The dark history of IQ tests - Stefan C. Dombrowski

2,235,075 views ・ 2020-04-27

TED-Ed


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Translator: Mojca Ješe Reviewer: Nika Kotnik
00:07
In 1905, psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon
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Leta 1905 sta psihologa Alfred Binet in Théodore Simon
00:11
designed a test for children who were struggling in school in France.
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zasnovala test, namenjen otrokom z učnimi težavami, v Franciji.
00:16
Designed to determine which children required individualized attention,
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Da bi odkrila, kateri izmed otrok so potrebovali individualizirano pomoč,
00:21
their method formed the basis of the IQ test.
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sta ustvarila metodo, ki je podlaga za IQ test.
00:25
Beginning in the late 19th century,
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Že v poznih letih 19. stoletja so znanstveniki menili,
00:28
researchers hypothesized that cognitive abilities like verbal reasoning,
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da kognitivne sposobnosti, kot so jezikovna razprava,
00:32
working memory, and visual-spatial skills
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delovni spomin in vizualno-prostorske sposobnosti,
00:35
reflected an underlying general intelligence, or g factor.
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kažejo na splošno inteligenco oziroma faktor "g".
00:40
Simon and Binet designed a battery of tests to measure each of these abilities
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Simon in Binet sta zasnovala več testov za merjenje vsake izmed teh sposobnosti,
00:45
and combine the results into a single score.
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in združila rezultate v en sam končni izid.
00:49
Questions were adjusted for each age group,
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Vprašanja so bila prilagojena vsaki starostni skupini,
00:52
and a child’s score reflected how they performed relative to others their age.
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rezultat posameznika pa relativen, glede na rezultate njegovih vrstnikov.
00:56
Dividing someone’s score by their age and multiplying the result by 100
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Deljenje posameznikovega rezulata z njegovimi leti, pomnoženo s 100,
01:02
yielded the intelligence quotient, or IQ.
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nam da inteligenčni kvocient ali IQ.
01:06
Today, a score of 100 represents the average of a sample population,
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Danes IQ=100 prestavlja povprečje vzorčne populacije,
01:11
with 68% of the population scoring within 15 points of 100.
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pri čemer je rezultat 68 % populacije znotraj 15 točk odstopanja od 100.
01:16
Simon and Binet thought the skills their test assessed
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Simon in Binet sta menila, da sposobnosti, ki ju njun test meri,
01:20
would reflect general intelligence.
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odsevajo splošno inteligenco.
01:22
But both then and now,
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Vendar tako takrat kot tudi danes
01:24
there’s no single agreed upon definition of general intelligence.
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ni enotne potrjene definicije splošne inteligence.
01:29
And that left the door open for people to use the test
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In to je omogočilo odprt dostop za koriščenje testa
01:32
in service of their own preconceived assumptions about intelligence.
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za podporo njihovih lastnih predsodkov o inteligenci.
01:37
What started as a way to identify those who needed academic help
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Kar se je začelo s prepoznavanjem otrok, ki so potrebovali učno pomoč,
01:42
quickly became used to sort people in other ways,
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je kmalu postal način razvrščanja ljudi na drugačen način,
01:46
often in service of deeply flawed ideologies.
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pogosto na podlagi globoko zgrešenih ideologij.
01:50
One of the first large-scale implementations
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Ena izmed prvih množičnih implementacij je bila v ZDA,
01:52
occurred in the United States during WWI, when the military used an IQ test
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med 1. svetovno vojno, ko je vojska uporabila IQ test
01:58
to sort recruits and screen them for officer training.
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za razvščanje in pregled novincev za usposabljanje uslužbencev.
02:02
At that time, many people believed in eugenics,
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Takrat je veliko ljudi verjelo v nauke evgenike,
02:05
the idea that desirable and undesirable genetic traits
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idejo, da lahko zaželene in nezaželene genetske značilnosti
02:09
could and should be controlled in humans through selective breeding.
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pri ljudeh nadzorujemo s selektivnim razmnoževanjem.
02:14
There were many problems with this line of thinking,
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Pri takšnem razmišljanju je veliko pomislekov,
02:17
among them the idea that intelligence was not only fixed and inherited,
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med njimi tudi prepričanje, da je inteligenca ne le vnaprej določena
in podedovana, temveč tudi povezana z raso.
02:21
but also linked to a person’s race.
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02:24
Under the influence of eugenics,
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Pod vplivom evgenike
02:26
scientists used the results of the military initiative
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so znanstveniki uporabili rezultate vojaške iniciative
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to make erroneous claims that certain racial groups
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za deljenje zmotnih trditev, da so določene rasne skupine
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were intellectually superior to others.
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intelektualno superiorne drugim.
02:35
Without taking into account that many of the recruits tested
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Brez da bi upoštevali dejstvo, da so mnogi testirani novinci
02:38
were new immigrants to the United States
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novi imigranti v Združenih državah Amerike,
02:41
who lacked formal education or English language exposure,
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ki nimajo formalne izobrazbe ali niso bili izpostavljeni angleškemu jeziku,
02:45
they created an erroneous intelligence hierarchy of ethnic groups.
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so vzpostavili zmotno inteligenčno hierarhijo etničnih skupin.
02:50
The intersection of eugenics and IQ testing influenced not only science,
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Presek evgenike in testiranja IQ je vplivalo ne le na znanost,
02:55
but policy as well.
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temveč tudi na notranjo politiko.
02:57
In 1924, the state of Virginia created policy
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Leta 1924 je zvezna država Virginia implementirala program,
03:01
allowing for the forced sterilization of people with low IQ scores—
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ki je dovoljeval prisilno sterilizacijo ljudi z nizkimi rezultati IQ -
03:06
a decision the United States Supreme Court upheld.
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odločitev, ki jo je podprlo tudi Ustavno sodišče Združenih držav Amerike.
03:11
In Nazi Germany, the government authorized the murder of children
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V nacistični Nemčiji je vlada dovolila umor otrok,
03:15
based on low IQ.
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glede na njihov nizki IQ.
03:17
Following the Holocaust and the Civil Rights Movement,
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Po holokavstu in gibanju za človekove pravice,
03:20
the discriminatory uses of IQ tests
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so začeli diskriminatorne rabe IQ testov
03:22
were challenged on both moral and scientific grounds.
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izpodbijati, tako iz vidika moralne kot tudi znanstvene podlage.
03:26
Scientists began to gather evidence of environmental impacts on IQ.
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Znastveniki so začeli zbirati dokaze o vplivih okolja na posameznikov IQ.
03:31
For example, as IQ tests were periodically recalibrated over the 20th century,
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Na primer, ker so bili IQ testi uporabljeni periodično skozi 20. stoletje,
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new generations scored consistently higher on old tests
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so imele nove generacije na starih testih dosledno višje rezultate
03:41
than each previous generation.
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kot vsaka prejšnja generacija.
03:43
This phenomenon, known as the Flynn Effect,
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Ta fenomen, poznan kot Flynnov učinek,
03:46
happened much too fast to be caused by inherited evolutionary traits.
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se je odvil prehitro, da bi nanj lahko vplivale podedovane evolucijske lastnosti.
03:51
Instead, the cause was likely environmental—
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Resničen razlog je bil tako najverjetneje v okolju -
03:54
improved education, better healthcare, and better nutrition.
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boljša izobrazba, zdravstveni sistem in prehranjevalne navade.
03:59
In the mid-twentieth century,
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V sredini 20. stoletja
04:01
psychologists also attempted to use IQ tests
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so psihologi z IQ testi
04:04
to evaluate things other than general intelligence,
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poskušali umeriti tudi druge lastnosti, razen splošne inteligence,
04:07
particularly schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric conditions.
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na primer šizofrenijo, depresijo in druga psihiatrična stanja.
04:13
These diagnoses relied in part on the clinical judgment of the evaluators,
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Te diagnoze so delno slonele na kliničnem mnenju ocenjevalcev,
04:17
and used a subset of the tests used to determine IQ—
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ob uporabi podtestov za določanje IQ-ja -
04:22
a practice later research found does not yield clinically useful information.
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kar so kasnejše študije pokazale, ne prinaša klinično uporabnih rezulatov.
04:27
Today, IQ tests employ many similar design elements and types of questions
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Danes, IQ testi uporabljajo mnogo podobnih osnovnih elementov in tipov vprašanj
04:32
as the early tests,
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kot zgodnji testi,
04:34
though we have better techniques for identifying potential bias in the test.
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imamo pa boljše tehnike prepoznavanja potencialnih predsodkov v testih.
04:38
They’re no longer used to diagnose psychiatric conditions.
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Ne uporabljamo jih več za diagnosticiranje psihiatričnih stanj.
04:42
But a similarly problematic practice using subtest scores
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Je pa podobno problematična praksa uporabe rezultatov podtestov,
04:46
is still sometimes used to diagnose learning disabilities,
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ki se včasih uporablja za diagnosticiranje učnih težav,
04:50
against the advice of many experts.
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kljub opozorilom mnogih strokovnjakov.
04:53
Psychologists around the world still use IQ tests
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Psihologi po svetu še vedno uporabljajo IQ teste
04:57
to identify intellectual disability,
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za identifikacijo intelektualnih motenj,
04:59
and the results can be used to determine
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rezultati pa se uporabljajo za določanje
05:01
appropriate educational support, job training, and assisted living.
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zadostne podpore izobraževanju, usposabljanje za delo in bivanje v domu.
05:06
IQ test results have been used to justify horrific policies
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IQ teste so izrabljali, da bi upravičili grozljive politične odločitve
05:11
and scientifically baseless ideologies.
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in ideologije, brez vsakršne znanstvene podlage.
05:14
That doesn’t mean the test itself is worthless—
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To še ne pomeni, da je sam test neučinkovit -
05:17
in fact, it does a good job of measuring the reasoning and problem-solving skills
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v bistvu dobro meri sposobnosti utemeljevanja in reševanja problemov,
05:22
it sets out to.
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kar je tudi njegov namen.
05:23
But that isn’t the same thing as measuring a person’s potential.
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Vendar to ni enako kot merjenje človekovega potenciala.
05:28
Though there are many complicated political, historical, scientific,
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Čeprav je s testiranjem IQ povezanih mnogo političnih, zgodovinskih,
05:32
and cultural issues wrapped up in IQ testing,
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znanstvenih in kulturnih zapletov,
05:36
more and more researchers agree on this point,
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se vedno več znanstvenikov v tej točki strinja
05:38
and reject the notion that individuals can be categorized
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in zavrača mnenje, da lahko posameznika kategoriziramo
05:42
by a single numerical score.
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na podlagi enega samega številskega rezultata.
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