Why do your jeans wear out so quickly? - Madhavi Venkatesan

352,852 views ใƒป 2021-11-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
The first pairs of jeans were designed for durability.
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
00:10
Named for the French city of Nรฎmes,
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื ื™ื,
00:12
denim was constructed as a sturdy cotton weave worn by sailors.
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ื“ื ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืืจื™ื’ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื.
00:17
This rugged material got even stronger in the 19th century,
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื–ืง ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19,
00:20
when Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis added metal rivets to reinforce stress points.
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืื•ืก ื•ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžืชื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
00:26
Their design introduced a new brand of durable trousers
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ืชื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื
00:29
for California miners that could withstand years of wear and tear.
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ืœื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืงืจื™ืขื”.
00:33
Over the course of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
00:35
these working-class pants have transformed into fashion icons.
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ืžื›ื ืกื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื”.
00:39
But as the demand for jeans has gone up, their durability has gone down.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ืขืœืชื”, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืจื“ื”.
00:44
Today, most pairs last no longer than a year.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”.
00:47
And each new pair you buy has a much higher cost than you might think.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:51
Every pair of jeans begins its life in a cotton field.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื›ื•ืชื ื”.
00:55
It takes about 0.7 kilograms of cotton to produce a single pair of pants.
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ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 0.7 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื.
01:00
Growing this much cotton requires roughly 10,000 liters of water,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
01:05
not to mention various herbicides and pesticides,
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:08
which can contaminate groundwater.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื.
01:10
The cotton is harvested by hand or industrial machines
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ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
01:14
and transported to textile factories where itโ€™s spun into yarn.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:17
At this point, itโ€™s typically combined with plastic fibers like spandex
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื›ืžื• ืกืคื ื“ืงืก
01:22
to increase the yarnโ€™s elasticity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื.
01:24
These plastic threads make modern jeans more comfortable and flexible,
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ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื’โ€™ื™ื ืกื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื,
01:28
but also much less durable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื.
01:31
Next, the yarn is dyed jeansโ€™ trademark blue.
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ืื–, ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
01:34
Historically, this color came from natural plant-derived indigo.
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื• ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:38
But most modern manufacturers use a synthetic dye
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™
01:41
made from petroleum byproducts and toxic chemicals.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
01:45
Once dyed, the cotton-plastic blend is woven into denim sheets,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืืจื’ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื“ื ื™ื,
01:49
which are then cut and sewn into jeans.
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ืฉืื– ื ื—ืชื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืชืคืจื•ืช ืœื’โ€™ื™ื ืก.
01:52
After assembly, some jeans undergo additional procedures
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื” ื’โ€™ื™ื ืกื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
01:55
to get a distressed look.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืจืื” ื‘ืœื•ื™.
01:57
This often includes chemical sprays and multiple cycles of acid-washing,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื”,
02:02
the toxic runoff can turn rivers indigo-blue.
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ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื•.
02:05
Finally, there are the zippers, buttons, and rivets
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื›ืกื ื™ื, ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ื
02:08
made of copper and other metals,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:10
whose mining is yet another source of environmental degradation.
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ืฉื›ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
02:14
All in all, the manufacturing process for a single pair of jeans
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ื‘ื•ื“ื“
02:18
emits over 33 kilograms of carbonโ€”
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจ 33 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ --
02:21
the equivalent of driving over 110 kilometers.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 110 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:24
But this process doesn't just damage the environment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:28
Much of the worldโ€™s cotton is grown in developing countries,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
02:31
with poor labor practices and few protections for workers.
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ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
02:35
Cotton here is often picked by children or forced labor,
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ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืืกืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
02:38
and most jean manufacturing plants frequently expose workers
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’โ€™ื™ื ืกื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ
02:42
to toxic chemicals throughout production.
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ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
02:44
One particularly dangerous technique called sandblasting
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืชื–ืช ื—ื•ืœ
02:48
involves spraying jeans with fine sand at high pressures
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชื–ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
02:52
and has been linked with numerous cases of incurable and often fatal lung disease.
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ื•ืงื•ืฉืจื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
02:57
Like many globally produced products,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
02:59
jeans are made in poor countries and bought in rich ones.
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ื’โ€™ื™ื ืกื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
03:02
All these pants will likely be washed dozens or even hundreds of times per year.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื•ื‘ืกื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:07
This energy intensive process breaks down the plastics woven into each pair,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉื ืืจื’ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’,
03:12
releasing microplastics into the water
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืœืžื™ื
03:14
and, perhaps most ironic of all, shortening the jeanโ€™s lifespan.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ืžืงืฆืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก.
03:18
Like most waste, discarded jeans end up in landfills,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื’ื™โ€™ื ืก ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืš ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช,
03:22
where their decomposition releases methane gas,
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ืฉื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื’ื– ืžืชืืŸ,
03:24
while their dyes and plastics leach into the soil and groundwater.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ืœืื“ืžื” ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื.
03:28
Some companies are working on solutions here,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื”,
03:31
from using organic cotton to recycling and reusing denim.
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ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื ื™ื.
03:35
You can also help reduce the environmental impact of your favorite pants
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:38
by buying used jeans and buying fewer pairs altogether.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
03:42
Denim manufacturers also recommend only washing your jeans once every 10 wears.
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื“ื ื™ื ื’ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื’โ€™ื™ื ืก ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืœ 10 ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช.
03:47
And, when possible, air dry your pants to reduce energy consumption.
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ื•ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจื™, ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:51
Life cycle and labor problems like these extend far beyond just jeans.
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’โ€™ื™ื ืก.
03:56
Some governments are pursuing policies to make companies more responsible
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช
04:00
for worker pay and welfare,
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ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื•ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
04:02
but unsustainable practices still run rampant throughout the fashion industry.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืืคื ื”.
04:06
So when the price tags on your clothes seem like a steal,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื ืจืื” ื™ืงืจ,
04:09
itโ€™s important to consider whoโ€™s actually being robbed.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืฉื“ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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