Where does gold come from? - David Lunney

8,130,986 views ใƒป 2015-10-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
In medieval times,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:09
alchemists tried to achieve the seemingly impossible.
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ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
00:12
They wanted to transform lowly lead into gleaming gold.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืคืจืช ื”ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ื ื•ืฆืฅ.
00:17
History portrays these people as aged eccentrics,
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
00:20
but if only they'd known that their dreams were actually achievable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื’ื”.
00:25
Indeed, today we can manufacture gold on Earth
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:28
thanks to modern inventions
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
00:30
that those medieval alchemists missed by a few centuries.
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ืฉื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืกืคืกื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช.
00:35
But to understand how this precious metal
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
00:37
became embedded in our planet to start with,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ื˜ืžืขืช ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”,
00:40
we have to gaze upwards at the stars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:43
Gold is extraterrestrial.
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ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™.
00:45
Instead of arising from the planet's rocky crust,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ืกืœืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:48
it was actually cooked up in space
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
00:51
and is present on Earth because of cataclysmic stellar explosions
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
00:55
called supernovae.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”.
00:57
Stars are mostly made up of hydrogen, the simplest and lightest element.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื™ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:02
The enormous gravitational pressure of so much material
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:05
compresses and triggers nuclear fusion in the star's core.
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ื“ื•ื—ืก ื•ืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:10
This process releases energy from the hydrogen,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:12
making the star shine.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื–ืจื•ื—.
01:14
Over many millions of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:16
fusion transforms hydrogen into heavier elements:
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ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ:
01:20
helium, carbon, and oxygen,
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ื”ืœื™ื•ื, ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:23
burning subsequent elements faster and faster to reach iron and nickel.
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ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื ื™ืงืœ.
01:28
However, at that point nuclear fusion no longer releases enough energy,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:32
and the pressure from the core peters out.
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ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื“ื•ืขืš.
01:36
The outer layers collapse into the center,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ืœืžืจื›ื–,
01:38
and bouncing back from this sudden injection of energy,
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ื•ืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ื”ื–ืจืงื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:41
the star explodes forming a supernova.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”.
01:46
The extreme pressure of a collapsing star is so high,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:49
that subatomic protons and electrons are forced together in the core,
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ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”,
01:55
forming neutrons.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:57
Neutrons have no repelling electric charge
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ืœื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื—ื”
01:59
so they're easily captured by the iron group elements.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ืœื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
02:04
Multiple neutron captures enable the formation of heavier elements
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:08
that a star under normal circumstances can't form,
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืชื—ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆืจ,
02:11
from silver to gold,
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ืžื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื–ื”ื‘,
02:13
past lead and on to uranium.
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ื”ืœืื” ืœืขื•ืคืจืช ื•ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื.
02:16
In extreme contrast to the million year transformation of hydrogen to helium,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœื”ืœื™ื•ื,
02:21
the creation of the heaviest elements in a supernova
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”
02:24
takes place in only seconds.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:27
But what becomes of the gold after the explosion?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ?
02:30
The expanding supernova shockwave propels its elemental debris
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ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืžืขื™ืฃ ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
02:35
through the interstellar medium,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™,
02:37
triggering a swirling dance of gas and dust
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืกืชื—ืจืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื•ืื‘ืง
02:41
that condenses into new stars and planets.
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ืฉืžืชืขื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:44
Earth's gold was likely delivered this way
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ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
02:47
before being kneaded into veins by geothermal activity.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื“ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืื•ื˜ืจืžื™ืช.
02:51
Billions of years later, we now extract this precious product by mining it,
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื™ืงืจ ื”ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืจื™ื™ืชื•,
02:57
an expensive process that's compounded by gold's rarity.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืงืจ ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
03:01
In fact, all of the gold that we've mined in history
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื›ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
03:03
could be piled into just three Olympic-size swimming pools,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจื ืœืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื•ืช,
03:08
although this represents a lot of mass
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืกื”
03:10
because gold is about 20 times denser than water.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 20 ืžืžื™ื.
03:15
So, can we produce more of this coveted commodity?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื ื—ืฉืง ื”ื–ื”?
03:19
Actually, yes.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ.
03:21
Using particle accelerators, we can mimic the complex nuclear reactions
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
03:25
that create gold in stars.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:28
But these machines can only construct gold atom by atom.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืจืง ืื˜ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืื˜ื•ื.
03:32
So it would take almost the age of the universe to produce one gram
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืจื ืื—ื“
03:36
at a cost vastly exceeding the current value of gold.
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
03:40
So that's not a very good solution.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:42
But if we were to reach a hypothetical point
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช
03:44
where we'd mined all of the Earth's buried gold,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:47
there are other places we could look.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ.
03:50
The ocean holds an estimated 20 million tons of dissolved gold
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื•ืžืก
03:55
but at extremely miniscule concentrations making its recovery too costly at present.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื™ืงืจื” ืžื“ื™.
04:01
Perhaps one day, we'll see gold rushes to tap the mineral wealth
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื–ื•ืจื ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™
04:05
of the other planets of our solar system.
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ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:07
And who knows?
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
04:09
Maybe some future supernova will occur close enough
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ืื•ืœื™ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:11
to shower us with its treasure
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื˜ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื”
04:13
and hopefully not eradicate all life on Earth in the process.
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื ืชืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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