The life cycle of a cup of coffee - A.J. Jacobs

1,424,126 views ใƒป 2021-01-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
How many people does it take to make a cup of coffee?
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”?
00:12
For many of us, all it takes is a short walk and a quick pour.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืžื–ื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
00:16
But this simple staple is the result of a globe-spanning process
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
00:21
whose cost and complexity are far greater than you might imagine.
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ืฉื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื ื“ืžื” ืœื›ื.
00:26
It begins in a place like the remote Colombian town of Pitalito.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื˜ื•.
00:31
Here, family farms have clear cut local forests to make room
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ืคื”, ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืชื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื
00:36
for neat rows of Coffea trees.
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ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืงืคื”.
00:39
These shrub-like plants were first domesticated in Ethiopia
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื•ื™ืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”
00:43
and are now cultivated throughout equatorial regions.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™.
00:47
Each shrub is filled with small berries called "coffee cherries."
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ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื— ืžืœื ื‘ืขื ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช โ€œื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ ืงืคื”.โ€
00:52
Since fruits on the same branch can ripen at different times,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:56
theyโ€™re best picked by hand,
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ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“,
00:59
but each farm has its own method for processing the fruit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
01:02
In Pitalito, harvesters toil from dawn to dusk at high altitudes,
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ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื˜ื•, ื”ืงื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
01:08
often picking over 25 kilograms per shift for very low wages.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-25 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื“.
01:14
The workers deliver their picked cherries to the wet mill.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ืคื• ืœื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:18
This machine separates the seeds from the fruit,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช,
01:21
and then sorts them by density.
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ื•ืื– ืžืžื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช.
01:23
The heaviest, most flavorful seeds sink to the bottom of the mill,
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื—ื ื”,
01:27
where theyโ€™re collected and taken to ferment
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ืฉื ื”ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื•ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชืกืกื”
01:30
in a tub of water for one or two days.
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ื‘ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:33
Then, workers wash off the remaining fruit and put the seeds out to dry.
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ืื–, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ.
01:38
Some farms use machines for this process,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”,
01:41
but in Pitalito, seeds are spread onto large mesh racks.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื˜ื•, ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืฉื™ ืจืฉืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:46
Over the next three weeks, workers rake the seeds regularly
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ
01:50
to ensure they dry evenly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“.
01:52
Once the coffee beans are dry,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืคื” ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื,
01:54
a truck takes them to a nearby mill with several specialized machines.
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ืžืฉืื™ืช ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ื—ื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช.
01:59
An air blower re-sorts the seeds by density,
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ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคื™ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช,
02:03
an assortment of sieves filter them by size,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืช ืžืกื ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
02:06
and an optical scanner sorts by color.
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ื•ืกื•ืจืง ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืžืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืข.
02:09
At this point, professionals called Q-graders select samples
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื™ Q ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช
02:13
of beans to roast and brew.
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื.
02:16
In a process called "cupping," they evaluate the coffeeโ€™s taste, aroma,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื โ€ืžื–ื™ื’ื” ืœื›ื•ืกื•ืช,โ€ ื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื˜ืขื ื”ืงืคื”, ื”ืืจื•ืžื”,
02:21
and mouthfeel to determine its quality.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•.
02:24
These experts give the beans a grade, and get them ready to ship.
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ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฉืœื•ื—.
02:28
Workers load burlap sacks containing up to 70 kilograms
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืกื™ื ืฉืงื™ ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขื“ 70 ืงื™ืœื•
02:33
of dried and sorted coffee beans onto steel shipping containers,
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ ืงืคื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื“ื”,
02:37
each able to carry up to 21 metric tons of coffee.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืืช ืขื“ 21 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืคื”.
02:42
From tropical ports, cargo ships crewed by over 25 people
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ืžื ืžืœื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืขื ืขื“ 25 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช
02:47
transport coffee around the world
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืคื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
02:49
But no country imports more coffee than the United States,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืžื™ื™ื‘ืืช ืงืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:54
with New York City alone consuming millions of cups every day.
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ืขื ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:59
After the long journey from Colombia to New Jersey,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ืžืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื• ื’โ€™ืจื–ื™,
03:02
our coffee beans pass through customs.
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ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ืก.
03:04
Once dockworkers unload the container,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืคื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื”,
03:07
a fleet of eighteen-wheelers transport the coffee to a nearby warehouse,
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ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืคื” ืœืžื—ืกืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘,
03:12
and then to a roastery.
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื™ื”.
03:14
Here the beans go into a roasting machine, stirred by a metallic arm
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ืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ืงืœื™ื™ื”, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืชื›ืชื™ืช
03:19
and heated by a gas-powered fire.
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ื•ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ืžื’ื–.
03:22
Nearby sensors monitor the coffeeโ€™s moisture level, chemical stability,
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ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื”, ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช,
03:26
and temperature, while trained coffee engineers manually adjust these levels
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืงืคื” ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:31
throughout the twelve-minute roasting cycle.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:34
This process releases oil within the seed,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืฉืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื,
03:37
transforming the seeds into grindable, brewable beans
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื˜
03:41
with a dark brown color and rich aroma.
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ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ื—ื•ื ื›ื”ื” ื•ืืจื•ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”.
03:45
After roasting, workers pack the beans into five-pound bags,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื™ื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 2.5 ืงื™ืœื•,
03:49
which a fleet of vans deliver to cafes and stores across the city.
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ืฉืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืง ืœื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื•ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
03:54
The coffee is now so close you can smell it,
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ื”ืงืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื•,
03:57
but it needs more help for the final stretch.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
04:00
Each coffee company has a head buyer
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ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืคื” ื™ืฉ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™
04:03
who carefully selects beans from all over the world.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:06
Logistics teams manage bean delivery routes,
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ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื,
04:09
and brave baristas across the city serve this caffeinated elixir
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืœื ื”ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
04:14
to scores of hurried customers.
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ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืžื”ืจื™ื.
04:17
All in all, it takes hundreds of people to get coffee to its intended destinationโ€”
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืคื” ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื• --
04:22
and thatโ€™s not counting everyone maintaining the infrastructure
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช
04:26
that makes the journey possible.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืœืืคืฉืจื™.
04:28
Many of these individuals work for low pay in dangerous conditionsโ€”
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื --
04:32
and some arenโ€™t paid at all.
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ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:35
So while we might marvel at the global network behind this commodity,
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:39
letโ€™s make sure we donโ€™t value the final product
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™
04:42
more than the people who make it.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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