When is a pandemic over?

4,924,462 views ใƒป 2020-06-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: ืžื™ื›ืœ ืกืœืžืŸ
00:06
Consider this unfortunately familiar scenario.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืฆืขืจื ื•.
00:10
Several months ago a highly infectious, sometimes deadly respiratory virus
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืง ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™
00:15
infected humans for the first time.
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ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:17
It then proliferated faster than public health measures
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืื– ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
00:20
could contain it.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœื•.
00:22
Now the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a pandemic,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžื’ืคื”,
00:26
meaning that itโ€™s spreading worldwide.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:29
The death toll is starting to rise and everyone is asking the same question:
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ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช:
00:34
when will the pandemic end?
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ืžืชื™ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืชืกืชื™ื™ื?
00:37
The WHO will likely declare the pandemic over
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื™ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”
00:40
once the infection is mostly contained
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
00:43
and rates of transmission drop significantly throughout the world.
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ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื™ืจื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:47
But exactly when that happens depends on what global governments choose to do next.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
00:52
They have three main options:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
00:54
Race through it, Delay and Vaccinate, or Coordinate and Crush.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืขื›ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืกืŸ, ืื• ืœืชืื ื•ืœืจืกืง.
01:00
One is widely considered best, and it may not be the one you think.
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ืื—ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื–ื• ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
01:05
In the first, governments and communities do nothing to halt the spread
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
01:09
and instead allow people to be exposed as quickly as possible.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
01:13
Without time to study the virus,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
01:14
doctors know little about how to save their patients,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:17
and hospitals reach peak capacity almost immediately.
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืกืช ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“.
01:21
Somewhere in the range of millions to hundreds of millions of people die,
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ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
01:26
either from the virus or the collapse of health care systems.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื• ืžื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:30
Soon the majority of people have been infected
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•
01:32
and either perished or survived by building up their immune responses.
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ื•ืื• ืฉืžืชื• ืื• ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:38
Around this point herd immunity kicks in,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืจ,
01:41
where the virus can no longer find new hosts.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:44
So the pandemic fizzles out a short time after it began.
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ืื– ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืฉื•ื›ื›ืช ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื”.
01:48
But thereโ€™s another way to create herd immunity
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ืจ
01:51
without such a high cost of life.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
01:54
Letโ€™s reset the clock to the moment the WHO declared the pandemic.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืืชื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ืข ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžื’ืคื”.
01:59
This time, governments and communities around the world
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ื”ืคืขื, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
02:02
slow the spread of the virus to give research facilities time
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ืžืื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ืžืŸ
02:06
to produce a vaccine.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
02:08
They buy this crucial time through tactics that may include widespread testing
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ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
02:12
to identify carriers,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืฉืื™ื,
02:14
quarantining the infected and people theyโ€™ve interacted with,
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ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืชื ื‘ืงืฉืจ,
02:18
and physical distancing.
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ื•ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:21
Even with these measures in place, the virus slowly spreads,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:25
causing up to hundreds of thousands of deaths.
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ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืช.
02:28
Some cities get the outbreak under control and go back to business as usual,
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ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ,
02:32
only to have a resurgence
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ
02:34
and return to physical distancing when a new case passes through.
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืฉืžืงืจื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื’ื™ืข.
02:38
Within the next several years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
02:40
one or possibly several vaccines become widely, and hopefully freely, available
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื• ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
02:46
thanks to a worldwide effort.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืฅ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
02:48
Once 40-90% of the population has received itโ€”
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉ 40-90% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื•ืชื• --
02:52
the precise amount varying based on the virusโ€”
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ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก --
02:55
herd immunity kicks in, and the pandemic fizzles out.
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ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื’ื•ื•ืขืช.
03:00
Letโ€™s rewind the clock one more time, to consider the final strategy:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
03:04
Coordinate and Crush.
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ืœืชืื ื•ืœืจืกืง.
03:06
The idea here is to simultaneously starve the virus, everywhere,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืขื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
03:11
through a combination of quarantine, social distancing, and restricting travel.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“, ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:16
The critical factor is to synchronize responses.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืกื ื›ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:20
In a typical pandemic, when one country is peaking,
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ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื›ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื,
03:23
another may be getting its first cases.
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ืื—ืจืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
03:26
Instead of every leader responding to whatโ€™s happening in their jurisdiction,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื•,
03:30
here everyone must treat the world as the giant interconnected system it is.
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ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช.
03:36
If coordinated properly, this could end a pandemic in just a few months,
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ืื ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
03:41
with low loss of life.
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ืขื ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžื•ืš.
03:43
But unless the virus is completely eradicatedโ€” which is highly unlikelyโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืกืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ -- ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ --
03:48
there will be risks of it escalating to pandemic levels once again.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืคื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคื” ืฉื•ื‘.
03:52
And factors like animals carrying and transmitting the virus
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
03:56
might undermine our best efforts altogether.
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:00
So which strategy is best for this deadly, infectious respiratory virus?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื”ื–ื”?
04:05
Racing through it is a quick fix, but would be a global catastrophe,
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ืœืžื”ืจ ื“ืจื›ื” ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
04:10
and may not work at all if people can be reinfected.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:13
Crushing the virus through Coordination alone is also enticing for its speed,
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ืจื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื“ืจืš ืชืื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื’ื ืžืคืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:19
but only reliable with true and nearly impossible global cooperation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžื™ืŸ ืจืง ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
04:24
Thatโ€™s why vaccination, assisted by as much global coordination as possible,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
04:30
is generally considered to be the winner;
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืžื ืฆื—;
04:32
itโ€™s the slow, steady, and proven option in the race.
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ื–ื• ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ.
04:37
Even if the pandemic officially ends before a vaccine is ready,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ,
04:41
the virus may reappear seasonally, so vaccines will continue to protect people.
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ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ื ืชื™, ืื– ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:47
And although it may take years to create,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื•,
04:50
disruptions to most peopleโ€™s lives wonโ€™t necessarily last the full duration.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
04:55
Breakthroughs in treatment and prevention of symptoms
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ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื
04:58
can make viruses much less dangerous,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
05:00
and therefore require less extreme containment measures.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
05:04
Take heart: the pandemic will end.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืชืกืชื™ื™ื.
05:07
Its legacy will be long-lasting, but not all bad;
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ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื” ืจืขื”;
05:11
the breakthroughs, social services, and systems we develop
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ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชื—
05:15
can be used to the betterment of everyone.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
05:17
And if we take inspiration from the successes
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ื•ืื ื ื™ืงื— ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช
05:20
and lessons from the failures,
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ื•ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช,
05:22
we can keep the next potential pandemic so contained
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืœืช
05:26
that our childrenโ€™s children wonโ€™t even know its name.
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ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ืฉืžื”.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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