Jackie Savitz: Save the oceans, feed the world!

譯者: Harry Chen 審譯者: Marssi Draw

You may be wondering

你也許正在猜想：

why a marine biologist from Oceana

為什麼一個來自 海洋保育組織 (Oceana) 的海洋生物學家

would come here today to talk to you

今天會來到這裡跟你們談

about world hunger.

有關世界飢餓的議題？

I'm here today because

我今天在這裡是因為

saving the oceans is more than an ecological desire.

拯救海洋不只是生態上的需要，

It's more than a thing we're doing

而是比我們做的事情還要更進一步，

because we want to create jobs for fishermen

因為我們想要幫漁民創造工作，

or preserve fishermen's jobs.

或者說是保住他們的飯碗。

It's more than an economic pursuit.

拯救海洋也不只是追求經濟而已。

Saving the oceans can feed the world.

拯救海洋可以 讓全世界的人有東西吃，

Let me show you how.

我來告訴你們如何做得到。

As you know, there are already

如各位所知，

這個星球上已經有超過10億人在挨餓，

more than a billion hungry people on this planet.

We're expecting that problem to get worse

我們預期這個情況會變得更糟，

as world population grows to nine billion

當世界總人口數在21世紀中

成長到90億人或100億人時，

or 10 billion by midcentury,

and we can expect to have greater pressure

我們可以預見未來

食物供應的壓力會更加沉重。

on our food resources.

And this is a big concern,

這是很大的問題，

especially considering where we are now.

尤其是考量到我們的現況，

Now we know that our arable land per capita

我們都知道現在 每人的可耕地面積

is already on the decline

一直在減少，

in both developed and developing countries.

在已開發、開發中的國家都一樣。

We know that we're headed for climate change,

我們知道世界正面臨氣候變遷，

which is going to change rainfall patterns,

這改變了降雨的型態，

making some areas drier, as you can see in orange,

使得某些地方更乾燥， 像是橘色標示處，

and others wetter, in blue,

而其他地方卻更潮溼， 就是藍色標示處，

causing droughts in our breadbaskets,

造成我們的小麥產區發生旱災，

in places like the Midwest and Central Europe,

像是美國中西部與中歐等地區，

and floods in others.

而其他地方則出現水災。

It's going to make it harder for the land

這會使得土地越來越無法

to help us solve the hunger problem.

幫我們解決飢餓問題，

And that's why the oceans need to be their most abundant,

那就是海洋需要 維持多產豐富的原因，

so that the oceans can provide us

如此一來海洋就能

as much food as possible.

提供我們大量的食物。

And that's something the oceans have been doing

那就是海洋長久以來一直

for us for a long time.

在幫我們做的事情。

As far back as we can go, we've seen an increase

我們越往回追溯，就可以發現

從海洋裡捕獲的食物數量增加，

in the amount of food we've been able to harvest

from our oceans.

It just seemed like it was continuing to increase,

捕獲量看起來持續增加，

until about 1980,

直到1980年左右，

when we started to see a decline.

我們才開始看到捕獲量減少。

You've heard of peak oil.

你們都聽過石油高峰，

Maybe this is peak fish.

也許這個就是漁獲高峰，

I hope not. I'm going to come back to that.

但我希望不是， 我等一下會回來說明這點。

But you can see about an 18-percent decline

你可以看到從1980年以後，

in the amount of fish we've gotten in our world catch

全世界的漁獲量

since 1980.

大概下降了18%，

And this is a big problem. It's continuing.

這是很嚴重的問題， 而且漁獲不停在減少，

This red line is continuing to go down.

這條紅線持續往下降。

But we know how to turn it around,

不過我們知道該如何讓它回升，

and that's what I'm going to talk about today.

那就是今天我要跟大家談的東西，

We know how to turn that curve back upwards.

我們知道如何讓這條線回升，

This doesn't have to be peak fish.

不一定得要達到漁獲高峰。

If we do a few simple things in targeted places,

如果我們在特定的地方 做到簡單的幾件事，

we can bring our fisheries back and use them

就可以恢復漁場，

to feed people.

並且養活大家。

First we want to know where the fish are,

首先我們要知道哪裡有魚群棲息，

so let's look where the fish are.

我們來看看魚群的棲息地。

It turns out the fish, conveniently,

很輕易地就能發現魚群

are located for the most part

大部分棲息在

in our coastal areas of the countries,

臨海諸國的海岸區，

in coastal zones,

在海岸帶，

and these are areas that national jurisdictions

而這些區域是國家的管轄範圍，

have control over,

and they can manage their fisheries

這些國家可以管制

in these coastal areas.

這些海岸區的漁場。

Coastal countries tend to have jurisdictions

這些臨海諸國往往擁有

that go out about 200 nautical miles,

200海里水域的管轄權，

in areas that are called exclusive economic zones,

這些區域又叫做專屬經濟區，

and this is a good thing that they can control

可以管制這些水域的漁場是件好事。

their fisheries in these areas,

because the high seas,

因為在公海上，

which are the darker areas on this map,

就是在地圖上這些暗色區塊，

the high seas, it's a lot harder to control things,

管控公海會有一堆麻煩事，

because it has to be done internationally.

因為那必須透過各國同意。

You get into international agreements,

你得要達成國際協議，

and if any of you are tracking the climate change agreement,

如果在座有人追蹤氣候變遷協議，

you know this can be a very slow,

就會知道國際協議過程非常慢，

frustrating, tedious process.

而且惱人、乏味。

And so controlling things nationally

因此能在一國之內管理事物

is a great thing to be able to do.

是件很棒的事情。

How many fish are actually in these coastal areas

相較於公海裡，

compared to the high seas?

到底有多少魚棲息在海岸區呢？

Well, you can see here about

你可以看到這裡，

seven times as many fish in the coastal areas

海岸區的魚群比公海裡的還多七倍，

than there are in the high seas,

so this is a perfect place for us to be focusing,

所以這是我們可以著重的絕佳地點，

because we can actually get a lot done.

因為我們真的能完成許多事。

We can restore a lot of our fisheries

要是我們著重在這些海岸區，

if we focus in these coastal areas.

就能回復許多漁場的場量。

But how many of these countries do we have to work in?

但是我們得在多少國家裡工作呢？

There's something like 80 coastal countries.

估計大概有80個濱海國家吧！

Do we have to fix fisheries management

我們得整頓每一個國家的漁業管理嗎？

in all of those countries?

So we asked ourselves, how many countries

因此我們自問：需要著重幾個國家呢？

do we need to focus on,

keeping in mind that the European Union

要記得，歐盟

conveniently manages its fisheries

只透過一個共同的漁場政策，

through a common fisheries policy?

就輕鬆地管理好它的漁場。

So if we got good fisheries management

假使我們有很好的漁場管理政策，

in the European Union and, say, nine other countries,

在歐盟、還有假設 其他九個國家都實施，

how much of our fisheries would we be covering?

我們會涵蓋世界多大面積的漁場呢？

Turns out, European Union plus nine countries

歐盟加上九個國家的結果是

covers about two thirds of the world's fish catch.

涵蓋世界上三分之二的漁獲。

If we took it up to 24 countries plus the European Union,

假若我們提高到有24個臨海國家 再加上整個歐盟的話，

we would up to 90 percent,

我們的漁獲量就能達到90％，

almost all of the world's fish catch.

幾乎就是全世界的漁獲量了。

So we think we can work in a limited number of places

因此我們覺得只要在 少數的幾個國家做好事情，

to make the fisheries come back.

就能讓全球的漁場產量恢復。

But what do we have to do in these places?

但是我們必須在這些地方 做些甚麼事呢？

Well, based on our work in the United States

依據我們在美國和其他地方的經驗得知，

and elsewhere, we know that there are

three key things we have to do

我們必須做好三件重要事情，

to bring fisheries back, and they are:

才能把漁場恢復回來，

We need to set quotas or limits

那就是我們必須訂出 可捕捉漁獲量的配額或限額、

on how much we take;

we need to reduce bycatch, which is the accidental

還有我們必須減少混獲量，

這些不是我們預期 要捕捉、殺死的漁獲，

catching and killing of fish that we're not targeting,

and it's very wasteful;

這是非常浪費的事情。

and three, we need to protect habitats,

第三 ，我們必須保護棲息地，

the nursery areas, the spawning areas

像是孵育場、產卵區，

that these fish need to grow and reproduce successfully

這些魚需要能順利地成長與繁殖

so that they can rebuild their populations.

才能恢復數量。

If we do those three things, we know the fisheries will come back.

如果我們做到這三件事情， 漁場就會回復生機。

How do we know?

我們怎麼知道呢？

We know because we've seen it happening

因為我們已經在很多地方

in a lot of different places.

看到這事情不斷發生。

This is a slide that shows

這張投影片

the herring population in Norway

顯示挪威的鯡魚數量

that was crashing since the 1950s.

從1950年以來持續大量減少，

It was coming down, and when Norway set limits,

數量不斷驟減， 等到挪威設定漁場限額或配額，

or quotas, on its fishery, what happens?

你猜怎麼著？

The fishery comes back.

漁場的產量恢復了。

This is another example, also happens to be from Norway,

還有另一個案例也是發生在挪威，

of the Norwegian Arctic cod.

有關於挪威的北極鱈魚，

Same deal. The fishery is crashing.

同樣的狀況， 漁場的漁獲持續大量減少，

They set limits on discards.

因此他們設定扔棄漁獲的限額。

Discards are these fish they weren't targeting

業者會扔棄不是他們要的魚種，

and they get thrown overboard wastefully.

浪費地將那些魚扔棄在甲板上。

When they set the discard limit,

當挪威設定了扔棄的限額，

the fishery came back.

漁場的生機回復了。

And it's not just in Norway.

這不只有在挪威，

We've seen this happening in countries

我們已經看到這種事情 不停地發生在

all around the world, time and time again.

全世界各個國家中。

When these countries step in and they

當這些國家加入我們，

put in sustainable fisheries management policies,

並提出永續漁場管理政策，

the fisheries, which are always crashing, it seems,

產量一直大量下降的漁場看起來

are starting to come back.

開始回復生機了，

So there's a lot of promise here.

因此有很多成功的機會。

What does this mean for the world fish catch?

這對世界上的漁業來說代表什麼？

This means that if we take that fishery catch

這代表假使我們管理那些

that's on the decline

漁獲量下降的漁場，

and we could turn it upwards, we could increase it

我們可以扭轉情況，

讓每年漁獲量增加高達一億噸。

up to 100 million metric tons per year.

So we didn't have peak fish yet.

所以說我們還不曾有過漁獲高峰，

We still have an opportunity

我們仍有機會，

to not only bring the fish back

不只是把魚群帶回來，

but to actually get more fish

並且確實能得到更多的漁獲，

that can feed more people

餵養更多人口，

than we currently are now.

比目前供給的人數還多。

How many more? Right about now,

能多餵飽多少人呢？ 以現在來說，

we can feed about 450 million people

我們有能力供養大概四億五千萬人

a fish meal a day

一天一餐魚肉，

based on the current world fish catch,

依據當下世界的捕魚量而言，

which, of course, you know is going down,

當然你也知道捕魚量一直減少，

so that number will go down over time

所以如果不改善， 餵養的人口數會越來越少。

if we don't fix it,

but if we put fishery management practices

但是如果我們採取漁場管理措施，

like the ones I've described in place

像我剛才提到

在10到25個國家中來做，

in 10 to 25 countries,

we could bring that number up

我們就有機會增加捕獲量，

and feed as many as 700 million people a year

並且讓七億人一整年

a healthy fish meal.

都有一餐健康的魚肉。

We should obviously do this just because

顯然我們應該這麼做，

it's a good thing to deal with the hunger problem,

因為這是可以解決飢餓問題的好事，

而且也符合成本效益。

but it's also cost-effective.

It turns out fish is the most cost-effective protein

因為魚肉是地球上

最符合成本效益的蛋白質。

on the planet.

If you look at how much fish protein you get

假如你衡量花在魚肉上 每一塊錢所得到的蛋白質，

per dollar invested

compared to all of the other animal proteins,

相較於所有地球上 其他的動物來說，

obviously, fish is a good business decision.

顯然，魚肉是最精明的決定。

It also doesn't need a lot of land,

養魚也不需要很多土地，

something that's in short supply,

土地現在已經不夠用了，

compared to other protein sources.

這是相較於其他蛋白質來源的好處。

And it doesn't need a lot of fresh water.

養魚也不需要用到很多淡水，

It uses a lot less fresh water than,

養魚需要的淡水較少，

for example, cattle,

相較之下養牛，

where you have to irrigate a field

你必須灌溉土地

so that you can grow the food to graze the cattle.

才有草料用來養牛。

It also has a very low carbon footprint.

養魚產生的碳足跡也很少，

It has a little bit of a carbon footprint

只會有一點點碳足跡，

because we do have to get out and catch the fish.

因為我們必須出門去捕魚，

It takes a little bit of fuel,

那要用到一點燃料；

but as you know, agriculture can have a carbon footprint,

如你所知，農業也有碳足跡，

and fish has a much smaller one,

而漁業產生的碳足跡少很多，

so it's less polluting.

所以比較不會有汙染。

It's already a big part of our diet,

在我們的飲食裡， 魚肉占了很大一部分，

but it can be a bigger part of our diet,

不過還能更多，

which is a good thing, because we know

這是件好事，因為我們知道魚肉有益健康，

that it's healthy for us.

It can reduce our risks of cancer,

可以降低我們癌症、

heart disease and obesity.

心臟病和肥胖的風險。

In fact, our CEO Andy Sharpless,

事實上我們團體的執行長 安迪‧夏普勒斯 (Andy Sharpless)

who is the originator of this concept, actually,

是這個概念的發起人，

he likes to say fish is the perfect protein.

他很愛說魚肉是最完美的蛋白質。

Andy also talks about the fact that

安迪還說

海洋保育運動其實是

our ocean conservation movement really grew

out of the land conservation movement,

從土地保育運動發展而來，

and in land conservation,

在土地保育中，

we have this problem where biodiversity

我們有生物多樣性 與食物生產之間的兩難，

is at war with food production.

You have to cut down the biodiverse forest

假使你想要取得土地的話，

if you want to get the field

你就必須砍掉 生態豐富多樣的森林，

to grow the corn to feed people with,

把土地拿來種玉米餵養人口，

and so there's a constant push-pull there.

因此這兩者不斷在拉扯。

There's a constant tough decision

一直以來，我們都必須在 兩件重要的事情上做出困難的抉擇，

that has to be made between

two very important things:

maintaining biodiversity and feeding people.

那就是維持生態多樣性 或者是餵飽人口。

But in the oceans, we don't have that war.

不過在海洋裡， 我們沒有這樣的衝突，

In the oceans, biodiversity is not at war

在海洋裡，生態多樣性 與豐富多產並非勢不兩立。

with abundance.

In fact, they're aligned.

事實上這兩者相輔相成。

When we do things that produce biodiversity,

當我們做的事增加了生物多樣性，

we actually get more abundance,

同時也會得到更多的漁獲，

and that's important so that we can feed people.

重要的是這樣一來 我們就可以餵飽大家。

Now, there's a catch.

這裡有個「潛」在的問題。

Didn't anyone get that? (Laughter)

沒人發現這雙關嗎？（笑聲）

Illegal fishing.

非法捕撈。

Illegal fishing undermines the type of

非法捕撈會逐漸危害

sustainable fisheries management I'm talking about.

我正在談的永續漁場管理，

It can be when you catch fish using gears

可能是當你捕魚時用了禁用的設備，

that have been prohibited,

when you fish in places where you're not supposed to fish,

或是當你在不對的地方捕魚，

you catch fish that are the wrong size or the wrong species.

就會捕到尺寸或種類錯誤的漁獲。

Illegal fishing cheats the consumer

非法捕撈欺瞞了消費者

and it also cheats honest fishermen,

以及誠實的漁民，

and it needs to stop.

因此應該禁止非法捕撈。

The way illegal fish get into our market is through seafood fraud.

非法捕撈流入我們市場的作法 就是透過海產詐欺。

You might have heard about this.

你也許已經聽說過了，

It's when fish are labeled as something they're not.

就是將魚肉標示為其他的魚種。

Think about the last time you had fish.

回想上一次你吃的魚肉，是什麼魚呢？

What were you eating?

Are you sure that's what it was?

你確定那就是魚的原貌嗎？

Because we tested 1,300 different fish samples

因為我們測試了1,300個 不一樣的魚肉樣本，

and about a third of them

大概有三分之一

were not what they were labeled to be.

並不是標籤上標示的魚種。

Snappers, nine out of 10 snappers were not snapper.

以真鯛來說， 十個裡面有九個並不是真鯛；

Fifty-nine percent of the tuna we tested

我們測試的鮪魚之中， 有59%標示不實。

was mislabeled.

And red snapper, we tested 120 samples,

我們測試了120個紅鯛，

and only seven of them were really red snapper,

之中只有七個是真的紅鯛，

so good luck finding a red snapper.

所以祝你幸運找到貨真價實的紅鯛！

Seafood has a really complex supply chain,

海鮮的供應鏈非常複雜，

and at every step in this supply chain,

在這個供應鏈的每一個環節

there's an opportunity for seafood fraud,

都有機會發生海產詐欺，

unless we have traceability.

除非我們有追蹤機制。

Traceability is a way where the seafood industry

追蹤機制能讓海鮮產業

can track the seafood from the boat to the plate

追查海鮮從擺上餐盤到進入漁船的記錄，

to make sure that the consumer can then find out

確保消費者之後可以找出

where their seafood came from.

他們的海鮮來自何方。

This is a really important thing.

這是很重要的事情，

It's being done by some in the industry, but not enough,

在這個行業裡已經有少數人在做， 但還不夠，

so we're pushing a law in Congress

我們計畫在國會中推動

called the SAFE Seafood Act,

「安全海鮮法案」。

and I'm very excited today to announce the release

我非常興奮今天在這裡宣布

of a chef's petition, where 450 chefs

主廚的請願書，

有450位主廚已經簽了 請願書來籲請國會

have signed a petition calling on Congress

to support the SAFE Seafood Act.

支持「安全海鮮法案」。

It has a lot of celebrity chefs you may know --

其中有很多你也許聽過的名廚，

Anthony Bourdain, Mario Batali,

像是安東尼‧波登 (Anthony Bourdain)、 馬里歐‧貝特里 (Mario Batali)、

Barton Seaver and others —

巴頓‧席佛 (Barton Seaver) 等人，

and they've signed it because they believe

而他們簽署請願書是因為他們相信

that people have a right to know

民眾有權利知道

about what they're eating.

他們吃的是甚麼東西。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Fishermen like it too, so there's a good chance

漁民也支持這項請願，

所以我們有很大的機會 能得到充分支持讓法案通過。

we can get the kind of support we need

to get this bill through,

and it comes at a critical time,

這是重要時刻，

because this is the way we stop seafood fraud,

因為這是我們阻擋海鮮詐欺的辦法、

this is the way we curb illegal fishing,

是我們遏止非法捕撈的方法，

and this is the way we make sure

還有這也是我們確保

that quotas, habitat protection,

配額、棲地保護與減少混獲措施

and bycatch reductions can do the jobs

能確實達到效益的方法。

they can do.

We know that we can manage our fisheries sustainably.

我們知道我們能永續管理漁場。

We know that we can produce

我們知道我們可以生產

healthy meals for hundreds of millions of people

健康的魚肉給上億人享用，

that don't use the land, that don't use much water,

而且不會使用土地和太多水，

have a low carbon footprint,

只會產生很少的碳足跡，

and are cost-effective.

並符合成本效益。

We know that saving the oceans

我們明白拯救海洋

can feed the world,

可以餵飽世界，

and we need to start now.

我們必須立即行動。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝大家！ （掌聲）