Yang Lan: The generation that's remaking China

譯者: Chunda Zeng 審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai

The night before I was heading for Scotland,

在我去蘇格蘭的前一晚，

I was invited to host the final

中國達人秀邀請我

of "China's Got Talent" show in Shanghai

到上海主持總決賽

with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium.

體育館的現場有八萬名觀衆.

Guess who was the performing guest?

知道特別嘉賓是誰嗎？

Susan Boyle.

蘇珊大媽.

And I told her, "I'm going to Scotland the next day."

我告訴她，“我明天要去蘇格蘭."

She sang beautifully,

她不但歌聲非常動聽，

and she even managed to say a few words in Chinese:

還學會了說幾句中文.

送你葱

她說:“送你蔥”

So it's not like "hello" or "thank you,"

這句話的意思不是“你好,” “謝謝,”

that ordinary stuff.

那類的話.

It means "green onion for free."

"送你蔥"意思是“免費的大蔥.”

Why did she say that?

她為什麽要說這句話呢?

Because it was a line

因為“送你蔥”

from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle --

是來自有著"中國蘇珊大媽"之稱的

a 50-some year-old woman,

一位五十多嵗

a vegetable vendor in Shanghai,

在上海賣菜的女攤販,

who loves singing Western opera,

她非常喜歡西方歌劇,

but she didn't understand

但她不懂歌詞的意思

any English or French or Italian,

也不會說英語, 法語, 或是意大利語,

so she managed to fill in the lyrics

所以她以獨特的方式來記歌詞

with vegetable names in Chinese.

將歌詞全部換成蔬菜名.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And the last sentence of Nessun Dorma

意大利歌劇公主徹夜未眠的最後一句

that she was singing in the stadium

她當時就是以

was "green onion for free."

"送你蔥"來演唱的.

So [as] Susan Boyle was saying that,

當蘇珊大媽說了這句話的時候,

80,000 live audience sang together.

現場的八萬名觀衆一起跟著唱了起來.

That was hilarious.

當時的場面十分有趣.

So I guess both Susan Boyle

我想蘇珊大媽

and this vegetable vendor in Shanghai

還有那位上海的賣菜大嬸

belonged to otherness.

都有她們的獨特之處.

They were the least expected to be successful

大家通常會覺得

in the business called entertainment,

她們無法在娛樂圈這個行業裡闖出天下,

yet their courage and talent brought them through.

但是才能和勇氣讓她們得到了肯定.

And a show and a platform

一場秀和一個平台

gave them the stage

讓她們有了一個

to realize their dreams.

可以圓夢的舞台.

Well, being different is not that difficult.

其實要與衆不同不是什麽難事.

We are all different

我們都有獨特之處

from different perspectives.

從不同的角度來看.

But I think being different is good,

但我覺得與衆不同其實很好,

because you present a different point of view.

因為你有不同的想法.

You may have the chance to make a difference.

你也許可以在某一方面有影響.

My generation has been very fortunate

我這個年代的人是幸運的

to witness and participate

我們目睹並參與了

in the historic transformation of China

中國歷史性的變化.

that has made so many changes

在過去的二，三十年裡

in the past 20, 30 years.

中國發生了很多變化.

I remember that in the year of 1990,

我還記得1990年的時候.

when I was graduating from college,

我剛好讀完大學,

I was applying for a job in the sales department

我當時申請了一個營銷的工作

of the first five-star hotel in Beijing,

地點是北京的一個五星級賓館,

Great Wall Sheraton -- it's still there.

這個賓館現在還有, 叫喜來登長城飯店.

So after being interrogated

在被一位日本經理

by this Japanese manager for a half an hour,

詢問了半小時之後,

he finally said,

他在面試要結束時說,

"So, Miss Yang,

"楊小姐，

do you have any questions to ask me?"

你有問題要問我嗎?"

I summoned my courage and poise and said,

我鼓起了勇氣，鎮定地問，

"Yes, but could you let me know,

"你能不能告訴我,

what actually do you sell?"

你們賣什麽的?"

I didn't have a clue what a sales department was about

因為我當時完全不知道

in a five-star hotel.

一個五星級飯店的銷售部要做什麽.

That was the first day I set my foot

那是我第一次

in a five-star hotel.

走進一家五星級飯店.

Around the same time,

與此同時,

I was going through an audition --

我參加了

the first ever open audition

由中國國家電台舉辦的試聽會

by national television in China --

這是第一個向大衆開放的試聼會

with another thousand college girls.

現場還有上千名的女大生.

The producer told us

製作人告訴我們

they were looking for some sweet, innocent

他們在找甜美，單純

and beautiful fresh face.

和漂亮的新面孔.

So when it was my turn, I stood up and said,

當輪到我的時候, 我起身問道,

"Why [do] women's personalities on television

"為什麽在電視上的女人

always have to be beautiful, sweet, innocent

一定要長得漂亮，甜美，單純

and, you know, supportive?

還要配合度高?

Why can't they have their own ideas

為什麽她們不能有自己的想法

and their own voice?"

說自己的話?"

I thought I kind of offended them.

我以為我的話可能有點冒犯了評委.

But actually, they were impressed by my words.

但我的話反而得到了他們的認同.

And so I was in the second round of competition,

因此我進入了第二回合,

and then the third and the fourth.

然後第三，第四.

After seven rounds of competition,

在第七回合比賽結束後,

I was the last one to survive it.

我戰勝了所有的選手.

So I was on a national television prime-time show.

我也因此在加入了黃金檔的一個節目.

And believe it or not,

你也許不敢相信,

that was the first show on Chinese television

這個節目是中國第一個

that allowed its hosts

允許主持人

to speak out of their own minds

表達他們自己的想法

without reading an approved script.

他們不需要念之前寫好的稿.

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And my weekly audience at that time

我當時每週的觀衆人數

was between 200 to 300 million people.

達到200-300萬.

Well after a few years,

幾年以後,

I decided to go to the U.S. and Columbia University

我決定去美國的哥倫比亞大學

to pursue my postgraduate studies,

讀研究所,

and then started my own media company,

同時也創辦了自己的媒體公司,

which was unthought of

這個想法

during the years that I started my career.

在我剛剛入行的時候並不存在.

So we do a lot of things.

公司的項目分很多類.

I've interviewed more than a thousand people in the past.

我訪問過的人數已經過千.

And sometimes I have young people approaching me

有時候年輕人會對我說,

say, "Lan, you changed my life,"

"楊瀾姐, 你改變了我的人生,"

and I feel proud of that.

這些話讓我感到驕傲.

But then we are also so fortunate

我覺我這代人很幸運

to witness the transformation of the whole country.

因為我們看到了整個國家的興起.

I was in Beijing's bidding for the Olympic Games.

北京競標奧運的舉辦權我有在場.

I was representing the Shanghai Expo.

我也代表了上海市博會.

I saw China embracing the world

我看到了中國擁抱全世界

and vice versa.

也看到了全世界擁抱中國.

But then sometimes I'm thinking,

但我有時會想,

what are today's young generation up to?

現在的年輕人到底要做什麽?

How are they different,

他們到底有什麽不同之處,

and what are the differences they are going to make

有什麽樣的變化會因他們而產生

to shape the future of China,

這些變化會怎樣改變中國，

or at large, the world?

甚至整個世界?

So today I want to talk about young people

所以我今天的話題是關於年輕一代

through the platform of social media.

通過社交媒體的平台來認識他們.

First of all, who are they? [What] do they look like?

首先，他們是誰? 長得什麽樣?

Well this is a girl called Guo Meimei --

照片上的女孩叫郭美美

20 years old, beautiful.

20嵗，很漂亮.

She showed off her expensive bags,

在她的微博上,

clothes and car

她炫耀了自己的名牌包, 衣服, 還有車

on her microblog,

在她的微博上,

which is the Chinese version of Twitter.

微博是中國版的Twitter.

And she claimed to be the general manager of Red Cross

她還說自己是商會紅十字會在商會的

at the Chamber of Commerce.

一名經理。

She didn't realize

她沒有想到

that she stepped on a sensitive nerve

她的舉動引起了大衆的敏感

and aroused national questioning,

導致了一場全國性的質問,

almost a turmoil,

差一點變成

against the credibility of Red Cross.

一場針對紅十字會的騷亂.

The controversy was so heated

這場爭論非常激烈

that the Red Cross had to open a press conference

以至於紅十字會開了一場記者會

to clarify it,

來澄清"郭美美事件,"

and the investigation is going on.

該事件也因此被調查.

So far, as of today,

現今為止,

we know that she herself made up that title --

公衆已知道郭美美給自己捏造了紅十字會經理的職位

probably because she feels proud to be associated with charity.

也許是因為她喜歡慈善二字.

All those expensive items

她的那些奢侈品

were given to her as gifts

是男朋友

by her boyfriend,

送的禮物

who used to be a board member

她的男友之前是一名董事會成員

in a subdivision of Red Cross at Chamber of Commerce.

在商會紅十字會下屬的一個部門工作.

It's very complicated to explain.

這個解釋起來有點困難.

But anyway, the public still doesn't buy it.

盡管如此，公衆憤怒仍未平息.

It is still boiling.

熱論還在進行中.

It shows us a general mistrust

這個事件説明了民衆

of government or government-backed institutions,

對政府機構或是政府所支持的機構的不信任,

which lacked transparency in the past.

而這些機構在過去都不夠透明.

And also it showed us

這個事件也説明了

the power and the impact of social media

社交網站的力量和影響.

as microblog.

微博就是個很好的例子.

Microblog boomed in the year of 2010,

微博在2010年興起,

with visitors doubled

訪客人數翻倍

and time spent on it tripled.

瀏覽時間更是之前的三倍.

Sina.com, a major news portal,

單是新浪網, 一個主要的新聞網站,

alone has more than 140 million microbloggers.

就有超過1.4億的微博用戶.

On Tencent, 200 million.

騰訊網, 2億.

The most popular blogger --

有最多人關注的用戶

it's not me --

不是我

it's a movie star,

是個電影女演員，

and she has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans.

她有超過九百五十萬的跟隨者, 網上的叫法是粉絲.

About 80 percent of those microbloggers are young people,

大約有80%的微博用戶都是年輕人,

under 30 years old.

年齡在30嵗以下.

And because, as you know,

大家應該都知道

the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the government,

傳統媒體依然由政府控制,

social media offers an opening

社交網站提供了一個平台

to let the steam out a little bit.

讓大家可以表達自己的不滿.

But because you don't have many other openings,

因為其它的平台不多,

the heat coming out of this opening

來自社交網站的激憤

is sometimes very strong, active

有時可以變得非常強烈, 非常活躍

and even violent.

甚至帶有暴力.

So through microblogging,

通過微博,

we are able to understand Chinese youth even better.

我們可以進一步地了解在中國年輕的一代.

So how are they different?

但他們到底有什麽不同之處?

First of all, most of them were born

第一,他們大部分是

in the 80s and 90s,

80後和90後,

under the one-child policy.

出生在一胎化政策的年代.

And because of selected abortion

因為有了選擇性的流產

by families who favored boys to girls,

很多家長選擇要男不要女,

now we have ended up

後果就是

with 30 million more young men than women.

現今男人的數量超出女人數量的3千萬.

That could pose

這個差別讓社會存在

a potential danger to the society,

一種潛在危險,

but who knows;

但沒人敢確定;

we're in a globalized world,

因為我們生活在一個全球化的世界,

so they can look for girlfriends from other countries.

男生們可以到其它國家找女友.

Most of them have fairly good education.

年輕人裡的大多數都受過不錯的教育.

The illiteracy rate in China among this generation

中國這一代的文盲人數

is under one percent.

少於百分之一.

In cities, 80 percent of kids go to college.

在城市裡, 有80%的學生上大學.

But they are facing an aging China

但他們面對的是一個在變化的中國

with a population above 65 years old

今年, 年齡超過65的人口

coming up with seven-point-some percent this year,

已經達到百分之7點幾,

and about to be 15 percent

到2030年

by the year of 2030.

人口老化會達到15%.

And you know we have the tradition

大家也許知道我們的傳統是

that younger generations support the elders financially,

年輕的這一代有義務供養老的一代,

and taking care of them when they're sick.

在他們生病時候照顧他們.

So it means young couples

這意味著已成家的年輕人

will have to support four parents

將需要供養4位父母

who have a life expectancy of 73 years old.

他們的預期壽命是73嵗.

So making a living is not that easy

年輕一代的日子

for young people.

不是那麽好過.

College graduates are not in short supply.

大學畢業生的供應超過需求.

In urban areas,

在城市裡,

college graduates find the starting salary

大學畢業生的起薪

is about 400 U.S. dollars a month,

大約在400美金一個月,

while the average rent

但平均的房屋每月租金

is above $500.

超過500美金.

So what do they do? They have to share space --

那怎麽辦呢? 他們只能一起住

squeezed in very limited space

擠在一個狹小的空間裡

to save money --

就為了省錢

and they call themselves "tribe of ants."

他們稱自己為"蟻族."

And for those who are ready to get married

至於那些打算結婚

and buy their apartment,

還要買房的人,

they figured out they have to work

他們認識到自己要打

for 30 to 40 years

30-40年的工

to afford their first apartment.

才能買得起一套住房.

That ratio in America

美國的比例是

would only cost a couple five years to earn,

一對夫妻5年的薪水可買一套房,

but in China it's 30 to 40 years

但在中國需要30-40年

with the skyrocketing real estate price.

因為房價的高漲.

Among the 200 million migrant workers,

在兩億的離鄉打工族中,

60 percent of them are young people.

60%是年輕人.

They find themselves sort of sandwiched

他們覺得自己有點被夾在

between the urban areas and the rural areas.

城市和鄉村之間.

Most of them don't want to go back to the countryside,

他們大多數都不想回農村,

but they don't have the sense of belonging.

但在城市他們沒有歸屬感.

They work for longer hours

他們的工作時間長

with less income, less social welfare.

薪水卻相對較少，社會福利也不多.

And they're more vulnerable

很多因素都會影響他們

to job losses,

像失業,

subject to inflation,

通貨膨脹,

tightening loans from banks,

銀行貸款政策緊縮,

appreciation of the renminbi,

人民幣升值,

or decline of demand

或是歐美國家對

from Europe or America

中國產品

for the products they produce.

需求的下降.

Last year, though,

去年,

an appalling incident

一場悲劇

in a southern OEM manufacturing compound in China:

在中國南方的設備生産工廠發生了:

13 young workers

13名工人

in their late teens and early 20s

年紀在20嵗左右

committed suicide,

自殺,

just one by one like causing a contagious disease.

就像是一場傳染病一樣.

But they died because of all different personal reasons.

只是死亡原因不同.

But this whole incident

整個事件

aroused a huge outcry from society

引起了社會的關注.

about the isolation,

大家開始關心

both physical and mental,

這些工人

of these migrant workers.

身體和心理上的孤單.

For those who do return back to the countryside,

有些選擇返回鄉村的人,

they find themselves very welcome locally,

當地人十分歡迎他們回鄉,

because with the knowledge, skills and networks

因為他們在城市獲得了

they have learned in the cities,

知識，技術，和人際關係,

with the assistance of the Internet,

通過互聯網的幫助,

they're able to create more jobs,

他們可以創造更多工作,

upgrade local agriculture and create new business

在發展較落後的地區

in the less developed market.

將農業升級並創造更多商機.

So for the past few years, the coastal areas,

過去幾年裡, 在臨海區域,

they found themselves in a shortage of labor.

出現勞動力短缺的現象.

These diagrams show

這些圖表顯示

a more general social background.

一個更概括的社會狀況.

The first one is the Engels coefficient,

第一個是恩格爾係數,

which explains that the cost of daily necessities

它解釋了每天生活必需的花費

has dropped its percentage

的百分比

all through the past decade,

在過去的10年内,

in terms of family income,

從家庭收入的角度來看,

to about 37-some percent.

已經下降到37%.

But then in the last two years,

但是在過去的兩年裡,

it goes up again to 39 percent,

這個比例上漲到39%,

indicating a rising living cost.

這説明了生活花費在上升.

The Gini coefficient

吉尼係數顯示

has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4.

已經過了0.4的警戒綫.

Now it's 0.5 --

現在是0.5

even worse than that in America --

比美囯還差

showing us the income inequality.

説明的收入不平等.

And so you see this whole society

你能看到整個社會

getting frustrated

都感到沮喪

about losing some of its mobility.

因為他們失去了一部分的流動性.

And also, the bitterness and even resentment

同時, 針對富人和有權利人士的

towards the rich and the powerful

怨恨與憎恨

is quite widespread.

開始蔓延.

So any accusations of corruption

所以各種對腐敗

or backdoor dealings between authorities or business

或是官商勾結的指控

would arouse a social outcry

都可造成社會的譴責

or even unrest.

甚至動亂.

So through some of the hottest topics on microblogging,

通過觀察微博上一些最熱門的話題,

we can see what young people care most about.

我們可以更了解年輕的一代.

Social justice and government accountability

社會公正與政府責任

runs the first in what they demand.

是他們最關心的問題.

For the past decade or so,

在過去的十年裡,

a massive urbanization and development

大量的城市化發展

have let us witness a lot of reports

讓我們看見了很多

on the forced demolition

有關強拆

of private property.

私人住宅的報導.

And it has aroused huge anger and frustration

這些新聞引起了

among our young generation.

年輕人的不滿和失望.

Sometimes people get killed,

過程中有時有人死亡,

and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest.

也有人以自焚來抗議.

So when these incidents are reported

當這類報導

more and more frequently on the Internet,

大量在互聯網上出現的時候,

people cry for the government to take actions to stop this.

人們強烈要求政府出面制止.

So the good news is that earlier this year,

好消息是在今年早期,

the state council passed a new regulation

國務院在房屋申請和拆建方面

on house requisition and demolition

頒佈了一項新政策

and passed the right

同時允許法庭

to order forced demolition from local governments

傳喚那些強拆的

to the court.

地方政府官員.

Similarly, many other issues concerning public safety

還有很有其它讓民衆擔憂的問題

is a hot topic on the Internet.

在互聯網上受到了強烈議論.

We heard about polluted air,

大家應該都聽説過空氣污染,

polluted water, poisoned food.

水源污染, 有毒食品.

And guess what, we have faked beef.

但應該不知道我們還發明了山寨版牛肉吧.

They have sorts of ingredients

這種牛肉精包含多種成分

that you brush on a piece of chicken or fish,

如果你把它們塗在雞肉或是魚肉上面,

and it turns it to look like beef.

那就雞魚肉看起來就像牛肉了.

And then lately,

最近,

people are very concerned about cooking oil,

民衆們開始擔心食用油,

because thousands of people have been found

原因是有上千的人發現

[refining] cooking oil

餐館使用的油

from restaurant slop.

是加工過的陰溝油.

So all these things

這類現象

have aroused a huge outcry from the Internet.

在互聯網上引起了大衆的強烈不滿.

And fortunately,

幸運地是,

we have seen the government

我們看到政府

responding more timely and also more frequently

更及時和更平常地

to the public concerns.

來消除公衆的擔憂.

While young people seem to be very sure

雖然這些年輕的一代確信

about their participation

他們在政策制定上

in public policy-making,

的影響,

but sometimes they're a little bit lost

但在自己生活方面的追求上

in terms of what they want for their personal life.

卻有點找不到方向.

China is soon to pass the U.S.

中國很快會超越美國.

as the number one market

成為第一大

for luxury brands --

奢侈品消費市場

that's not including the Chinese expenditures

這還不包括在中國人

in Europe and elsewhere.

在歐洲和其它地方的消費.

But you know what, half of those consumers

但你也許不知道, 這其中一半的消費者

are earning a salary below 2,000 U.S. dollars.

收入還不到2000美元.

They're not rich at all.

他們根本就不是有錢人.

They're taking those bags and clothes

但這些名牌手袋和衣服

as a sense of identity and social status.

對他們來説是一種身份的象徵.

And this is a girl explicitly saying

這個女孩

on a TV dating show

在一個相親節目上

that she would rather cry in a BMW

公開表明她寧願坐在寳馬車裡哭

than smile on a bicycle.

也不要坐在腳踏車上笑.

But of course, we do have young people

但當然還是有年輕人

who would still prefer to smile,

覺得寳馬腳踏車都無所謂,

whether in a BMW or [on] a bicycle.

只要能開心就好.

So in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon

在這張圖片裡, 是一種很流行的現象

called "naked" wedding, or "naked" marriage.

叫做“裸婚".

It does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding,

他們不是在婚禮上不穿衣服,

but it shows that these young couples are ready to get married

但已經決定要在

without a house, without a car, without a diamond ring

沒有車房,沒有鑽戒

and without a wedding banquet,

沒有婚宴的情況下結為夫婦,

to show their commitment to true love.

來實現他們對真愛的承諾.

And also, people are doing good through social media.

通過社交媒體, 人們還做了有很多意義的事.

And the first picture showed us

這張圖片上展示了

that a truck caging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs

一台卡車上的500隻將會被加工成食物的

for food processing

流浪狗和被綁架的狗

was spotted and stopped on the highway

在高速路上被發現和停了下來

with the whole country watching

整個國家都在微博上

through microblogging.

關注此事件.

People were donating money, dog food

有人捐錢, 捐狗糧

and offering volunteer work to stop that truck.

志願去停下那台卡車.

And after hours of negotiation,

幾小時的協商後,

500 dogs were rescued.

這500隻狗獲救了.

And here also people are helping to find missing children.

同時也有人幫助找走失的孩童.

A father posted his son's picture onto the Internet.

這位爸爸將兒子的圖片上傳到網上,

After thousands of resends in relay,

在成千上萬的轉發後,

the child was found,

孩子找到了,

and we witnessed the reunion of the family

我們通過微博見證了

through microblogging.

一家的團聚.

So happiness is the most popular word

幸福是最近兩年裡

we have heard through the past two years.

聽到最多次的詞語.

Happiness is not only related

幸福不單只是

to personal experiences and personal values,

和個人經歷和價值相關,

but also, it's about the environment.

它也同樣關係到我們的環境.

People are thinking about the following questions:

人們在思考這些問題:

Are we going to sacrifice our environment further

我們到底應不應該犧牲我們的環境

to produce higher GDP?

來換取GDP的增長?

How are we going to perform our social and political reform

我們應該如何來實現社會和政治的改革

to keep pace with economic growth,

才能趕上經濟的增長,

to keep sustainability and stability?

讓發展更持續和更穩定?

And also, how capable is the system

還有, 自行糾正的制度

of self-correctness

到底有多大的能力

to keep more people content

讓人們在這麽多衝突的情況下

with all sorts of friction going on at the same time?

還能感到滿足?

I guess these are the questions people are going to answer.

我想民衆們會給這些問題一個答案.

And our younger generation

我們年輕的一代

are going to transform this country

將會改變他們的國家

while at the same time being transformed themselves.

同時也改變了自己.

Thank you very much.

謝謝大家.

(Applause)

（鼓掌）