How many universes are there? - Chris Anderson

1,928,958 views ใƒป 2012-03-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
(Music)
0
0
13000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Nir Bibi ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
00:18
Sometimes when I'm on a long plane flight,
1
18000
2000
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืืจื•ื›ื”,
00:20
I gaze out at all those mountains and deserts
2
20000
3000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:23
and try to get my head around how vast our Earth is.
3
23000
3000
ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:26
And then I remember that there's an object we see every day
4
26585
2415
ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืขืฆื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
00:29
that would literally fit one million Earths inside it.
5
29000
3692
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
00:32
The sun seems impossibly big,
6
32815
2185
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืจืื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
00:35
but in the great scheme of things, it's a pinprick,
7
35000
4077
ืืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื™ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื”,
00:39
one of about 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy,
8
39077
3923
ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›-400 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
00:43
which you can see on a clear night
9
43000
2123
ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขืจืคืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืฉื ืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:45
as a pale, white mist stretched across the sky.
10
45123
3000
00:48
And it gets worse.
11
48123
900
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ.
00:49
There are maybe 100 billion galaxies detectable by our telescopes,
12
49023
3962
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:53
so if each star was the size of a single grain of sand,
13
53723
4277
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ,
00:58
just the Milky Way has enough stars to fill
14
58000
3000
ืจืง ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ
01:01
a 30 foot by 30 foot stretch of beach three feet deep with sand.
15
61000
4000
ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 9 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ 9 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ.
01:05
And the entire Earth doesn't have enough beaches
16
65877
2738
ื•ืœื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืคื™ื
01:08
to represent the stars in the overall universe.
17
68615
2385
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•.
01:11
Such a beach would continue for literally hundreds of millions of miles.
18
71000
4000
ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
01:15
Holy Stephen Hawking, that is a lot of stars.
19
75600
3400
ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ! ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:19
But he and other physicists now believe in
20
79862
2138
ืืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืขืช
01:22
a reality that is unimaginably bigger still.
21
82000
3000
ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
01:26
I mean, first of all, the 100 billion galaxies within range of our telescopes
22
86138
2862
ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:29
are probably a minuscule fraction of the total.
23
89000
3000
ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
01:32
Space itself is expanding
24
92000
3000
ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘
01:35
at an accelerating pace. The vast majority of the galaxies
25
95000
3000
ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ืืฅ. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
01:38
are separating from us so fast
26
98000
3000
ืžืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:41
that light from them may never reach us.
27
101000
2000
ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:43
Still, our physical reality here on Earth
28
103000
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:46
is intimately connected to those distant, invisible galaxies.
29
106000
3400
ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช.
01:49
We can think of them as part of our universe.
30
109908
2092
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:52
They make up a single, giant edifice,
31
112846
2154
ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“,
01:55
obeying the same physical laws and all made from the same types of atoms, electrons,
32
115000
3000
ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:58
protons, quarks, neutrinos that make up you and me.
33
118000
4000
ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื, ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืชื›ื ื•ืื•ืชื™.
02:02
However, recent theories in physics,
34
122000
3000
ืื•ืœื, ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
02:05
including one called string theory,
35
125000
2000
ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื,
02:07
are now telling us there could be countless other universes,
36
127000
3000
ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
02:10
built on different types of particles,
37
130000
2000
ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
02:12
with different properties, obeying different laws.
38
132000
2000
ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:14
Most of these universes could never support life,
39
134831
2169
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:17
and might flash in and out of existence in a nanosecond,
40
137000
3000
ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
02:20
but nonetheless, combined
41
140000
2446
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•
02:22
they make up a vast multiverse of possible universes.
42
142446
3554
ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจื‘-ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
02:26
in up to 11 dimensions, featuring wonders beyond our wildest imagination.
43
146000
5000
ืขื ืขื“ ืœ-11 ืžืžื“ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•.
02:31
And the leading version of string theory
44
151000
2000
ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื
02:33
predicts a multiverse made of up to 10 to the 500 universes.
45
153000
3000
ืฆื•ืคื” ืจื‘-ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 500 ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื.
02:37
That's a one followed by 500 zeroes,
46
157031
2969
ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• 500 ืืคืกื™ื,
02:40
a number so vast that if every atom in our observable universe
47
160000
4000
ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื›ืš ืฉืื ืœื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื”
02:44
had its own universe
48
164000
2000
ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉืœื•
02:46
and all of the atoms in all of those universes
49
166985
2015
ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:49
each had their own universe,
50
169000
2000
ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื,
02:52
and you repeated that for two more cycles,
51
172000
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
02:54
you'd still be at a tiny fraction of the total --
52
174000
3000
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœื --
02:57
namely, one trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillionth.
53
177000
8985
ืฉื”ื•ื, ืื—ื“ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
03:07
But even that number is minuscule compared to
54
187585
2415
ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื–ืขื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
03:10
another number: infinity.
55
190000
3000
ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ: ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
03:14
Some physicists think the space-time continuum
56
194415
1585
ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
03:16
is literally infinite, and that it contains an infinite number
57
196000
3000
ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™
03:19
of so-called pocket universes with varying properties.
58
199431
2569
ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ืก ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:22
How's your brain doing?
59
202231
1769
ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง?
03:24
But quantum theory adds a whole new wrinkle.
60
204862
2138
ืืš ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื ื•ืคืš ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
03:27
I mean, the theory's been proven true beyond all doubt,
61
207000
2000
ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืกืคืง,
03:29
but interpreting it is baffling.
62
209000
2000
ืืš ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžืชืกื›ืœ.
03:31
And some physicists think you can only un-baffle it
63
211000
3000
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ
03:34
if you imagine that huge numbers of parallel universes
64
214000
3000
ืื ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
03:37
are being spawned every moment,
65
217000
2000
ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข,
03:39
and many of these universes would actually be very like the world we're in,
66
219000
4000
ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
03:43
would include multiple copies of you.
67
223000
3000
ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:46
In one such universe, you'd graduate with honors and marry the person of your dreams.
68
226000
4000
ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”, ืืชื ืชืกื™ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืชื—ืชื ื• ืขื ืื“ื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื›ื.
03:50
In another, not so much.
69
230000
3000
ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
03:53
There are still some scientists who would say, hogwash.
70
233000
2000
ื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื•, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:55
The only meaningful answer to the question of how many universes there are is one,
71
235000
4000
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช,
03:59
only one universe.
72
239000
3000
ืจืง ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
04:02
And a few philosophers and mystics
73
242538
2462
ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื
04:05
might argue that even our own universe is an illusion.
74
245000
3000
ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืืฉืœื™ื”.
04:08
So, as you can see,
75
248000
2000
ืื–, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
04:10
right now there is no agreement on this question,
76
250000
3000
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
04:13
not even close.
77
253000
1000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืš.
04:14
All we know is, the answer is somewhere between zero and infinity.
78
254000
4000
ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืก ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
04:18
Well, I guess we know one other thing:
79
258769
2231
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“:
04:21
This is a pretty cool time to be studying physics.
80
261000
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื“ื™ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
04:25
We just might be undergoing
81
265200
1800
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื
04:27
the biggest paradigm shift in knowledge that humanity has ever seen.
82
267000
4000
ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7