Symbiosis: A surprising tale of species cooperation - David Gonzales

352,640 views

2012-03-14 ใƒป TED-Ed


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Symbiosis: A surprising tale of species cooperation - David Gonzales

352,640 views ใƒป 2012-03-14

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Woo Hwang
(์Œ์•…)
00:13
Are you familiar with the word symbiosis?
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๊ณต์ƒ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์„ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์นญํ•˜๋Š”
00:16
It's a fancy term for a partnership between two different species,
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋œป์ด์—์š”.
00:19
such as bees and flowers.
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00:21
In a symbiosis, both species depend on each other.
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๊ณต์ƒ์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒˆ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…์ธ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์‚ฐ๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ท€์™€
00:25
I want to tell you about a remarkable symbiosis
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00:27
between a little bird, the Clark's nutcracker,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์†ก๋‚˜๋ฌด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
00:29
and a big tree, the whitebark pine.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
Whitebark grow in the mountains of Wyoming, Montana
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๋ฐฑ์†ก์€ ์™€์ด์˜ค๋ฐ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ๋ชฌ๋‚˜ํƒ€์ฃผ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฐ์•…์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ์ฃ .
00:35
and other western states.
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00:36
They have huge canopies and lots of needles,
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—๋Š” ์ž„๊ด€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋ค๋ถˆ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:39
which provide cover and shelter for other plants and animals,
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์ž„๊ด€์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:42
and whitebark feed the forest.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฑ์†ก๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ˆฒ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:45
Their cones are packed with protein.
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๋ฐฑ์†ก์˜ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ฝ‰ ์ฐจ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:47
Squirrels gnaw the cones from the upper branches
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๋‹ค๋žŒ์ฅ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน์–ด์„œ
๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:50
so they fall to the ground,
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00:51
and then race down to bury them in piles, or middens.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์žฝ์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ๋ค๋ถˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋”๋ฏธ์†์— ๋ฐฉ์„์„ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์š”.
00:54
But they don't get to keep all of them;
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ–์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ด์š”.
00:56
grizzlies and black bears love finding middens.
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ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ณฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ค๋ถˆ ์†์„ ๋’ค์ง€๋Š”๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:59
But there's more to a symbiosis than one species feeding another.
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๊ณต์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
In the case of the Clark's nutcracker, this bird gives back.
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๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ท€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋˜๊ฐš์•„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:06
While gathering its seeds, it also replants the trees.
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์”จ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹ฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
01:10
Here's how it works: using her powerful beak,
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01:12
the nutcracker picks apart a cone in a treetop,
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๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋์— ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ์ชผ์•„๋Œ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
pulling out the seeds.
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์”จ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ 80๊ฐœ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์†์— ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
She can store up to 80 of them in a pouch in her throat.
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01:19
Then she flies through the forest
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆฒ์„ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋…€์š”.
01:21
looking for a place to cache the seeds
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๋•…์† 2.5cm ๊นŠ์ด์— 8๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ”์ฃ .
01:23
an inch under the soil in piles of up to eight seeds.
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01:26
Nutcrackers can gather up to 90,000 seeds in the autumn,
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๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ํ•œ ํ•ด์— ์”จ๋ฅผ 90,000๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ์•„๋‘๊ณ ๋Š”
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒจ์šธ๊ณผ ๋ด„์— ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ฃ .
01:30
which they return for in the winter and spring.
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01:32
And these birds are smart.
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์š”. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์— ์ˆจ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:34
They remember where all those seeds are.
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์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‘๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
01:36
They even use landmarks on the landscape --
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01:38
trees, stumps, rocks --
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋™๊ฐ•, ๋ฐ”์œ„์—๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ  --
01:40
to triangulate to caches buried deep under the snow.
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์Œ“์ธ ๋ˆˆ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ๊ฐ์ถฐ๋‘” ์”จ๋ฅผ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
What they don't go back and get, those seeds become whitebark.
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์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์”จ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์†ก ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์„œ
01:47
This symbiosis is so important to both species
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01:50
that they've changed, or evolved, to suit each other.
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์„œ๋กœ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์šธ ์†์˜ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:54
Nutcrackers have developed long, tough beaks
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:57
for extracting seeds from cones,
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01:59
and whitebarks' branches all sweep upwards
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๋ฐฑ์†ก๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์šธ์„ ๋์— ๋‹ฌ๊ณ 
02:02
with the cones at the very ends,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ„์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊ท€์—๊ฒŒ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
so they can offer them to the nutcrackers as they fly by.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์š”:
02:07
That's a symbiosis:
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02:08
Two species cooperating to help each other for the benefit of all.
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๋‘ ์ข…์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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