Where does gold come from? - David Lunney

8,021,556 views ใƒป 2015-10-08

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: SangWoo LEe ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
In medieval times,
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์ค‘์„ธ์‹œ๋Œ€์—
00:09
alchemists tried to achieve the seemingly impossible.
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์—ฐ๊ธˆ์Šฌ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:12
They wanted to transform lowly lead into gleaming gold.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฉ์„ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
History portrays these people as aged eccentrics,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋งŽ์€ ๊ดด์งœ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
but if only they'd known that their dreams were actually achievable.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”.
00:25
Indeed, today we can manufacture gold on Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
thanks to modern inventions
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์ค‘์„ธ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋†“์ณค๋˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
that those medieval alchemists missed by a few centuries.
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00:35
But to understand how this precious metal
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†์ด
00:37
became embedded in our planet to start with,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
00:40
we have to gaze upwards at the stars.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ๋ณ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Gold is extraterrestrial.
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ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
Instead of arising from the planet's rocky crust,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์ธต์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:48
it was actually cooked up in space
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:51
and is present on Earth because of cataclysmic stellar explosions
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณ„์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:55
called supernovae.
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์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ง์ด์—์š”
00:57
Stars are mostly made up of hydrogen, the simplest and lightest element.
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๋ณ„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ๋ฐ์€ ์›์†Œ์ฃ .
01:02
The enormous gravitational pressure of so much material
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์€
01:05
compresses and triggers nuclear fusion in the star's core.
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๋ณ„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
01:10
This process releases energy from the hydrogen,
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ์–ด ๋‚˜์™”๊ณ 
01:12
making the star shine.
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๋ณ„์„ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Over many millions of years,
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
01:16
fusion transforms hydrogen into heavier elements:
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ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์›์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
helium, carbon, and oxygen,
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ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ์ด๋‚˜, ํƒ„์†Œ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ™์€ ์›์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ์š”
01:23
burning subsequent elements faster and faster to reach iron and nickel.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
However, at that point nuclear fusion no longer releases enough energy,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
01:32
and the pressure from the core peters out.
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ํ•ต์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์‹ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
The outer layers collapse into the center,
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์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ธต์€ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ 
01:38
and bouncing back from this sudden injection of energy,
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๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ฃผ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํŠ€์–ด์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
the star explodes forming a supernova.
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๋ณ„์€ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ„ฐ์ง€์ฃ .
01:46
The extreme pressure of a collapsing star is so high,
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๋ณ„์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์„œ
01:49
that subatomic protons and electrons are forced together in the core,
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์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž์™€ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ต ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์œตํ•ฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
forming neutrons.
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์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
01:57
Neutrons have no repelling electric charge
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์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
01:59
so they're easily captured by the iron group elements.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์†๊ตฐ ์›์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Multiple neutron captures enable the formation of heavier elements
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๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ํฌํš์€ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์›์ž์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
that a star under normal circumstances can't form,
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
02:11
from silver to gold,
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์€์ด ๊ธˆ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
02:13
past lead and on to uranium.
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๋‚ฉ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์œผ๋กœ
02:16
In extreme contrast to the million year transformation of hydrogen to helium,
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์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋กœ
02:21
the creation of the heaviest elements in a supernova
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์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:24
takes place in only seconds.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ๋งŒ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
But what becomes of the gold after the explosion?
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ํญ๋ฐœ ๋’ค์— ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:30
The expanding supernova shockwave propels its elemental debris
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ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋Š”
02:35
through the interstellar medium,
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์„ฑ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ž”ํ•ด๊ฐ€
02:37
triggering a swirling dance of gas and dust
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๊ฐ€์Šค, ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ์„ž์ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:41
that condenses into new stars and planets.
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ„๊ณผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์••์ถ•๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Earth's gold was likely delivered this way
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์€ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋งฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด๊ฒจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
02:47
before being kneaded into veins by geothermal activity.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Billions of years later, we now extract this precious product by mining it,
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„ ๋’ค์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
an expensive process that's compounded by gold's rarity.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์˜ ํฌ๊ท€์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
In fact, all of the gold that we've mined in history
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธˆ์€
03:03
could be piled into just three Olympic-size swimming pools,
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์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ 3๊ฐœ ์•ˆ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
although this represents a lot of mass
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ด์š”.
03:10
because gold is about 20 times denser than water.
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๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ 20๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:15
So, can we produce more of this coveted commodity?
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์ด ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
Actually, yes.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Using particle accelerators, we can mimic the complex nuclear reactions
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๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ, ๊ธˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”
03:25
that create gold in stars.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ•ต๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
But these machines can only construct gold atom by atom.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์›์ž ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
So it would take almost the age of the universe to produce one gram
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1g์˜ ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
at a cost vastly exceeding the current value of gold.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:40
So that's not a very good solution.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œก์ง€์— ๋งค์žฅ๋œ ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‹ค ์ฑ„๊ตดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ,
03:42
But if we were to reach a hypothetical point
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03:44
where we'd mined all of the Earth's buried gold,
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03:47
there are other places we could look.
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๊ธˆ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
The ocean holds an estimated 20 million tons of dissolved gold
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—๋Š” 2์ฒœ๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ๊ธˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
but at extremely miniscule concentrations making its recovery too costly at present.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
Perhaps one day, we'll see gold rushes to tap the mineral wealth
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜
04:05
of the other planets of our solar system.
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๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ณจ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์š”?
04:07
And who knows?
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04:09
Maybe some future supernova will occur close enough
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒค์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ ์„ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธธ์ง€์š”?
04:11
to shower us with its treasure
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„
04:13
and hopefully not eradicate all life on Earth in the process.
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๊ทผ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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