The genius of Marie Curie - Shohini Ghose

3,870,176 views ・ 2017-06-08

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Marc Isbert Reviewer: Anna Comas-Quinn
00:07
If you want a glimpse of Marie Curie's manuscripts,
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Si voleu fer un cop d'ull als manuscrits de Marie Curie,
00:10
you'll have to sign a waiver and put on protective gear
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us caldrà signar una renúncia i posar-vos roba protectora
00:13
to shield yourself from radiation contamination.
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que us protegeixi de la contaminació radiactiva.
00:16
Madame Curie's remains, too, were interred in a lead-lined coffin,
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Les restes de Marie Curie també són en un taüt recobert de plom
00:21
keeping the radiation that was the heart of her research,
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per evitar que la radiació, el centre de la seva recerca,
00:24
and likely the cause of her death, well contained.
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i probablement la causa de la seva mort, s'escampi.
00:27
Growing up in Warsaw in Russian-occupied Poland,
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La jove Marie, batejada Maria Sklodowska,
00:31
the young Marie, originally named Maria Sklodowska,
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va néixer a Varsòvia, a la Polònia ocupada per Rússia.
00:34
was a brilliant student, but she faced some challenging barriers.
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Va ser una estudiant brillant però va trobar-se amb grans obstacles.
00:38
As a woman, she was barred from pursuing higher education,
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Com a dona, se li va prohibir seguir estudis superiors,
00:42
so in an act of defiance,
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però ella, en un acte de desafiament,
00:44
Marie enrolled in the Floating University,
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es va inscriure a la Universitat Flotant,
00:47
a secret institution that provided clandestine education to Polish youth.
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una institució secreta que oferia educació clandestina a joves polonesos.
00:52
By saving money and working as a governess and tutor,
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Estalviant diners i treballant com a governanta i tutora,
00:55
she eventually was able to move to Paris to study at the reputed Sorbonne.
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finalment va poder viatjar a París per estudiar a la prestigiosa Sorbona.
01:00
There, Marie earned both a physics and mathematics degree
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Allí va obtenir llicenciatures en física i matemàtica
01:03
surviving largely on bread and tea,
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alimentant-se principalment de pa i te,
01:05
and sometimes fainting from near starvation.
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i desmaiant-se de gana de vegades.
01:09
In Paris, Marie met the physicist Pierre Curie,
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A París va conèixer el físic Pierre Curie
01:11
who shared his lab and his heart with her.
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que va compartir amb ella el seu cor i el seu laboratori.
01:15
But she longed to be back in Poland.
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Però ella desitjava tornar a Polònia.
01:17
Upon her return to Warsaw, though,
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Un cop a Varsòvia
01:19
she found that securing an academic position as a woman
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va descobrir que, per a una dona, obtenir un càrrec acadèmic
01:21
remained a challenge.
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encara era un repte.
01:23
All was not lost.
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Pero no tot estava perdut.
En tornar a París l'enamorat Pierre l'esperava,
01:25
Back in Paris, the lovelorn Pierre was waiting,
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01:27
and the pair quickly married and became a formidable scientific team.
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i aviat es van casar i van esdevenir un formidable equip científic.
El treball d'un altre físic va desvetllar l'interès de Marie Curie.
01:31
Another physicist's work sparked Marie Curie's interest.
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El 1896, Henri Becquerel va descobrir que l'urani emetia espontàniament
01:35
In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium spontaneously emitted
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01:41
a mysterious X-ray-like radiation that could interact with photographic film.
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una misteriosa radiació com els raigs X que afectava la pel·lícula fotogràfica.
01:47
Curie soon found that the element thorium emitted similar radiation.
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Aviat Curie va trobar que el tori emetia una radiació semblant.
01:51
Most importantly, the strength of the radiation
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I, més important encara, que la intensitat de la radiació
01:55
depended solely on the element's quantity,
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tan sols depenia de la quantitat de l'element
01:57
and was not affected by physical or chemical changes.
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i no l'afectaven els canvis físics o químics.
02:00
This led her to conclude that radiation was coming from something fundamental
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Això la va dur a concloure que la radiació provenia d'alguna cosa fonamental
02:04
within the atoms of each element.
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dins dels àtoms de cada element.
02:07
The idea was radical
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La idea era revolucionària
02:08
and helped to disprove the long-standing model of atoms as indivisible objects.
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i va ajudar a rebutjar l'antiga idea que els àtoms eren objectes indivisibles.
02:14
Next, by focusing on a super radioactive ore called pitchblende,
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Tot seguit, centrant-se en un mineral super-radioactiu anomenat pechblenda,
02:18
the Curies realized that uranium alone couldn't be creating all the radiation.
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els Curies es van adonar que l'urani tot sol no podia produir tota la radiació.
02:23
So, were there other radioactive elements that might be responsible?
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Potser n'eren responsables altres elements radioactius?
02:28
In 1898, they reported two new elements,
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El 1898 van presentar dos nous elements,
02:32
polonium, named for Marie's native Poland,
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el poloni, que va rebre el nom del país nadiu de Marie,
02:35
and radium, the Latin word for ray.
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i el radi, de la paraula llatina per a raig.
02:38
They also coined the term radioactivity along the way.
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I de passada també van encunyar el mot "radioactivitat".
02:42
By 1902, the Curies had extracted a tenth of a gram of pure radium chloride salt
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Al 1902 els Curies havien obtingut una desena de gram de clorur de radi pur
02:48
from several tons of pitchblende,
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a partir de vàries tones de pechblenda,
02:51
an incredible feat at the time.
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un assoliment increïble a l'època.
02:53
Later that year, Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel
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Aquell mateix any, Pierre Curie i Bequerel
02:56
were nominated for the Nobel Prize in physics,
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van ser nominats per al premi Nobel de física,
02:59
but Marie was overlooked.
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però es va ometre Marie.
03:01
Pierre took a stand in support of his wife's well-earned recognition.
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Pierre va reclamar el merescut reconeixement per a la seva dona.
03:04
And so both of the Curies and Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize,
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I així, tots dos Curies i Bequerel van compartir el Nobel el 1903,
03:11
making Marie Curie the first female Nobel Laureate.
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i Marie va ser la primera dona en obtenir el Nobel.
Respectats i ben subvencionats, els Curies estaven en una bona època.
03:16
Well funded and well respected, the Curies were on a roll.
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03:20
But tragedy struck in 1906 when Pierre was crushed by a horse-drawn cart
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Però la tragèdia els va colpir el 1906 quan un carruatge va atropellar Pierre
03:24
as he crossed a busy intersection.
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mentre creuava un carrer atrafegat.
03:27
Marie, devastated, immersed herself in her research
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Destrossada, Marie es va submergir en la seva recerca
03:29
and took over Pierre's teaching position at the Sorbonne,
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i va ocupar el lloc de Pierre com a professora a la Sorbona,
03:32
becoming the school's first female professor.
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on va esdevenir la primera dona a fer-ho.
03:36
Her solo work was fruitful.
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El seu treball en solitari va ser fructífer.
03:38
In 1911, she won yet another Nobel,
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El 1911 va guanyar un altre premi Nobel,
03:40
this time in chemistry for her earlier discovery of radium and polonium,
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aquesta vegada el de química, per la descoberta del radi i el poloni,
03:44
and her extraction and analysis of pure radium and its compounds.
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i per l'extracció i anàlisi del radi pur i dels seus compostos.
03:49
This made her the first, and to this date,
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Es va convertir en la primera i única persona
03:51
only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.
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en obtenir dos premis Nobel en dues ciències diferents.
03:56
Professor Curie put her discoveries to work,
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La professora Curie va aplicar les seves descobertes
03:58
changing the landscape of medical research and treatments.
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i va canviar el paisatge de la recerca i els tractaments mèdics.
Va obrir unitats mòbils de radiologia durant la primera guerra mundial,
04:02
She opened mobile radiology units during World War I,
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04:05
and investigated radiation's effects on tumors.
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i va investigar l'efecte de les radiacions sobre els tumors.
04:08
However, these benefits to humanity may have come at a high personal cost.
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Tots aquests beneficis per a la humanitat van tenir un elevat preu personal.
04:12
Curie died in 1934 of a bone marrow disease,
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04:15
which many today think was caused by her radiation exposure.
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que segons es creu ara va ser produïda per l'exposició a la radioactivitat.
04:19
Marie Curie's revolutionary research
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Les revolucionàries investigacions de Marie Curie
04:22
laid the groundwork for our understanding of physics and chemistry,
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van ser la base de la nostra comprensió de la física i la química,
04:26
blazing trails in oncology, technology, medicine, and nuclear physics,
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obrint nous camins en oncologia, tecnologia, medicina i física nuclear,
04:31
to name a few.
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per dir-ne alguns.
04:33
For good or ill, her discoveries in radiation launched a new era,
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Les seves descobertes sobre la radiació van inaugurar una nova era,
04:37
unearthing some of science's greatest secrets.
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desvelant alguns dels mes grans secrets de la ciència.
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