How do carbohydrates impact your health? - Richard J. Wood

6,570,851 views ใƒป 2016-01-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Which of these has the least carbohydrates?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช?
00:09
This roll of bread?
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ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื–ื•?
00:10
This bowl of rice?
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ืงืขืจืช ื”ืื•ืจื– ื”ื–ื•?
00:12
Or this can of soda?
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ืื• ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื– ื”ื–ื•?
00:14
It's a trick question.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื”.
00:15
Although they may differ in fats, vitamins, and other nutritional content,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:19
when it comes to carbs, they're pretty much the same.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:23
So what exactly does that mean for your diet?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื?
00:26
First of all, carbohydrate is the nutritional category for sugars
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืœืกื•ื›ืจ
00:30
and molecules that your body breaks down to make sugars.
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืคืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื.
00:34
Carbohydrates can be simple or complex depending on their structure.
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ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
00:38
This is a simple sugar, or monosaccharide.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื›ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื• ืžื•ื ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื“.
00:42
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all simple sugars.
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ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–, ืคืจื•ืงื˜ื•ื–, ื•ื’ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ื›ื•ืœื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:46
Link two of them together, and you've got a disaccharide,
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื“ื™ืกื›ืจื™ื“,
00:50
lactose, maltose, or sucrose.
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ืœืงื˜ื•ื–, ืžืœื˜ื•ื–, ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจื•ื–.
00:55
Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand,
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ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
00:57
have three or more simple sugars strung together.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:00
Complex carbohydrates with three to ten linked sugars
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ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
01:04
are oligosaccharides.
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื“ื™ื.
01:06
Those with more than ten are polysaccharides.
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ืืœื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื›ืจื™ื“ื™ื.
01:09
During digestion,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
01:10
your body breaks down those complex carbohydrates
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:14
into their monosaccharide building blocks,
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ืœืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื“ื™ื,
01:16
which your cells can use for energy.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:19
So when you eat any carbohydrate-rich food,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
01:22
the sugar level in your blood, normally about a teaspoon, goes up.
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ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืคื™ืช, ืขื•ืœื”.
01:27
But your digestive tract doesn't respond to all carbohydrates the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
01:31
Consider starch and fiber,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื,
01:33
both polysaccharides,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืคื•ืœื™ืกื›ืจื™ื ื™ื,
01:35
both derived from plants,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:36
both composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined together,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืื•ืช ืขื“ ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
01:42
but they're joined together differently,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
01:44
and that changes the effect they have on your body.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:47
In starches, which plants mostly store for energy in roots and seeds,
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ื‘ืขืžื™ืœืŸ, ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื,
01:51
glucose molecules are joined together by alpha linkages,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœืคื,
01:55
most of which can be easily cleaved by enzymes in your digestive tract.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:00
But in fiber, the bonds between monosaccharide molecules are beta bonds,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืกื›ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงื™ืฉืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื,
02:05
which your body can't break down.
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจืง.
02:07
Fiber can also trap some starches, preventing them from being cleaved,
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ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืžื™ืœืŸ, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื—ืชืš,
02:12
resulting in something called resistant starch.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืขืžื™ื“.
02:15
So foods high in starch, like crackers and white bread,
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ืื– ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืžื™ืœืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืงืจืงืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ื ืœื‘ืŸ,
02:19
are digested easily,
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ืžืชืขื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
02:21
quickly releasing a whole bunch of glucose into your blood,
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:24
exactly what would happen if you drank something high in glucose, like soda.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–, ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื“ื”.
02:28
These foods have a high glycemic index,
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ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
02:31
the amount that a particular food raises the sugar level in your blood.
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ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:36
Soda and white bread have a similar glycemic index
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ืœืกื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื—ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ ื“ื•ืžื”
02:39
because they have a similar effect on your blood sugar.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื.
02:42
But when you eat foods high in fiber, like vegetables, fruits, and whole grains,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื,
02:47
those indigestible beta bonds slow the release of glucose into the blood.
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ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืขื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืœื“ื.
02:52
Those foods have a lower glycemic index,
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ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:54
and foods like eggs, cheese, and meats have the lowest glycemic index.
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ื•ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื”ื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ืš.
03:00
When sugar moves from the digestive tract to the blood stream,
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ื›ืฉืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
03:04
your body kicks into action to transfer it into your tissues
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:08
where it can be processed and used for energy.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:10
Insulin, a hormone synthesized in the pancreas,
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ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ืœื‘,
03:14
is one of the body's main tools for sugar management.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ.
03:17
When you eat and your blood sugar rises,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืœื”,
03:20
insulin is secreted into the blood.
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ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื.
03:23
It prompts your muscle and fat cells to let glucose in
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืชืช ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืœื”ื›ื ืก
03:26
and jump starts the conversion of sugar to energy.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:30
The degree to which a unit of insulin lowers the blood sugar
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื
03:33
helps us understand something called insulin sensitivity.
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
03:37
The more a given unit of insulin lowers blood sugar,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื,
03:40
the more sensitive you are to insulin.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
03:43
If insulin sensitivity goes down, that's known as insulin resistance.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
03:47
The pancreas still sends out insulin,
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ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื— ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
03:49
but cells, especially muscle cells, are less and less responsive to it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ, ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื™ื•,
03:54
so blood sugar fails to decrease,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจื“ืช,
03:57
and blood insulin continues to rise.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช.
04:00
Chronically consuming a lot of carbohydrates
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช
04:03
may lead to insulin resistance,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
04:06
and many scientists believe that insulin resistance
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ
04:09
leads to a serious condition called metabolic syndrome.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™.
04:13
That involves a constellation of symptoms,
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ื–ื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
04:15
including high blood sugar,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื,
04:17
increased waist circumference,
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ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื,
04:19
and high blood pressure.
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ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
04:21
It increases the risk of developing conditions,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฆื‘ื™ื,
04:23
like cardiovascular disease
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ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
04:25
and type II diabetes.
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ื•ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ 2.
04:27
And its prevalence is rapidly increasing all over the world.
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:31
As much as 32% of the population in the U.S. has metabolic syndrome.
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ืœืขื“ 32% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™.
04:38
So let's get back to your diet.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:40
Whether your food tastes sweet or not, sugar is sugar,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื•ืง ืื• ืœื, ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื›ืจ,
04:44
and too many carbs can be a problem.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:47
So maybe you'll want to take a pass
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ
04:49
on that pasta sushi roll pita burrito donut burger sandwich.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื˜ื” ืกื•ืฉื™ ืจื•ืœ ืคื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ื˜ื• ื“ื•ื ืื˜ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ'.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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