized the murder of children
47
191008
4000
U nacističkoj Nemačkoj, vlada je odobrila ubistva dece
03:15
based on low IQ.
48
195008
2020
na osnovu niskog IQ-a.
03:17
Following the Holocaust and the Civil Rights Movement,
49
197028
3040
Nakon holokausta i pokreta za građanska prava,
03:20
the discriminatory uses of IQ tests
50
200068
2730
diskriminatorno korišćenje IQ testova
03:22
were challenged on both moral and scientific grounds.
51
202798
3750
osporavano je na moralnim i naučnim osnovama.
03:26
Scientists began to gather evidence of environmental impacts on IQ.
52
206548
5060
Naučnici su počeli da prikupljaju dokaze o uticajima sredine na IQ.
03:31
For example, as IQ tests were periodically recalibrated over the 20th century,
53
211608
5601
Na primer, kako su IQ testovi periodično prepravljani tokom 20. veka,
03:37
new generations scored consistently higher on old tests
54
217209
4454
nove generacije su konstantno postizale veći rezultat na starim testovima
03:41
than each previous generation.
55
221663
2170
u poređenju sa starom generacijom.
03:43
This phenomenon, known as the Flynn Effect,
56
223833
2560
Ova pojava, poznata kao Flinov efekat,
03:46
happened much too fast to be caused by inherited evolutionary traits.
57
226393
5075
dešavala se suviše brzo da bi joj uzrok bile nasledne evolucijske osobine.
03:51
Instead, the cause was likely environmental—
58
231468
3200
Uzrok je pre bilo okruženje -
03:54
improved education, better healthcare, and better nutrition.
59
234668
4833
poboljšano obrazovanje, bolja zdravstvena zaštita i ishrana.
03:59
In the mid-twentieth century,
60
239501
1520
Sredinom dvadesetog veka,
04:01
psychologists also attempted to use IQ tests
61
241021
3390
psiholozi su takođe pokušavali da koriste IQ testove
04:04
to evaluate things other than general intelligence,
62
244411
3090
radi procene drugih stvari sem opšte inteligencije,
04:07
particularly schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric conditions.
63
247501
5595
naročito šizofrenije, depresije i drugih psihijatrijskih stanja.
04:13
These diagnoses relied in part on the clinical judgment of the evaluators,
64
253096
4785
Te dijagnoze su se delom oslanjale na kliničku procenu evaluatora,
04:17
and used a subset of the tests used to determine IQ—
65
257881
4215
i koristile su podskup testova za određivanje IQ-a,
04:22
a practice later research found does not yield clinically useful information.
66
262096
5490
što je praksa za koju su kasnija istraživanja otkrila
da ne daje klinički korisne informacije.
04:27
Today, IQ tests employ many similar design elements and types of questions
67
267586
5387
Danas IQ testovi koriste mnoge slične elemente dizajna
i vrste pitanja kao prvobitni testovi,
04:32
as the early tests,
68
272973
1670
04:34
though we have better techniques for identifying potential bias in the test.
69
274643
4218
mada imamo bolje tehnike za utvrđivanje potencijalnih pristrasnosti u testu.
04:38
They’re no longer used to diagnose psychiatric conditions.
70
278861
3940
Više se ne koriste za dijagnozu psihijatrijskih stanja.
04:42
But a similarly problematic practice using subtest scores
71
282801
4147
Ali slična problematična praksa korišćenja rezultata podtesta
04:46
is still sometimes used to diagnose learning disabilities,
72
286948
4020
još uvek se ponekad koristi za dijagnostikovanje poteškoća u učenju,
04:50
against the advice of many experts.
73
290968
2900
protivno savetu mnogih stručnjaka.
04:53
Psychologists around the world still use IQ tests
74
293868
3460
Psiholozi širom sveta i dalje koriste IQ testove
04:57
to identify intellectual disability,
75
297328
2460
da ustanove intelektualne ometenosti,
04:59
and the results can be used to determine
76
299788
2088
a rezultat se može koristiti da bi se odredila
05:01
appropriate educational support, job training, and assisted living.
77
301876
4950
odgovarajuća podrška u obrazovanju, obuka za posao i život sa podrškom.
05:06
IQ test results have been used to justify horrific policies
78
306826
4679
Rezultati IQ testova korišćeni su radi opravdavanja užasnih politika
05:11
and scientifically baseless ideologies.
79
311505
3170
i ideologija bez naučne osnove.
05:14
That doesn’t mean the test itself is worthless—
80
314675
3100
To ne znači da je test sam po sebi bezvredan -
05:17
in fact, it does a good job of measuring the reasoning and problem-solving skills
81
317775
4569
zapravo, on dobro vrši merenja sposobnosti rezonovanja i rešavanja problema
05:22
it sets out to.
82
322344
1420
kojima je namenjen.
05:23
But that isn’t the same thing as measuring a person’s potential.
83
323764
4687
Ali to nije isto što i merenje potencijala osobe.
05:28
Though there are many complicated political, historical, scientific,
84
328451
4000
Iako postoji mnogo složenih političkih, istorijskih, naučnih
05:32
and cultural issues wrapped up in IQ testing,
85
332451
3620
i kulturalnih problema u vezi sa testiranjem inteligencije,
05:36
more and more researchers agree on this point,
86
336071
2850
sve više istraživača se sa time slaže,
05:38
and reject the notion that individuals can be categorized
87
338921
3694
i odbacuju mišljenje da se pojedinci mogu kategorisati
05:42
by a single numerical score.
88
342615
2290
na osnovu jednog numeričkog skora.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7