The history of the world according to cats - Eva-Maria Geigl

9,116,112 views ใƒป 2019-01-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
On May 27th, 1941, the German battleship Bismarck sank in a fierce firefight,
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ื‘ 27 ื‘ืžืื™, 1941, ืื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืกืžืืจืง ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงืฉื”,
00:13
leaving only 118 of her 2,200 crew members alive.
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ื‘ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืจืง 118 ืž 2200 ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:18
But when a British destroyer came to collect the prisoners,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื,
00:21
they found an unexpected survivor -
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืจื“ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ --
00:24
a black and white cat clinging to a floating plank.
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ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืื—ื– ื‘ืงืจืฉ ืฆืฃ.
00:28
For the next several months this cat hunted rats and raised British morale -
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ --
00:32
until a sudden torpedo strike shattered the hull and sank the ship.
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ืขื“ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื• ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืคื’ืข ื•ื ื™ืคืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”.
00:36
But, miraculously, not the cat.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืœืื™, ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ.
00:39
Nicknamed Unsinkable Sam,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืกืื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”,
00:41
he rode to Gibraltar with the rescued crew
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœื’ื™ื‘ืจืœื˜ืจ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื”
00:44
and served as a ship cat on three more vessels โ€“
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ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ื—ืชื•ืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช --
00:47
one of which also sank - before retiring to the Belfast Home for Sailors.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื” -- ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœืคืกื˜.
00:53
Many may not think of cats as serviceable sailors,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืœ ืžืœื—ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื,
00:56
or cooperative companions of any kind.
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ืื• ื›ืขืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’.
00:59
But cats have been working alongside humans for thousands of years -
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื --
01:02
helping us just as often as we help them.
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ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื–ืจื ื• ืœื”ื.
01:05
So how did these solitary creatures go from wild predator to naval officer
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื ืœืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
01:10
to sofa sidekick?
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ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืกืคื”?
01:12
The domestication of the modern house cat
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
01:14
can be traced back to more than 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent,
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ืœืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”,
01:18
at the start of the Neolithic era.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
01:20
People were learning to bend nature to their will,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœื›ื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืจืฆื•ื ื,
01:23
producing much more food than farmers could eat at one time.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:26
These Neolithic farmers stored their excess grain in large pits and short, clay silos.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื’ืจื• ืืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื—ืžืจ.
01:31
But these stores of food attracted hordes of rodents,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื,
01:34
as well as their predator, Felis silvestris lybica -
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืคืœื™ืก ืกื™ืœื‘ืกื˜ืจื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ื™ืงื” --
01:38
the wildcat found across North Africa and Southwest Asia.
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ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืืกื™ื”.
01:42
These wildcats were fast, fierce, carnivorous hunters.
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจืื™ื™ื.
01:45
And they were remarkably similar in size and appearance to todayโ€™s domestic cats.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืจืื” ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:50
The main differences being that ancient wildcats were more muscular,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ื,
01:54
had striped coats, and were less social towards other cats and humans.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืคืจื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืกืคืกื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:59
The abundance of prey in rodent-infested granaries
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ื”ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื
02:03
drew in these typically solitary animals.
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ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
02:06
And as the wildcats learned to tolerate the presence of humans
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:08
and other cats during mealtime,
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ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”,
02:10
we think that farmers likewise tolerated the cats in exchange for free pest control.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
02:15
The relationship was so beneficial that the cats migrated with Neolithic farmers
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ื
02:21
from Anatolia into Europe and the Mediterranean.
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ืžืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:25
Vermin were a major scourge of the seven seas.
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ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:27
They ate provisions and gnawed at lines of rope,
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ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืืกืคืงื” ื•ืœืขืกื• ื—ื‘ืœื™ื,
02:30
so cats had long since become essential sailing companions.
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืื– ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื’ื”.
02:34
Around the same time these Anatolian globe trotting cats set sail,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืคืœื’ื”,
02:38
the Egyptians domesticated their own local cats.
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ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืชื• ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืœื”ื.
02:41
Revered for their ability to dispatch venomous snakes, catch birds, and kill rats,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื, ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
02:46
domestic cats became important to Egyptian religious culture.
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื.
02:50
They gained immortality in frescos, hieroglyphs, statues, and even tombs,
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ื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืืœืžื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืกืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื, ืคืกืœื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื,
02:55
mummified alongside their owners.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:58
Egyptian ship cats cruised the Nile,
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ื ื™ืœื•ืก,
03:01
holding poisonous river snakes at bay.
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ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ื ื—ืฉื™ ื ื”ืจ ืืจืกื™ื™ื.
03:04
And after graduating to larger vessels,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:06
they too began to migrate from port to port.
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ื’ื ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžื ืžืœ ืœื ืžืœ.
03:10
During the time of the Roman Empire, ships traveling between India and Egypt
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื
03:14
carried the lineage of the central Asian wildcat F. s. ornata.
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ื ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ืืชื™ ืค.ืก. ืื•ืจื ื˜ื”.
03:20
Centuries later, in the Middle Ages, Egyptian cats voyaged up to the Baltic Sea
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ืžืื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื™
03:25
on the ships of Viking seafarers.
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ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื.
03:28
And both the Near Eastern and North African wildcats
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ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื
03:31
โ€“ probably tamed at this point -- continued to travel across Europe,
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-- ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” -- ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
03:35
eventually setting sail for Australia and the Americas.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช.
03:40
Today, most house cats have descended
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื
03:42
from either the Near Eastern or the Egyptian lineage of F.s.lybica.
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ืื• ืžื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช.
03:46
But close analysis of the genomes and coat patterns of modern cats
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
03:50
tells us that unlike dogs,
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
03:52
which have undergone centuries of selective breeding,
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
03:55
modern cats are genetically very similar to ancient cats.
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
03:59
And apart from making them more social and docile,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื,
04:01
weโ€™ve done little to alter their natural behaviors.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:05
In other words, cats today are more or less as theyโ€™ve always been: Wild animals.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•: ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื.
04:11
Fierce hunters. Creatures that donโ€™t see us as their keepers.
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื. ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:14
And given our long history together, they might not be wrong.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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